t eans that well defned

Colle ion
Set cam be Visually vepres3erdnt
Lsing, venn diagram.
A 1Sl, the car dinityof Set
it eans tbat no of elemerts
I0 Set S.

Subset
be Set A isa Subset of Bif
element of A iS an element
eley
iB is Called Super set of A.

A fl213

Paoper Subset
A bea Subset of B.
A + B.
AcB

Equal Set
A equat,cortaun
B are

identical elemegts
Pouwes set
A be a Set
PCA) - Pouwes Set of A:
o)) A
No of elements inPACAS iS
Lrn= |A|.
eg A= {a,brcy
PCA)- ,$[Link]}, icy. $arbf,
facs, b,c, a byc]
 Cartesian Producl

Tuo Sts A and B

Cartesian Pooduct deooted .
AxB
+ Bx A.
ac A beB
Ax8
Ax8-(a, 6)

JAXBl= nxm,
mAlen, 1e)= m.

24,6
B={bd}
A= {
(2,b), (2/d),
C4 b), (4d),
AxB=
(brb), c6.d)
(bi2) Cby4),) d4),
BxA =
(6 d, 6)
\B)=2
IAl= 3,
=6.
lAx Bl= 3x2

Set operations .
Uoion of Set
O
AUR
a | eAor eB

lotersection of Set

AnB= 0 | eA and xeB

3) Differemce of sels
A-B=zlceA and a4B

A= (A-B) UCAnB).
B = (6-A)UCANB)
 Complement of
Set

set
Let ube tho Universal
and Abe tho qiven set
denoted as A
Coropleroeot is

U ,2,3, 4, 5,5
A-s235
B- 4/6
416
0 A0B= §i2,3,
) AnB - t03
A =45, 6
6) Symmtoic differemce

AB.
ßbut not in both
eithes A Dr
A and B
§l3,5, B= 1213$

AB= 5,2
’ S e t ldentitieg

Name
Identity
AuB= BUA Comtativelao
A08 = BOA

AVCBU)= (QUB) Uc |ASSOciative law

AnC8n) =(A06) nc
AUCBn) (AU6) 0(AV) Distoibutive la

ADA A lderopoteot
AnU= A law
 o l e s n n lyodud

l u o Sts
Aaod B
Cotesiap loduct deootd
AxB
A
4 Bx B
Ax8
B - ( a ,6);
ae A E be
AX
(Al=n, 1B]- m.
JAXB= nxm

B={ b,d}
2, 4,6 f
eg' A- { C4,b),(4rd)
2,d),
(2,b) (
Ax8=
(brb), Cbrd)

BxA =
(b0 (d,6)
|B=2
A|= 3,

3x 2 =6.
lAx 8l=

Set opeTations

Uoion of Set
O
Au8.
§c| E Aor ce B

lotersection of Set

ANB= $ o | e Aand reB

DIfferemce of sels.

ZlEA and 4B
A-B=

A= (A-BUCANB.
B=(6- A)U CAN A
Anu= A
ldevityia
(A)= A Complec
dtlon lauw

Coopleneot
law
De morgaot law

Daminaton law
AUU= U, A n¢=

A UCAn8)= A Absorption law

An (PU B)= A
¬xcusion
Iocalsíon
Poinciple of

lAn6|-lAnc
IAltlel+lc|
+ lA0BUC=
-tBncl+lAnBnc

Question s
B45 SBudeots at
O) There are
who bave a takeo
colege
calculu3, 2|2 who
a counse in
a couTse in drO8,
have taken
and 1g8 cobo bave taken G
ealculus arod
Coure
in both
Stu deots
dms. How many
cOurse
bave taken o
dms
either colCulus or

So
Aoof345

Calclwi345.
DMS 212

CUp= l+lol - lco ol =36

 Houw many
man tve inteqess
sot erCeeding l000 are
divisible by 1or .
Sol
A: 1f loo0 divis ble by a.

IA|=|1000|- 142

12

= l42+90 - 12
- 22o

Find the no of tue integea

that are
not eced ing
eitherthe Square or the
Cube of an iotegr
So1

Viooo =31.

600 = l0.
=|en8l.
1000 3
JApB]
IAUBl = lel+J6l -
= 31+ lo -3
= 38
 Teusctions
It is a mapping foom
Ato

f:A>B
A= domaun

fc0=a, f0)=b fca)=

ie {a, byd7= fCA).
|Al=n, lel=m

opevations.

O(fitf) (2) =f()+ fa()

One-one

f:A B iS a one- one

roapping if distinct element

in A are mapped in distinct
elemeot in
Te a, anA!
fCa)=f Ca)
 ont o

A-8, is iojectve
forall beB thee ig
otleast ono. a wth fa) - b.
Bijective
one-one. eo ootofis Called
bijective.
f: R>R wbTe

Soj

L2ER.

fta)=f(%2)
tl

toral xeR Is tois one-one

Soj
q) =0o=0.

O,|eR.

:. k is not one-on

) 4()=defioe a
2
+" fom 2 - R. IS it afo
froom R
So)n

-220

4"is not
detid

a) t: A >B
B={))2)3/48
A arb,Cidf
fc)= 4, t(b)= 2,
bijection.
f
f (d=3. IS
So) A

:+ bijection
: R R defined by
)fia
5
22+5, q(c)-
foc) = 2

Soln

g(f)
(gof) (x)=
= g(274)
22C+ 5- 5

2
 o)()-(G)

=4(5 )
(5)+5
M-5 t5

* carntor diggnalizotion
Argament
Tbe Set of real no iS
uncocuotable Set
Poroof
We proNe. the thoorem bu
Using method of Contadiction.
ASSume that set of meal noís
is
Countable Set
The Subset of e a l no's
between o andI would also
be coustable.

By tois assamption t6ereal

Do's between o and 4 g
Cam be Wsted ds by

= 0.dudyadi3

di e ,2,9 ..
Now Considerr amotßeg Teal

T= 0. ddgda
di4 if dË34
=5 1f dii-5
 The veal do r not eq

The. deçmal Qxpansi on o

r differ foom deumal
expamsjon of m; in the ith
Place
So Contaa dicting the
assumption tBat the elooert
Coumtable,
blw o o1 is not
kquvalence Relation,.
an
A elation Rlon aa Set A IS

equivalece elation if
R iS
Teflecive, Symmetric and
tramsitive,
ae A
:. Refexive
aR
i ab E A
aRb then bRa Symn
arb cEA .
f aRb bRa than aRC
tramtve

class
quialece
Ca] 2:(ai IE R
compostion of relation

A 213$ B=3l 213,4

C={ O, ,2
C31), (34)
R- ( ) ,Cv4D, (213)
Cuo)) (210),
(3 ), (3,), (40f
S={
(3,3) , (4),(4.
(3/4),
Ros- (3 ),
(2,), (2,2)
SoR= $Ci,o) Ci),
(3, 0), (3,)$
2
 Matoi.

"A=$l2,33, 8-1125
3x2. - Malzi2

R= (a, b) if a>bs
R =f2,),(34)5
Mz2
3y 2
(Relexive diagonal etayl
(0 symmetoic
Me
(9 Transitive m
->mikel

() Aoti

Uoioontesection

MsoR= MOMs

) Let R be a velation on tfe Se

of al tve
integs
if ab is a pefect Square
Check uohether R 0s an equival
ence relation?.

tor evegy ae
axaa is pefet squae
aRa
:R iS Teflexive
Tor eveny a be z
If axbeab is pesfect Sqyare
then bxazba
Ris Symmetic
for
eveng
ab is pertect

ac is pe t

Poset
IRetlexive Ati Sy ytamsitive

A=12,3, 6rA, 18
R= di visibikt4.
(A,) Poset
B= 213§ A.

2|6, 2l18.
3\6,3l9, 3\i8 Uppesbo unl

A2 3 5lis lowen
bound
Cinf
Hasse diaqram
Pose
diagram
PCA)= { , fas,$bs, a,bs

jabs
R=
 laHice
Any pain lub

9 ({2,3) 4 by& 1261)

latlice
Re §(), Ch2),i,3), 4),
(6), Cs.c4).
(2 ),(2,b), (2/8), (2412),
(3,6), (3,),
47), (4,)
)2

2
lub (&12)
do e t

Q. (os,) check complemeot

Di2,3 46, 2

CI5), (2), (219), (2/4),

(2), (3),c), (412)

2 gede elo= 12
least
4
(2,) = G K
2 (23) = I
(2,1) lcm(2|2)
lub
Gt (3, )= (2