Nematodes Corticated
- Most wormlike of all helminths.
THis is because they generally
the common earthworm
- Elongated, cylindrical, Fertilized Egg
unsegmented worms with
tapering ends
- Means “thread like” or nema Size 40-75 um by
means “thread” 30-50 um
Shape Rounder than
Intestinal Nematodes nonfertized
Ascaris Lumbricoides Embryo Underdevelop
● CM: Large intestinal ed embryo
roundworm, roundworm of Shell Thick Chitin
man
● Causes: Ascariasis, Other May be
roundworm infection corticated or
● Transmitted helminth decorticated
● Ascariasis: Considered
as the most common
intestinal helminth
infection in the world
Unfertilized Egg
Size 85-95 um by Adult
38-45 um size
variations
possible
Female Male Adult
Shape Varies Adult
Embryo Unembryonate Size 22-25 cm Up to 30
d Amorphous cm
mass of
protopyl Color Cream Cream
white, pink white, pink
Shell Thin tint tint
Other Usually Other Pencil lead Prominent
Features thickness incurved ● Treatment: Albendazole and
tail mebendazole
Trichuris trichiura
● Whipworm
● Causes: Trichuriasis or
whipworm infection
Egg
Life Cycle
Size 50-55 by 25 um
Shape Barrel, football,
hyaline polar plug
at each end
Embryo Unicellular:
underdeveloped
Shell Smooth
Yellow-brown
color because of
bite contract
Pathophysiology
● Ascariasis
● Infection of 10-20 worm may not
show symptoms
● Causes of Ascaris pneumonitis
- Chest pain, cough, fever,
increased eosinophil (with heart Size 2.5-3 cm long
and lung migration) males usually
● Difficulty in breathing smaller than
female ● Symptoms (Adult):
Inflammatory bowel disease
Anterior end Colorless weight loss, weakness, and
Resembles a mucoid or bloody diarrhea
whip handle
Contains slender
Hookworms
esophagus
● Term for hookworm
Posterior end Pinkish gray - Necator Americanus
Resembles whip - Ancylostoma Duodenale
itself ● Soil-transmitted helminths
Contains ● Blood-sucking nematodes that
digestive and
reproductive attach to the mucosa of the small
systems intestines
Males: possess
prominent curls
Ancylostoma Necator
tails
duodenale americanus
Life Cycle ● Old world ● New world
hookworm hookworm
● Causes: ● Causes:
Hookworm Hookworm
infection, infection,
ancyclotam necatoriasi
iasis s
● Size: ● Size:
55-60 um 60-75 um
● Width: ● Width:
35-40 um 35-40 um
● Shell: ● Shell:
Colorless colorless
Pathophysiology
● 3rd most common helminth;
found primarily in warm climates
● Poor Sanitation practices
Hookworms Rhabditiform Larva
● Symptoms (Children):
Ulcerative colitis, chronic
dysentery, severe anemia and
possibly growth retardation Size 270 by 15 um
● Rectal Prolapse and peristalsis
540 - 700 um long
Other Long buccal
cavity small
genital
primordium
Hookworms Ancylostoma Duodenale
(ADULT)
Hookworms Filariform Larva
Length Short
Tail Pointed
Hookworms Necator Americanus
(ADULT)
Hookworms ADULT
Life Cycle
Size 48-35 um
Pathophysiology Typical growth Contains
● Hookworm infection is usually phase well-developed
larvae
chronic, hence patients often
show no acute symptoms Embryonic 2, 4 or 8 cell
● Patients who are repeatedly cleavage
infected may develop intense
Shell Thin, hyaline
allergic itching at the site of
hookworm penetration (ground
itch)
● May develop a microcytic Strongyloides Stercoralis egg/larva
hypochromic iron deficiency,
weakness, and hypoproteinemia. Rhabditiform Filariform Larva
Larva
Strongyloides stercoralis ● Size: 220 ● Length:
by 15 um 690 um
● Threadworm, Military Worm ● Short ● Long
● Causes: Strongyloidiasis, buccal esophagus
threadworm infection cavity; ● Tail is
● The only species of this genus prominent notched
which is naturally pathogenic to genital
humans primordium
Strongyloides Stercoralis Egg
Enterobius Vermicularis
● Pinworm, seatworm, society
worm, social worm, Oxyuriasis
● Causes: Enterobiasis, pinworm
infection
Enterobius Vermicularis (EGG)
Strongyloides Stercoralis (ADULT
FEMALE)
● Parthenogenic
● Size: 2 by 0.4 um
● Other
- Colorless, transparent
body
- Finely striated cuticle
- Short buccal cavity
- Long and slender Size ● 40-60 um
esophagus long
● 20-25 um
Pathophysiology wide
● Diarrhea and abdominal pain
Shape ● Oval, one
● Exhibit urticaria accompanied by side flattened
eosinophilia
● Heavy infections may develop Embryo ● Stage of
malabsorption syndrome development
varies
● Cochin-china Diarrhea/Vietnam
● Maybe
Diarrhea french soldiers on duty unembryonat
in vietnam who had severe ed,
diarrhea embryonated
● Treatment: Ivermectin with or mature
albendazole
Shell ● Double-layere
d, thick and
colorless
Enterobius Vermicularis (ADULT)
Adult Adult Male
Female nausea or vomiting, irritability and
difficulty sleeping
Length 7-14 mm 2-4 mm ● Retroinfection - infective
pinworm eggs that migrate back
Width Up to 0.5 mm < or = 0.3
into the host body, develop and
mm
reproduce rather than becoming
Color Yellowish Yellowish dislodged
-white -white ● Treatment: Albendazole,
mebendazole or pyrantel
Tail Pointed,
Resembles pamoate
pinhead
Capillaria Philippinensis
● One of four capillaria species that
are known to infect humans
● First reported in Northern luzon
● Fish-eating birds are the natural
hosts of the nematode
Enterobius Vermicularis life cycle
Capillaria Philippinensis (EGG)
● Size: 36 to 45 um by 20 um
● Peanut-shape with striated shells
and flattened bipolar plugs
● They must reach the water in
order to be ingested by small
species of freshwater or brackish
water fish
Pathophysiology
● Symptoms: Intense itching and
inflammation of the anal/vaginal
areas. Intestinal irritation, mild
chronic diarrhea, and gurgling
stomach (Borborygmi)
● Infections are acquired by eating
uncooked small
freshwater/brackish water fish
Example: bagsit (ilocano fish)
Extraintestinal Nematodes
Capillaria Philippinensis (ADULT)
Other Hookworms
● Size in lengt
- Male: 1.5 to 3.9 mm ● Ancylostoma caninum - Dog
- Female: 2.3 to 5.3 mm hookworm
● Has thin filamentous anterior end
and a slightly thicker and short
posterior end.
● Stichocytes - rows of secretory
cells in esophagus ● Ancylostoma ceylanicum -
● Stichosome - term for the entire naturally parasitizes cats and wild
esophageal structure of C. felines in South East Asia
philippinensis
● Both tend to cause creeping
eruption (cutaneous larva
migrans) rather than intestinal
infection
Dracunculus Medinensis
● Guinea worm
● Causes: Dracunculosis,
dracunculiasis, guinea worm
Pathophysiology infection
● Intestinal capillariasis - ● The adult females of D.
characterized by abdominal pain, medinensis are usually found in
the subcutaneous tissue of the
legs, arms, and back in man
Dracunculus Medinensis (ADULT)
● The female worn is viviparous
● Definitive host: Man
● Intermediate host: Cyclops
(copepods)
● Infective form: Third-stage larva Dracunculus Medinensis
present in the hemocele of
infected cyclops
● Mode of transmission: Human
get infected by drinking unfiltered
water containing infected cyclops
● Incubation period: About 1 year
● The adult worm, which is
viviparous discharges larvae, The fertilized female worm grows in
which are ingested by the female size, matures, and migrates within the
crustacean cyclops connective tissue throughout the body,
to finally reach a site where it is likely to
come into contact with water
Dracunculus Medinensis life cycle
- Causes blister formation which
eventually ruptures, discharging a
milky-white fluid containing
numerous L1 stage larvae
- No specific dracunculiasis
medicine available
● Human infection by Ingestion of
Anisakis spp eggs
● Anisakis species are nematode
parasites of marine mammals like
dolphin, seals, and whales
● Anisakiasis - Common in japan
and other places where fresh or
undertreated fish is a popular
food
Anisakis Image
Toxocara spp
● Toxocara canis - Common dog
ascaris
- Main causative agent of
visceral and
ocular/ophthalmic larva
migrams in human
● T. cati - Cats
● T. Vitulorum - Cattle and water
buffaloes
