END – END
COMMUNICATION MODEL
CONNECTIVITY
NETWORKING
REACHABILITY
COMMUNICATION
APP-
A SUCCESSFUL END-END COMMUNICATION
• CONNECTIVITY
OSI MODEL
• REACHABILITY
• ACKNOWLEDGEBLE
• SECURE TCP/IPMODEL
• COMMON LANGUAGE
OSI layers
• OSI model, it is the most widely used method for network communications.
• It’s a Reference / Conceptual Model , Not in Real time
• Provides a common language or reference point
• Divides networking tasks into logical layers for easier comprehension
• Troubleshooting easier
• Promotes standards between networks and devices communication
• Each layer defines set of functions for communication and forms end-end communication
OSI Layers
• OSI : Open systems interconnect
• developed by ISO (International Standards Organization) as Reference Model
• ISO , Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards
• The OSI model which was created by the IEEE committee is to ensure that everyone follows these guidelines (just like
the production line above) and therefore each computer will be able to communicate with every other computer,
• IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(Founded in 1884 as the AIEE, the IEEE was formed in 1963 when AIEE merged with IRE. IEEE is an organization composed
of engineers, scientists, and students.)
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications
END-END Communication Means
• CONNECTIVITY ESTABLISHMENT
• MAKE SURE REACHBILITY BETWEEN END HOST DEVICES
• COMMUNICATION ESTABLISHMENT
• MAKE SURE DATA EXCHANGED BETWEEN DEVICES
OSI MODEL
SOFTWARE APPLICATION LAYER
LAYERS PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
HARDWARE DATALINK LAYER
LAYERS PHYSICAL LAYER
The OSI model is divided into two layers:
Upper layers - Software Layers
Lower layers – Hardware Layers
Software Layers
In OSI model, It deals with the application related issues, and they are implemented only in the
software.
The application layer is closest to the end user. Both the end user and the application layer
interact with the software applications.
HARDWARE LAYERS
It deals with the data carrying & transport data from source to destination
Layer7 APPLICATION LAYER
Layer6 PRESENTATION LAYER END HOST
Layer5 SESSION LAYER RESPONSIBLE
Layer4 TRANSPORT LAYER
Layer3 NETWORK LAYER NETWORK
Layer2 DATALINK LAYER DEVICES
Layer1 PHYSICAL LAYER RESPOSIBLE
Summary of Layers
END – END COMMUNICATION MODEL
SOURCE HOST DESTINATION HOST
REQUEST
www.google.com
REPL SOURCE HOST
DESTINATION HOST
Y
Hyderabad NEWYORK
ROUTER Router
FIREWALL
FIREWALL
SWITCH
SWITCH
Laptop/Deskto
p
Userdepartme
nts NW
Summary
OSI MODEL TCP/IPMODEL
APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER APPLICATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER INTERNET LAYER
DATALINK
NETWORK LAYER
INTERFACE
LAYER NETWORK ACCESS LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
TCP / IP
Application Layer Application Layer
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
TRANSPORT DATA
Transporter
TRANSPORT
LAYER LAYER
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
DATA
CARRIERS
END-END Communication
OSI TCP/IP
SOFTWARE TRANSPORT HARDWARE
LAYERS LAYER LAYERS
END-END Communication
OSI TCP/IP
SOFTWARE TRANSPORT HARDWARE
LAYER LAYER LAYERS
APPLICATION TRANSPORT
LAYER LAYER
END-END Communication
OSI TCP/IP APPICATION
DATA
Application
⮚Laptops
⮚Desktop
APPLICATION ⮚Computers
Presentation ⮚Servers
LAYERS ⮚Network
Printers/Scanners
Session
END-END Communication
OSI TCP/IP
NETWORK
HARDWARE DATALIN
LAYERS
K
PHYSICAL
BRIEF ON HARDWARE LAYERS
NETWORK LAYER
⮚ Defines Standards for WAN /Internet Communication
⮚ ROUTING
⮚ BEST PATH SELECTION
PROTOCOL /
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
ALGORITHM
HARDWARE
DATALINK LAYER
⮚ Defines Standards for LAN Communication
⮚ SWITCHING
PROTOCOL / ETHERNET PROTOCOL
ALGORITHM
HARDWARE
PHYSICAL LAYER
⮚ Defines Standards for Physical Connectivity
UTP
CABLES
FROM ADDRESS SOURCE ADDRESS
TO ADDRESS DESTINATION
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP or UDP or ICMP
SEGMENTS
TRANSPORT LAYER TRANSPORT
LAYER
BRIEF ON L2 – L3 Addressing
FROM ADDRESS SOURCE ADDRESS
TO ADDRESS DESTINATION
EACH LAYER DATA FORMAT
LAYER 2 ADDRESS = MAC ADDRESS
LAYER 3 ADDRESS = IP ADDRESS
DATA LINK NETWORK
FRAMES PACKETS
DATA LINK NETWORK
PACKETS
FRAMES
ETHERNET
DATA LINK NETWORK
FRAMES PACKETS
Application layer
• The application layer is responsible for providing Application services
to the user
• Application Layer responsible for Enabling Application and interacting
with Server
• Application Agent/ Client required to interact with Application Server
Application Servers
APPLICATION CLIENTS
Application Agents/client
• HTTP/HTTPS :
• TELNET/SSH
• POP3/SMTP : Outlook , Mozilla thunderbird
• FTP SFTP : Winscp , Filezilla
Summary of Layers
HOW USER APPLICATION DATA
CONVERTED TO
MACHINE UNDERSTANDING FORMAT
ENCAPSULATION
DECAPSULATION
Encapsulation
The process Adding Headers and changes
the form of data at each layer
• It happens at Sender side
Decapsulation :
- The process stripping off Headers
- It happens at Receiver side
Encapsulation process:
• Upper layers prepare the data to be sent through the network.
• The Transport layer breaks the data into pieces called segments,
adding sequencing and control information.
• The Network layer converts the segments into packets, adding logical
network and device addresses.
• The Data Link layer converts the packets into frames, adding physical
device addressing information.
• The Physical layer converts the frames into bits for transmission
across the transmission media.
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
Encapsulation process:
• Upper layers--data
• Transport layer--segments
• Network layer--packets containing logical addresses
• Data Link layer--framing that adds physical addresses
• Physical layer--bits
ENTERPRISE NETWORK
Packets Packets
PACKETS
PACKETS
BITS
(10100100
001)
Frames
ENTERPRISE NETWORK
Packets Packets
PACKETS
PACKETS
BITS
(10100100
001)
Frames
