Optical Instruments and Their Parts

Optical
Picture Explanation
Instruments
Magnifying Is a single positive lens that will add
glass convergence to the visual system. As
an object is brought near the eye, the
retinal image increases in size. There
is a limit to this increase in size,
however, in the sense that at a very
short distance between the eye and
the object, the rays will diverge so
much that a magnifying lens becomes
necessary.
The main function of a magnifying
glass is to provide an image of an
object that is bigger than that seen by
the naked eye.
Compound Consists of a combination of lenses
Microscope for magnifying an object several
hundred times. It uses two
converging lenses with short focal
lengths. The lens near the object is
the objective lens, while the one
nearer the eye is the eyepiece. The
objective lens forms a real and
enlarged inverted image.
The eyepiece, on the other hand,
forms a further enlarged, erect, but
virtual final image.
Binoculars Consist of a pair of telescopes
mounted together, each having an
objective lens and an eyepiece. The
image formed by the objective lens
of binoculars is upside-down, and the
left and right sides are reversed.
Binoculars use a system of prisms to
switch the image left to right and right
to left. Then the eyepieces create
enlarged, virtual, upright images.
Endoscope Is a long flexible tube that is inserted
in the body so that a doctor can
observe internal passages such as a
person’s esophagus or intestine.
It has a converging lens and bunches
of optical fibers that convey the image
to the end of the tube, where the
image can be observed through a
computer monitor or screen. An
endoscope uses the concept of total
internal reflection.

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 Optical
Picture Explanation
Instruments
Camera The basic elements of a camera are,
namely: a converging lens, a light
sensitive film to record an image, and a
shutter to let the light from the lens
strike the film. The lens forms an
inverted, real and smaller image in the
film.
When the camera is in proper focus, the
position of the film coincides with the
position of the real image formed by the
A camera is similar to a human eye in several aspects. The lens. With a converging lens, the image
shutter of a camera excludes unnecessary light just as the distance increases as the object distance
eyelids do. The diaphragm regulates the amount of light decreases.
that enters the camera through the aperture just as the Hence in focusing the camera, the lens
iris regulates the amount of light that enters the eye is moved closer to the film for a distant
through the pupil. object and farther from the film for a
In the dark, the pupil dilates, while it constricts in bright nearby object. Often, this is done by
light. A camera has a simple converging lens or a system turning the lens in a threaded mount. In
of lenses which forms images by refraction just like the a camera, the lens is adjusted to form a
lens of a human eye. sharp image, while our eyes have the
The light sensitive film inside a camera corresponds to power of accommodation to see near
the light sensitive retina in the back of the eye, and both and distant objects. The camera gives
receive an inverted, real image that is smaller than the a permanent image of the object, while
object. the image in the eye lasts for only about
1/16 of a second before another distinct
image is formed.
Telescope A telescope is used to make distant
objects look closer and appear bigger. It
consists of two converging lenses: the
objective lens with a long focal length
and the eyepiece lens with a short focal
length. The objective lens is used to
collect light from a distant object and to
form the first image. The eyepiece lens
is a magnifying lens which produces a
final virtual image at a distance.
The optical system of a telescope is
similar to that of a compound
microscope.
In both instruments, the image formed
by an objective lens is viewed through
an eyepiece. The key difference is that
the telescope is used to view large
objects at large distances and the
microscope is used to view small objects
at a very close distance.
An astronomical telescope is a telescope
that uses lens as an objective. It is called
a refracting telescope.
In the reflecting telescope the objective
lens is replaced by a concave mirror.
This is because large perfect lenses are
more difficult to make than large
Ray diagram of image formation in an astronomical
mirrors.
refracting telescope.

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 ACTIVITY 1

A. Film G. Converging Lens

1. It regulates the amount of light that enters the camera through the aperture.
2. It is a lens system which makes distant objects appear bigger and closer.
3. The light sensitive film inside a camera corresponds to what part of the eye?
4. It is a lens in a telescope used to collect light from a distant object to form the first image.
5. It is the lens in a telescope which serves as a magnifying lens producing a virtual image.
6. What type of lens was used when Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens?
7. It gives a permanent image of the object.
8. What part of the eye that it dilates in the dark while it constricts in bright light?
9. What part of the camera that serves as screen where the image is formed?
10. What type of telescope where the objective lens is replaced by a concave mirror?

ACTIVITY 2

1. Compare camera with our eyes in terms of function.

2. What are the two converging lenses present in a telescope? Describe each lens.
Answer: _

3. In what way does the properties of mirrors and lenses used in camera and telescope?
Answer: _

ACTIVITY 3

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