SURVEYS

pART A. Survey Marks •

. Note:- Chapter 12 of the Punjab Settle~.nt Manual should be read in connection with this Chapter.
J

6.1. As regards the erection of survey marks, section 106-115 of Himachal Pradesh Land Revenue Act,
1954, and paragraphs 241, 250 and 251 of the Settl~nt Manual may be consulted.

A. Placed by the Survey of India-

(l) Great Trigonometrical Stations.

NOTE. Traverse data supplied by the Survey Department are not intended to be a guide to Patwaris in the
execution of their survey except- .

(b) Where, for special reasons, e.g. in riverain tracts a scientific traverse has been made as the
foundation for the Patwari's field survey.

(a) Tri-junction pillars or platfonn or Sihaddas erected at every point where the boundaries of more
than two estates meet.

(b) BUrjis (mud pillars or stone slabs) set up at every angle on the boundary line between two
Sihaddas.

Masonry m;u'ks 6.2 In estates surveyed on the square system, the extremities of a·side of one square are marked by survey
at the corner of marks of stone or concrete, each mark being npt less then 45 by 15 by 15 centimetres in size.
one square
where estate Is
measoredon
the square sys-
tem.
Powers of Col- 6.3 Where boundaries are marked by rivers or hills or where land is exposed to the action of rivers or floods,
lector to dis- or, in other cases, for sufficient reason the Collector may by order dispense with the construction of the
pense with rules su'rvey marks prescribed in the foregoing rules.
and in that case
to issue special
orders.
In such cases the Collector may direct the erection of such other survey marks as are necessary to furnish
a base or guide from which the boundary of the estate can from time to time be marked out and its interior
survey be accurately renewed. In cases in whicli the site of a tri-junction pillar is immediately exposed to
diluvial action, no Pakka pillar need be erected. Ordinarily no other exception should be allowed to the role
requiring tri-junction pillar to be made oJ masonry or stone.

Tri-junction 6.4 The completion and maintenance of tri-junction pillars in every village is a matter of great importance,
pillars. because, under the existing system of village survey, those points form the connection link between the
Patwari's Survey and the Survey ofIndia, furnishing a basis (1) co which the results of the Patwari's maps
can be checked against the data of the Survey of India, and (2) by the aid of which the topography of the
Patwari's maps can be incorporated into the sheet of that Survey. Section 115(i) of the Himachal Pradesh
. Land Revenue Act, 1954 requires the Revenue Officer to give the land owne~ 30 days within which to erect
pillars. As regards tri-junction he should give the legal notice, at the same time informing the land-owners
that he is willing to arrange to erect tri-junctions for them at a given cost. Probably all will leave it to him
and after 30 days he can arrange to do the whole work through a contractor.

Preference of 6.S Where the cost of stone is not prohibitive, stone is much better than masonry. Punjab Land Revenue
stone to mason- Rule 33 as applicable to Himachal Pradesh leave it to the Collector to say whether the tri-junction pillar is
ry pillars. to t>e of masonry as there specified or a single block of stone. .

Maintenance of 6.6 (1) The Deputy Commissioners will maintain in their office a list of the Great Trigonometrical survey
Greai Trigono- stations in their districts, and should see that the instructions given below are carried out.
metrical Survey
Stations.
(2) In his field inspections the Patwari in whose circle any such pillar is situated should note whether
the mark is in good repair in the manner prescribed for Pakka survey marks in the instructions given in.
Chapter 9 on 'Harvest Inspections' .

(3) On the completion of the Kbarif Harvest Inspection each Patwari shall send a report in the sub-joined
fonrts to the Tehsildar for submission to the Deputy Commissioner:-

1 .2 3 4
No. of pillars Name of Village in which pillars Name of Police Station and Tehsil Remarks on the condition of
are built pillars

(4) Should any pillar not be situated within the boundaries of any revenue village the Tehsildar shall
make special arrangements for the inspection of such pillar and for the preparation of the prescribed report
by a Patwari or Kanungo as soon as possible after the Kharif Harvest Inspection.

(5) The Deputy Commissioner shall submit an annual return in the above form in respect of the Great
Trigonometrical Survey Stations to the Director Geodetic Branch, Survey of India, Dehradun, on the 1st
DeceIi1ber of~ach year. The Deputy Commissioner shall further carry out any repairs to those pillars that
the Director may desire him to make ..He will provide funds for these repairs.
Maintenance of 6.7 Index maps have been supplied by the Survey Department indicating the base line stones fixed by them
BaseLine in the course of reverain surveys. These stones are of essential importance in connection with the maps of
stones placed in riverain tracts with a view more specially to the relaying of the fields and village boundaries after emergence
the course of from the river. Now that almost all riverain boundaries are fixed the value of base line stones is all the greater.
riverain surveys. Deputy Commissioners will prepare a list of bal>eline stones from the index maps, which are all kept at
District Headquarters and the orders contained in clauses (2), (3) and (4) of paragraph 6.6 of this Chapter
will apply to them but the report to be submitted by the Patwari should be in the fonn given below. They
will send an annual return in the following fonn to the Director of Land Record'! with the annual report on
the Land Records of the districts:-

-
1 2 3 4
Name of village Number of base line stones as Field No. in which the base line Remarks on the condition of
given in the index map supplied stone has been laid down base line stone
by the Survey Department
\

Maintenance of 6.8 The orders in clauses (2), (3) and (4) of paragraph 6.6 will also apply to traverse stations supplied by
traverse sta- the Survey ofIndia in hilly districts.
tions supplied in
estates not sur-
veyedon the
square syste.D.
Maintenance of 6.9 The orders in clause (2) of paragraph 6.6 will also apply to other traverse data fixed by the Survey of
other traverse India.
data fixed by
the Survey of
India.
General orders 6.10 All classes of survey marks set up by the Survey Department and tri-junction pillars and pillars at the
relating to main- comers of survey squares and rectangles will be given a red ink entry without number, after the field number
tenance of all in which they are situated, and the Patwari will at each harvest inspection, note in his diary if they are in
survey marks. good repair.

Proper preser- 6.11 The proper preservation of survey marks of the above kinds is of such importance that the special
vation and in- attention of Deputy Commissioners and Settlement Officers is drawn to the matter. When inspecting girdwari
spectionof work, all Revenue Officers should satisfy themselves that the Patwari has noted whether these survey marks
survey marks. are in good repair. When a Tehsildar or Naib Tehsildar or Field Kanungo visits a village containing such
marks he should invariably inspect them and should, as far as possible, put them in good order if he finds
them out of repair. If the repairs require expenditure he should report the matter to the Deputy Commissioner.
He should always make an entry in his diary noting the state in which he has found the marks.

Mention about 6.12 In the Annual Report on the Department of Land Records, Deputy Commissioners and Settlement
the condition of Officers should specially note whether the condition of all marks referred to in paragraph 6.10 has been
survey mark in examined during the year and whether they have been put in proper order where necessary.
the Annual
Report.
Deftnition of 6.13 The following definition of a survey number is given for guidance in making new surveys or corrections
survey number. thereof:-

(i) In all survey work each parcel of land lying in one spot, in the occupation of one person, or of several
persons holding jointly , and held under one title, should ordinarily be measured as a separate survey number;
but large areas may be broken up into convenient fields.

(ii) A survey number may have part of its area cultivated and part uncultivated9r part of one soil and
part of another. Survey numbers should not be multiplied merely on grounds of this kind, unless it is
convenient to do so, but it will be ordinarily convenient to measure waste separately and not to include
irrigated with unirrigated cultivation, as this leads to errors in totalling the village area.

(iii) Care also should be taken not to multiply survey numbers merely on account of cultivation ridges
or other merely temporary division. In a simple state of cultivation there is usually no necessity to treat each
ridge, made for convenience of cultivation, as a separate field boundary.

(iv) But in the case of valuable lands cultivated by tenants who are frequently changed, special care
should be taken that the measurements a'\, made so as to show the boundaries of parcels in which the land
is usually held for cultivation or irrigation. In such lands the survey numbers will necessarily be smaller than
elsewhere.

(v) In places where land is of little value, if a tenant has extended his field by ploughing out, and there
is no boundary between the new and old land, nor other plain evidence, such as payment of different rent by
which the new land can be separated from the old land, the Patwari shall survey the whole in one number.
In such a case it is not his duty to distinguish between old and new land.

(vii) In short, every care should be taken to make the survey simple, but not to omit details convenient
for the annual Girdwari and Jamabandi. It should be borne in mind that every unnecessary entry increases
. unnecessarily the Patwari's annual work.

(viii) Where the boundary of a survey number is known, but is not marked on the ground owing to rich
cultivation or sandy soil, the boundary should be delineated on the map by broken lines.

(ix) Where there is a large area of undivided waste it may be cut up into survey numbers corresponding
with the limits of the survey squares. .

(x) In all cases in which a new map of any estate is prepared the provisions of this paragraph and
especially of sub-section (il) must be applied with due regard to canal requirements and so far as may be
possible the limits of canal irrigation, as ordinarily practised, must be shown in separate number.

(xi) Without pr~judice to the above instructions, the survey numbers will also be measured during
Settlement operations according to the instructions issued by the S~tt1ementOfficer after approval from the
Financial Commissioner (Revenue)
Instructions 6.14 The instrUctions as regards re-measurement and map correction dUring a general re-assessment of a
regarding re- district will be found in Chapter XII and· Appendices VII and XXI of the Punjab Settlement Manual as
measurement applicable in Himachal Pradesh. which may be consulted. Appendix VII has been reporduced in Part-I of
and map correc· this Chapter.
Uon.
Supply/pur. 6.15 Instructions as to survey implements and mapping paper will be found in Chapter No.3 Patwaris. For
chase of survey the supply and purchase of survey equipments and mapping sheets etc. to the Patwaris. the Govemment
implements and instrUctions issued from time to time shall be applicable. The latest instructions of the Govemment in this
mapping sheets behalf are contained in Government Notification No. Raj. Kha(G)6-2183. dated 3rd December. 1983.
etc. by the .
Departmental
Standing Pur·
chase Commit·
tee.
ConsUtuUon of 6.16 Vide notification referred to in para 6.15 above. the Government has constituted a Departmental
the Standing Standing Purchase Committee for the purchase' of survey equipments. mapping sheets etc. for use in the
Purchase Com- Revenue Department. The Committee will comprise of the following members:-
mitteefor
Revenue
.Department.

The Committee will be responsible to select and purchase the above articles from the market for use in
the Settlement/Consolidation and other branches of the Revenue Department.

The Deputy Commissioners. Settlement Officers. Director Consolidation of Holdings and Director of
Land Records shalll'urchase the above articles from the fmns on the rates approved by the above Standing
Purchase Committee from time to time.

Patwaris not to 6.1' The Own portion of the measurement and record work should be done by the Settlement Patwaris. the
be excused for· circle Patwaris should be attached as an aid to them in their work. A circle Patwari must in no case be excused
measurements. from doing both measurement and tecord work. If he is unable at first to do the work required of him. he
should be taught and given proper training. After getting proper training. if he fails to do measurement and
record work. disciplinary action must be taken against him under the roles.

Riverain meas- 6.18 The following are the roles under which riverain measurements are to ~ carried out in the Pradesh in
urement - Rules conjunction with the Survey Department-
hitherto ob-
served by the
Survey Depart·
ment.
 (1) It is the duty of the settlement Officer: to supply the Riverain Survey Officer, by the first of May
each year, with a statement showing the villages to be traversed in the ensuing season, distinguishing those
which are to be wholly and those which are to be partially re-measured, and affording information as to the
scale to be used and the distance desired between traverse points. With this statement should be sent a small
scale map of the District showing the names of the different villages as well as theiJ".boundaries. The Riverain
Officer will then prepare a progranune for the ensuing season and submit it by the 1st of June to the Director,
North Western Circle, Chandigarh, who will forward it to the Financial Commissioner (Rev,) for approval.
Before actually conunencing the work of the season the Riverain Survey Officer should consult the
Settlement Officer as to the order in which villages should be traversed. The Settlement Officer must be
careful to arrange in ample time for the supply of ruled and backed mapping sheets to the Riverain Drawing
Office. There will be two kinds of mapping sheets namely, 16 square and 8 square ones. The latter will be
used for such outer"portions ofvillages as can be included within them.

(2) It is the duty of the Settlement Officer to see that all existing boundary pillars are put in a proper
state of repair.

(3) It is the duty of the Settlement Officer to make arrangements with a contractor for the supply of
stones to mark the comers of base lines according to the list supplied by the Officer-in-charge of Riverain
Survey.

(4) Early in the cold weather it will be the duty of the Officer-in-charge of Riverain Survey to arrange
that traversers begin work in the riverain tract. At the commencement of work, each party should be
accompanied by the village Patwari and the Lambardar to point out boundaries and to show where points
shoUld be thrown, as well as to arrange for the supply of information, etc. and to act generally between
villagers and the traversers.

(5) Such points as the Settlement Officer may require should be traversed and where necessary marked
on the ground by the Officer-in-charge of Riverain Survey. These should include:-"

(c) the survey party's traverse points. These should not be more than 340 metres apart and should
invariably be close to the District or Tehsil boundary'

(d) a numbet of points in the Kacha area to facilitate internal measurements by the Patwaris. These
points will usually be in cultivation.

(6) The Riverain Drawing Office should also obtain the last settlement maps of all coterminous villages
on either side of the boundary and combine them into a single ten centirnetre map in order to see how far
they agree with each other.

(7) Inside each village, a suitable square should be selected by the Officer-in-c\large of Riverain Survey
to foml the special base line of that village. This should be on ground not exposed to river action. Stone
pillars should be erected at three comers of this square. A corresponding square on pucca ground should in
each case be selected and similarly marked on the opposite side of the river. This will materially facilitate
the relaying of boundaries on future occasions when such may be necessary.

(8) As a result of the traverser's work the Riverain Drawing Office will supply the Settlement Officer
with-

(a) Mapping sheets showing paper boundaries in those cases where it is discovered in the course of
the examination prescribed in rule 6 that the boundaries of the settlement maps do not coincide;
 This (b) series will be complete and continuous for the whole tract and will be numbered serially. Where
it is found necessary because of discrepancies to prepare an (a) mapping sheet, the (a) mapping sheet will
correspond exactly to a (b) mapping sheet and bear the number not of a separate (a) series but of the (b)
series. It will be easy to transfer the point shown in (b) to (a) with the help of the squares shown in both. The
Patwaris will work on (b) and (a) will remain in the Revenue Record Room until they are required for
reference under Rule 11. It is advisable to have paper boundaries marked only on (a). If tlley are worked on
(b), the Patwaris are apt to show dissension even when there is no actual dispute on the spot. It is for this
reason that the traverser should show 'Chandas' only along the boundary and not to attempt to mark out the
actual boundary itself.

(9) Mapping sheets are supplied gradually by the Survey Department from the 15th December to 15th
March. As the latest mapping [Link] not issued till 15th March, it is necessary for the Patwaris to whom
these mapping sheets are issued to have everything in readiness to start work immediately. If the work is not
completed in April the traverse marks will be washed away by the rivers rising when the snows in the hills
begin to melt. The Settlement Officer should give separate mapping sheets alluded to in Rule 8 to Patwaris
upon which it is easy for them to carry out a rapid and accurate survey. In the Kacha area, of course, entire
re-measurement is required, but where the system of measurement in use is that of Tarmin. the Patwaris need
not remeasure the whole of the Pacca area of each village. The Pacca area may be corrected separately and
the work so done can for the sake of completion be transferred to the survey mussavis in continuation of the
remeasurement of the Kacha. either by scale or by pentagraph. The scale is the best instrument for this work,
since any slight discrepancy can then be distributed; with the peJ;ltagraph this is not feasible.

(10) The Kanungos be appointed by the Settlement Officer to supervise the detailed measurements. It
is advisable to have a special Naib- Tehsildar in charge of the whole cadastral survey of riverain areas.

(11) It is in connection with the remeasurement of the Kacha area that boundary disputes arise alld
discrepancies have to be reconciled, and this requires careful treatment. The Naib- Tehsild~r will tirst of all
mark the external boundaries of the village (IS shown in the settlement Shajra. The Patwari will then easily
be' able to fix the field boundaries which he should show to the owner concerned. In case the settlement
shajras are in such a dilapidated state that they do not clearly show the village boundaries or in case the
boundaries of two villages overlap or an area has been omitted from measurement in both maps. the Naib
Tehsildar should prepare a statement of the cases, illustrated by tracings from the mapping sheets. and submit
it to the Settlement Officer for his decision which will be marked on both sets of mapping sheets. His report
should include the statements of Lambardars and owners interested in the matter. To enable him to deal
properly with disputes, the Naib-Tehsildar will require:-

b) all records of previous disputes and decisions. If any of the villages involved are situated in
another district, itis necessary to obtain the cooperation of those authorities. The most convenient
course is to obtain jurisdiction for the Settlement OfflCer OVerthe whole of the riverain area of
the adjoining district.

(12) It may happen that the scales employed on each side of a river differ. It is, of course. essential that
the whole area be plotted on one scale and more con"enient one may be selected and the internal
measurements conducted accordingly; if considered necessary reduction or enlargement of the completed
map can be carried out subsequently for villages using a different scale from that adopted.

(13) An important part o/the traverser's duties is the embedding of the base line stones; this work must
be carried out by the Survey Department who will supply the Settlement Officer with an Index map showing
the comers of squares so demarcated.
 (14) A supply of wooden pegs, 60 centirnetres long ID1d 15 centimetres in circumference, should be
provided by the zamindars under orders of the Settlement Officer for marking points. .

(15) Lambardars should be made responsible that the pegs and survey marks are not removed or
destroyed. A list sbould be maintained by the village Patwari in the following form:-

The position of the pegs and 'Chandas' should be [Link] the Kanungo on one of the Patwari 's maps;
it will then be easy to fix responsibility.

(16) Tbe Naib-Tebsildar on special duty should be provided with a lniniature Swiss cottage tent and a
Shouldhari. One or two Muharrirs sbould also be given to him and a small contingent advance. He will need
a good deal of tracing cloth for his reports on disputed boundaries.

Part D-Procedure for Correction of Field Maps In the Interval

between two [Link].

ResponsibiUty 6.19 All Revenue Officers are reminded of their responsibility for the correctness offield surveys executed
of Revenue Of- by the Patwaris whom they control,3 responsibility which is mucb increased by the cit:cumstance that the
ftcers for cor- Patwari's maps are occasionally used for the correction of the topographical sheets of the survey of India.
rectness of
Patwari's sur-
vey.
Instructions 6.20 The following instructions are issued for the purpose of collecting material from year to year for
regarding incor- incorporating in the field map changes which occur in fields in the interval between two settlements.
poration of fteld
map changes.
Changes of per- 6.21 The changes in fields, which ought to lead to the correction of a field map in the interval between two
manent natnR. settlements, and then~thods by wbicb the map should be corrected, ~ stated in the following instructions:-

Firstly, changes which are due to transactions on account of which a mutation order has been, or should
be passed. The chief examplesare:-
Changes due to 6.22 secondly, other changes of a sufficiently pennanent character. Examples are:-
nautor and his-
sadari kasht.

(b) Conversion of a part of a Barani field into irrigated land when the change is of a pennanent
nature. Such changes will especially occur when a new well has been sunk or some other new
means of iJ]igation has been provided.

(c) Separate cultivation of shareholders in fields joinly owned (Hissadari kasht) when the arrange-
ment for separate possession has lasted not less than five years. Such arrangements when once
made usually continue until a partition is carried out under the orders of the Revenue Officer.

New field num- 6.23 (a) Care should be taken not to increase the number of fields needlessly. New fields should not be made
bers not to be on account of changes of cultivating occupancy by tenants. Such changes will, as at present, be recognised
created need- by min-numbers in the Khasra Girdwari and Jamabandi. Similarly, new numbers are not required when part
lessly. of a field is cultiva~d by the owner and part by a tenant or when part is cultivated and part uncultivated. In
the fonner case the entry can be shown in the column headed 'Changes of rights,' possession, 'llnd rent of
the Khasra Girdawari" thus:-

2 bighas/KanaV
ares/hectare
1 bighaiKanaVares/
hectare.

(b) Petty cases of Nautor, due to ploughing out, are nota cause for making new fields or changing the
boundaries of old ones. .

(c) Field numbers should not be combined into a single field unless the clubbing is clearly desirable for
the pUlposes of girdwari.

Method of 6.~ In the case of new numbers due to transactions on account of a mutation order (Paragraph 6.21), the
preparation of Revenue Officer must not sanction the mutation in the absence of a proper map of the new field numbers
. Tatima shaJra attested by the Kanungo and checked by himself. When the Patwari enters up the mutation, he will draw to
based on per- scale on the back of the mutation sheet and its counterfoil the numbers affected and will enter under them
manent changes. the details prescribed for the field book referred to in paragraph 6.27. The new fields will be temporarily
numbered e.g. 155/1, 155/2, etc. permanent numbers not being adopted lest the mutation be rejected or the
new fields be affected by subsequent mutations. The Kanungo will check on the spot the dimensions and
areas of the new numbers and will sign his name at the 'foot of the map with a note 'attested on the spot.' In
the case .of mutations due to. sales, etc. the Kanungo is responsible for seeing that the measurements
correspond with the areas actually transferred. In the case of partitions it will not always be possible to show
the new numbers and field book details on the back of the mutation order. If so they will be shown on separate
mapping sheets. The tatima sbajli in the 'Case of partition will be a copy of that prepared as soon as the
partitiQn is completed (paragraph 14.16 and 14.18). The Kanungo who attests the tatima shajra in the case
of a partition will be held strictly responsible that the map really shows the land allotted to each shareholder
and pointed out to him (paragraph 14,18).10 case of a transaction based on a registered deed, the Revenue
Officer should immediately on receipt of the registration memorandum from the Registration Officer, if not
 accompanied by the tatima shajra, direct the Kanungo and the Patwari to proceed to the spot and prepare a
tatima shajra, if one is necessary, on the basis ofthe material given in the registration memorandum and that
alone. On the completion of the tatima shajra it will be submitted by the Kanungo to the Revenue Officer.

Preparation of 6.25 The changes referred to in paragraph 6.22 are recorded by the Patwari in pencil and by putting a cross
tatima shajras in pencil in columns 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 of the khasra girdawari in accordance with the Govemment
necessitated by instmctions issued vide letter No.1 0-5/73-11, dated 4.9.1980. All such entries must be checked by the Field
hissadari kasht Kanungo carefully. The Patwari will give information of such changes to the TehsiidarlNaib Tehsildar as
etc. the case may be. The TehsiidarlNaib Tehsildar wiII inquire and !;ive reasonable opportunity of being heard
to the parties. The inquiry should be completed within 3 month~ and the entries will be made in khasra
girdawari according to the orders passed by the Revenue Officer. In the year in which the quinquennial
jamabandi of an estate is to be prepared, the Kharif Girdawari must be conducted with great care, and the
Patwari/Field Kanungo/Revenue Officer are responsible that no number which has changed permanently
escapes detection. After the girdawari is finished, and orders of the entries to be changed are received from
the Revenue Officer, the Field Kanungo will at once draw up a list of such numbers and give it to the Patwari,
who wiII make the necessary measurements without delay and prepare the tatima shajra on mapping sheets
of the same size as the sheets used for jamabandis. Field book details wiII be entered on the back of these
maps as prescribed in paragraph 6.24. In the case of villages measured on the square system these mapping
sheets will have two squares marked on them. The Field Kanungo will check the tatima shajras on the spot
during the cold weather before the end of January. The new fields will at this stage be temporarily numbered
as laid down in the preceding par<lgraph.

Boundaries and 6.26 In the maps prescribed by the two last paragraphs all new boundaries and other amendments will be
dimension of shown in red ink. It is necessary to rechain such of the boundaries of the new fields as have undergone no
new field num- alteration, and if a side of an adjoining field which is not being amended onl)' the remaining part of the side
bers lobe of the new field need be [Link]. When an old field number is divided into two or iuore new numbers,
shown in red the Patwari will r~alculate the areas of each of the new nlUubers. To facilitate identification, one adjoining
ink. munber which has not altered, will be shown in the tatima shajra.

Preparation of 6.27 (a) In the case of any further changes brought to light at the Rabi Girdawari. the procedure prescribed
field book of by paragraph 6.24 and 6.25 must be gone through as soon as possible, and when it is completed the Patwari
new field num- wiII enter all the new fields for which tatima shajras have been prepared under the above mentioned
bers. paragraphs in a field book in the fonn below:-

No. ofField NlIInber of Area calculation Area & type of . Source of Remarks
Khatauni land irrigation
Name of field
Old New
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

If a field number, say 24, has been sub-divided into two, anathe last number of the field register of the
village is 150, entry No. 24Jhould be scored throngh and the new fields entered as 151/24and 152124.
 the field which is again sub-divided. Thus in the example, we should have fust 151124, then 1851151, and
lastly 2011185, when last Khasra Nos. in the village are 150, 184 and 200 respectively from each of which,
if necessary it would be very easy to trace back to the old number. If field Nos. 31 and 32 have been joined
into one field, the new entry may be 153/31 and 32,152 being the last number in the field register. The new
number given in the field book will be entered in red ink in the tatima shajras prepared under paragraphs
6.24 and 6.25 above and each entry in the field book will be initialled by the Field Kanungo in token of its
correctness. A slip containing a copy of the entries ill the field book will be given to the owner or mortgagee
or in the case of land held in j?int ownership to the shareholder in occupation of the new field.

Procedure of (b) In estates where field numbers have been assigned by rectangles and kiIIa numbers in lieu of
numbering continuous numbers during the course of consolidation of holdings operations, the above rule shall not apply.
Khasra No. in The new field numbers as a result of sub-division shall be within the killa nmnbers for example, kiIIa munber
Killa-bandi 2 has been sub-divided into two parts. It may be numbered as 2/1 and 2/2. Again when a sub-division takes
during con- place then new numbers shall be 2/111 and 2/112, 2/2/1 and 2/[Link] munbers 2/111 and 2/212 have been
soIidation opera- joined into one field, the new entry may be
tions.
2
1 2
-and-
1 2

Tatima Shajra 6.28 The original tatima shajras prepared on the spot under paragraph 6.25 will be bound up with the
to be bound Government copy of the Jamabandi, and copies checked and signed by the Field Kanungo will be bound
with the " with the Patwaris copy of the Jamabandi. No copy of the Tatima Shajrds prepared on the back of mutation
JamabaRdi sheets is required for the Government copy of the Jamabandi, in which the original mutation sheets are
incorporated, but copies of them must be made on mapping sheets for the Patwari' s copy of the Jamabandi.
The field book details Ileed not be copied on the copies of the tatima shajras Field with the Patwari' s copies
of Jamabandies as the details are already given in the field book kept by him.

Checking of . 6.29 The Tehsiidar and Naib Tehsildar shall, when on tour, check on the spot at least 25 percent of the
tatima shajras tatimas shajras prepared in each village in the period intervening between two Jamabandis. They are not
by Tehsildars expected to do much in the way of chaining, but they must remember that they arc responsible for the general
and Naib-Tehsil- accuracy of the measurements. They should be able to recognise by eye whether 1here is any palpable mistake
dars. in the 'Karukan' or 'Meterkan' or in the area, and if there is any reason to believe that a mistake exists they
must have the field re-ehained and the area re-calculated in their presence. They must also check the entries
in the field book referred to in paragraph 6.27. All Tatima Shajras so checked must be endorsed 'Certified
that this has been verified on the spot' and signed and d3ted.

Keeping upto 6.30 The above instructions apply to all districts. The intention is that the Patwari's copy of the settlement
date of maps. map and the fair copy kept in the Tehsil should include all changes from time to time brought to light, bllt it
is recognised that when the last settlement of a district is not very recent it would be difficult to keep the
maps completely up-to-date at present. But it is a matter of great importance that the maps of all recently
settled districts should be kept completely uptodate, and Deputy Commissioners are responsible Ihat this is
carried out. To secure this end the following additional instructions should be followed.

Renewal of 6.31 The Patwari will in future have in his custody only one copy of the settlement map for use al girdawari
Patwaris' copies and for all other purposes. The Karukan will be shown in the copy. The Patwari's copy willl1C on Latha
ofshajra cloth. The fair copy of the settlement map fonnerly in the custody of the Patwari will hereafter be lx:rmanently
kishtwar. kept in the Tehsil. The Patwari' s copy of the map of every village must be renewed at the time of filling of
every other Jamabandi of that village. For special reasons, however, a fresh copy may be prepared aller the
lapse of a shorter period under the orders of the Collector; in'whicb case the map will be again renewed at
the second Jamabandi from the date of this special renewal, [Link] a map was prepared at th~ Jamabantli of
1970, it would be renewed in 1980 and then again in 199() but ifthe Collector orders its renewal in 197X. it
Incorporation 6.32 When the Patwari brings the Jamabandi to the Tehsil at the beginning of September, he •• Pi at the same
of amendments time bring his copy of the settlement map, the tatimas Shajras prepared under paragraph 6.2.51 the field book,
in the parat the work book, and the mutation register. He will under the Field Kanungo's supervision, ttatl~rer to his own
Teh~Umap~ and copy of the settlement map and to the fair copy kept in the Tehsil (Momi) all the new fitHds shown in the
in the Shajra tatima Shajras prepared under paragraphs 6.24 and 6.25. The new lines of amended fields should in the first
Kishtwar kept instance be shown in pencil by the Patwari and then inked by the Kanungo in Shingraf afWf tomparison with
by Patwaris. the tatimas concemed. The tatima shajras relating to mortgages of all kinds, redemptiotts; leases need not be
incorporated in the fair copy of the field map kept in the Tehsil. If the new fields ate sb small that the
corrections are difficult to read they should be drawn on a larger scale ill the margin of the map. If under the
above instructions it becomes necessery to make any further alteration in any portion of the Tehsil copy of
the settlement map which portion has been already so much altered that further alterations cannot be made
therein without giving rise to confusion then a tracing of the portion in which further alterations have to be
made should be prepared on the margin of the map, or, if sufficient space be not available on the margin, on
a separate sheet, and the alterations necessary as well as any alternations that may have to be subsequently
made in this portion should be made in the tracing thereof prepared on the margin or on the separate sheet
as the case may be. The Kanungo must carefully compare the changes made in the maps with those shown
in the tatima shajras, and must state in his note of the result of checking the Jamabandi that he has· done so.
The Tehsildar and Naib Tehsildar shall also examine 'the incorporation of 25 per cent of tatima shajras in the
Parat Tehsil Map (momi).

Preparation of 6.33 The above instructions do not apply in their entirety to estates subject to alluvion and diluvioil. In such
tatima shajra of estates no tatima shajras should be prepared for changes due to alluvion or diluvion even if such changes
alluvion & necessitate the passing of a mutation order, as in the case of estates where the submergence of proprietary
diluvion tract. land involves its conversion into Shamlat. For changes due to other causes, however, tatima shajras will be
prepared in accordance with the above instructions. The instructions contained in paragraph 6.32 regarding
the correction of maps will apply only to the portion of the estate not subject to alluvion or diluvion. As
regards the remaining portion of the changes due to alluvion or diluvion as well as those for which tatlrttt
shajras have been prepared will be incorporated in the tracing to be filed with the detailed Jamabandi
according to local alluvion diluvion rules or orders as sanctioned at settlement. But the fields which acttially
touch the fields affected by river action should always be shown in this map or tracing.

Co-ordination 6.34 In order to obviate the difficulties that have occurred in the past the State Government consider it
of 'departmental essential that all departmental land plans of Government property should, in future. be co-ordinated with
land plans with corresponding revenue papers.
corresponding
revenue papers
A sufficient number of fixed and easily identifiable points such as tri-junction pillars. base line marks,
milestones or in default of these other permanent topographical details, which may be found on the
corresponding revenue map then in existence, should be plotted on the departmental plan and the Government
property should then be plotted on it with reference to such fixed points.

(1) In districts or portions of districts not under settlement, the Deputy Commissioner will communicate
to the Executive Engineer, Public Works Department/or Heads of Office of other Deptt. by April 1st of each
year the exact area in which quinquennial revision of revenue records is to take place in the year commencing
Oct. 1st following, and state the parcels of Government property in that area.

In tracts under settlement, the Settlement Officer will as his work progresses, give the Executive
Engineer/Heads of the Office of other Department information as along ahead as possible of the date 011
which remeasurement of revision of the maps of estates in which Government property is situated, will be
 (2) The Executive Engineer/Heads of the Offices will then cause to be prepared plans showing the extent
and position of each parcel according to the Public Works Department records and other Departments
records. These plans will also show both aU topographical features adjoining the Government land which
are likely to assist the Revenue officials in checking its boundaries and area, and also any Revenue 'fixed'
points in the neighbourhood.

All distances will be shown in metric units. The plans should reach the Collector concerned by a date
to be agreed on between him, the Executive Engineer and Heads of Offices.

When land plans of any area have once been prepared and discrepancies. if any, have been settled, it
will not be necessary to prepare them again at a future quinquennial revision unless in the meantime some
change has occurred which necessitates an alteration in the plans. If there has been no such change, the
Executive EngineerlHead of Offices should merely supply a certificate to the effect that the land plans are
as they were at the last quinquennial revision.

(3) The Collector will thep arrange for the plans to be checked by the Tehsildar. If no discrepancies are
found then the Tehsildar will note in red ink on the Shajra Kishtwar (parat Tehsil as well as on the Patwari's
copy) the distances given in metric units on concerned Department's Plans.

(4) The Tehsildar will then return the plans for signature by the Collector and the Executive En-
gineer/Heads of Office and for the preparation of a dnplicate to fonn an inset to the Shajra Kishtwar (parat
Sarkar) and to be similarly signed.

Nore:- If relevant in a suit brought by Government the 'Inset" will be produced before the Court by the
Sadar Kanungo. or his assistant.

If any discrepancy is observed, then the Tehsildar will note it in pencil on the plans and return tIreplans
to the Collector concerned for transmission to the concerned Departments. The Executive Engineer/Heads
of Offices will then direct their Surveyors, if any, to consider these discrepancies in consultation with the
Patwari. If they are satisfied that the revenue record is correct, and the Public Works Department/other
Departments Plans are incorrect, then these plans will be corrected accordingly and the papers returned to
the Tehsildar who will enter distances as required above in the revenue record and forward the plans for
signature to the Collector.

If the revenue Ill4P appears to be incorrect, the case will be submitted to the Collector, who will, if he
concurs, direct that mutation proceedings be entered up for the correction of the map.

When mutation proceedings have been completed, a tatima shajra. will be prepared for the revenue
records. Distances will be marked on it in metric unit according to the Public Works Department or other
departments plans and the inset signed and recorded as above.

(5) The procedure prescribed in the preceding sub-paragraphs for checking departmental land plans of
the Public Works Department or other departments will mutatis mutandis be carefully observed in the case
of other departments of the Government. .

(6) The detailed plan of any property belonging to the State in the estate shall fonn part of the record-of
rights.

(7) It shall be the duty of the Revenue Staff to afford every assistan<;e to the officials of other departments
in matters connected with the co-ordination of [Link] plans.
Cantonment 6.35 Under instructions from the Government of India it is necessary that in any survey which may in future
boundaries. be made hy the Revenue Establishment so as to include any portion of the bol''ldary ofa cantOlIDlent that
boundary should invariably be defmed by a series of straight lines drawn from c:n:.:•• if the cantonment
boundary pillars to the next, except where it is distinctly stated to the contrJry in the dCSCTi\;!"'..'n of the
boundary published by notification in the local gazette. Before any such survey is finally accepted it should
be communicated to the military authorities for infonnation and scrutiny. The attention of Settle me lit Officer
is particularly directed to these instructions.

Preparation of 6.36 Where fairly recent surveyor other maps on a sufficiently large scale showing village boundaries do
the grouped not exist, the Settlement Officer should prepare for each Tehsil grouped (Mujmili) map on the scale of two
(Mujmili) map. centimetres to a Kilometere. The grouped map is made on tracing cloth and is an exact re-production of the
index maps, prescribed in paragraph 19 of Appendix VII of the Settlement Manual. In the case of large
Tehsils with big estates and much waste, it may be convenient to reduce the index maps to the scale of one
centimetre to a kilometer. It should for two reasons be started as soon as the index maps, are available, and
should not be deferred to the very end of the settlement, for (i) in piecing together the index maps elTors in
the boundaries are often brought to light, which are real errors of measurements which require to be rectified
by a further inspection of the ground, and, (ii) there are differences in practice as regards the showing of
roads, canal cuts etc., in different Patwari's or Kanungo's circles, and, unifomlity can only be secured by
consulting the men who have actually made or supervised the measurement and who know the country
intimately.

6.37 The map can most conveniently be prepared in separate sheets, each of the size of an ordinary village
mapping sheets, but Settlement Officers can consult their own convenience in this tesr>eet.

Copy to be sent 6.38 A copy of the Mujmili map, when ready, should be sent to the Director, Northem Circle, Survey of
to Surv~ Office. India, Chandigarh, From this the Survey of India will obtain materials for showing new roads, canals, Dak
Bunga4>ws, etc., in revised editions of their maps. The number of the standard sheet, in which the village
will be found should be clearly marked 011 each map SClltto the Director.

Reduced 6.39 if 110 convenient surwy map of the district exists the Settlement Officer should reduce the grouped
grouped maps. Tehsil map by pentagraph to a smaller scale e.g., centirnetre to 2.5 kilometrcs and prepare a district map.

Preparation of 6.40 Such copies of these maps as are required should be prepared in the Office of the Director, Map
maps. Publication, Survey of India, Hathi Barkala, Dehradun, if the office is in a position to meet the requirements
of the Settlement Officer. Three copies of each such map should be forwarded to the Financial
Commissioner's offic,e fer record .
•

instructions for 6.41 Prior to the cooling into force of the standard of Weights and Measures Act, 1956, the land measures
conl'erting local uscd in all revenue work varied in different parts of the State. After cooling into force of the Act the ibid,
measures into the Metric system in land records was introduced [Link]. 1.10.1962 in the Pradesh. The metric system shall
1It~ta"tS. be llsed during settlement in all revenue records. Where settlement has not been completed, the metric system
Shall be used gradually in a single rotation of 5 years and aU records shall simultaneously indicate the metric
measure in red ink in addition to the local measure.

The land measures llsed in all revenue work are local measure and the metric measure. These local
measures arc of two kinds, the Bigha measures and the Kanal or Ghumao measure. Both the Bigha and the
Units ofLe~gth. 6.4% The units oflength is the 'Karam' or 'Gatha' which varies in length indifferent districts. The units at
present adopted for revenue work: in Bigha Measure are as follows:-

Districts Lenmh of Karam

1. 2.

1. Kinnaur 54 1. In districts Chamba, Kangra. Una and

Kinnanr and in some parts of districts Mandi
2. Bilaspur 54 and Shimla and in Sub-Division Spiti of
3. Shimla 54 and 57.157 District Lahaul & Spiti, where the settlement
operations have been carried out, the unit of
4. Solan 54 and 57.157 and 66
length is meter after settlement.
5. Mandi 56
6. Kullu 56
7. Cbamba 56 . 2, The Ghumao in this instance is equal to the
English acre, and twelve Karams are equal to
8. USpiti 56 a Gunter's chain.
9. Una 66 and 57.5
10. Kangra 66 and 57.5
11. Hamirpur 66 and 57.5
12. Sinnaur 57.157

6.43 The unit of area is a square Karam or Gatha. In the case of the local Bigba measure the unit is called
a Biswansi, and in the case of the GhuOlao measure as Sarsahi.

20 Biswansis
20 Biswas

9 Sarsahis 1 Marla
20 Marias 1 Kanal
8 Kanals I Ghumao

(b) The bighas and ghumaos used in the revenue records represent the areas of the English measure as
showo·in the following table:-
 Unit of Length English equivalent of local measure expressed in
Square Yards. Decimals of an acre
(4,840 square yards)
BIGHA
MEASURE
1. 99 inch gatha 3,025 0.625
2. 57 inch gatha or Karam 1,008.33 0.208
3.
4.
66 inch Karam
54 inch Karam
] 900 0.186
5. 56 inch Karam 968 0.2

Thus the area of a square of 3 karams each way will be one marIa. As 3 kararns are called a kan so a square
kan is a marIa. In some districts 2 kanals and in other 4 kanals are called a bigha.

English equivalent of local measure expressed in

Square Yards. Decimals of an acre
(4,840 square yards)
GHUMAO
MEASURE
6. 57.5 inch Karam 3,674 0.759
7. 60 inch Karam or gatha 4,000 0.826
8. 66 inch Karam 4,840 One acre

Further varia- 6.44 The bigha derived from the 99 inch gatha is known as the palla (or shahjahani) bigha. It is exactly.
tions. three times the size of the zamindar's or kacha bigha, for which the linear unit of 57.125 inch karam was
devised. The pakka bigha is 5/8th and the ordinary kacha bigha 5/24ths of an acre. In the districts in which
the Gbumao measure is used, a bigha often means half a Ghumao.

Local measures 6.45 In all village records, whether prepared by the land revenue agency; or by any other Departments, areas
to be used in vil- are to be stated in the local measure; and metric measure [Link] rates are to be expressed in village records
lage records. with reference to that measure, and not with reference to the English acre. If rates have been sanctioned in
the terms of the English measure they should always be converted into terms of the local measure and metric
measure before being carried into village records of other vernacular proceedings. The area invillage-note-
books however will be entered in hectares by the Patwari.

N.B .:- In dealing with the Bigha measure it is usual to neglect anything smaller than the Biswa, thus 5 Bighas
13 Biswas can ,conveniently be written ~ Bighas. Similarly dealing with Ghumao measure, it is often
convenient to express areas not in Gbumaos but in Kanals thus, instead of writing 3 Gbumaos, 6 Kanals, 17
MarIas it is usual to write 30 ~ Kanals, or, where land is of little value, the MarIas may be neglected and

reckoning to the nearest Kanal the example above given be stated as 3 i Gbumaos.
 In revenue suits and proceedings it is necessary to convert the local measure into English measure. Areas
IIhould be stated in the local measure used in the village records.

Comparison Qf 6,46 Tables. showing the equivalents of local measures in English measure with rules for converting either
measures. fOOasure to the other. are appended:-

Length of Gatha or Karam Equivalent of chain

~9 inch Gatha 8 Gathas.
" inch Gatha or Karam 13.8 Gathas or Karams
66 inch Karam 12 Karams
'4 inch Karam 14.3Karams
'6 inch Karam 14.14 Karams
'7.' inch Karan 13.95 Karams
60 inch Karam ] 3.2 Gathas or Karams

To convert Bighas into acre - A Bigha = 5/8 of an acre. Therefore. multiply by 5 and divide by 8 or add
a zero and divide by 16.

1 Bigha =1.008.3 square yards or 0.208 acre.

1 Biswa!. 50.4 square yards or 0.10 acre.

To convert Bighas into acres - A Bigha" •.•5/24th of an acre. Therefore multiply by 5 and divide by 24
or add a zero and divide by 48.
 To convert Bighas into acres - Multiply by :x> and divide by 484.
I
To convert acres into Bighas - Multiply by 484 and divide by 90.

To convert Ghumaos into acres - Deduct l/4th, and to the balance add one per cent or twelve per
thousand. Reckon each odd Kanal as 1 acre, and every 2 Marias as .01 acre.

To convert acres into Ghurnaos - Deduct 12 for every thousand acres, and then increase the number by
1/3rd. Reckon each 0.1 acres as a Kanal, and each 0.01 as 2 Marias.

Note:-SeeAppendix XIX of this manual for Conversion Tables for convening loco/measures into
Hectares and Standord of Weights and Measures (Conversion of Land Areas) Rules 1960 etc.
6.47. The high bills and inaccessible areas of the Pradesh, can not be surveyed by the settlement staff due
to difficult terrain. The Govt. of Himachal Pradesh have surveyed such areas in Kinnaur and Spiti with the
assistance of Survey of India who had already surveyed these areas through Ariel Photography. Such high
hills and inaccessible areas in other part of the Pradesh nlaY be got surveyed through the Survey of India by
the State Govt. after issuing notification under SectionH 9 of the H.P. LR. Act. The scale of the maps so
prepared by the Survey of ~ndia shall not be less than 1 : 15000. The maps prepared by the Survey of India
shall have the same presumption of truth as is attached to the maps prepared by the Patwaris under section
33 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954. These maps shall fonn part and parcel of record-of-rights after
finalisation. '

6.48. The State Govt. will endeavour to switch over to Theodolite Survey depending upon the availahility
of funds. The assistance of Survey of India can also be taken for this Survey for the fixation of control points.
Such assistance was taken from Survey oflndia in Shimla Town. Preferably the 'Chandabandi' should be
done by means of Theodolite so that accurate field maps are prepared and chances of discrepandcs arc
minimised.

Part-llnstructlons regarding Complete re-measurement

of an Estate during General re-essessment.

6.49. The instructions regarding remeasurement of an estate during a general re-assessment of a District
have been laid down in Appendix VII of Punjab Settlement Manual as applicable to Himachal Pradesh, which
is reproduced below:-

A-Procedure Connected with the Complete

Meas~rement of a Village.

1. Preparation of Khatauni's and Shajjra Nasb.-Before Commencing the field measurements of

any village it is essential that correct and complete Khataunis should be drawn up. If the previous annual
papers have been proPerly prepared, and the jamabandi is correct to date, this will give little trouble. If it
is not correct, then all mutations of rights omitted from the jamabandi must be entered up in the list of
mutations of the current year. The khataunis will then agree with the jamabandi so corrected plus changes
in tenants-at-will. And to make sure that the khataunis are correct and complete there will be drawn up at
the same time a shajra nasb of the owners. The procedure will. therefore. be as foJlows:- The Kanungo or
Patwari, having collected the owners in the village, will put the last jamabandi before him. and draw up a
genealogical tree of the owners: or If there is one in the previous records: correct that to date. In doing this
he will compare the genealogical tree and the jamabandi. holding by bolding. and ",ill explain the entries
to the owners. the comparison of the two papers wjll bring to light all omissions from the jamabandi
connected with the descent of the owners. and omissions from the jamabandi due to transfer. l13rtitioo.
changes to tenants. and other like causes, will be pointed out by the owners. Fonns oCthe Khatouni. index.
and list ofkhatauni totals. with necessary instnlCtions. areappended:-
Last Jamabandi No.
Owner
New Khatauni
-
No.
No.
-.
in Register of Mutations Tenant
I 2 3 4 5
Number and Name of Field Name of well or Area and class of Rent Remarks
other source of land and total of
Fonner New
irrigation holdings

for form of s~ajra nasb and instru~tions for its preparation see Appendix VII.

(1) This form will be printed on one-eighth of a s~eet, that is to say, on paper size 10" - 61/2". It will
fJe prinled on one side only. If necessary, the patwaris can continue the entries on the other side. Lines
[Link] printed across columns 1-3 for the separate entry of each field. The whole will be sewed together
at lOp, like a bahi, the alphabetical index being added. A leather patta will also be added to protect the
;: ..
pa~r of the same sort as is use to protect bahis. One leaf will be sufficient for each holding.
- - ~, '

(2) The' kha/oltni ntimber will be entered in ink before measurements are commenced. There is no real
reason why an accurate list of the holdings should not be made. If by chance one or two holdings are'
suhscquently discovered, these can be added in their place by sub-numbers. When the tehsildar attests the
\ illagc linally after close of measurements, the series of numbers can be corrected once for all.

(3) The nkes and shares of owners and cultivator should be entered with great care and after careful
attestation. If names and shares have already been entered in one holding in full detail, and in a subsequent
holding it is desired to incorporate the same entry by reference, thi~ may be done; for example, Sham
Singh and others, as in holding No.3 (three). But the number of the holding must. be entered in such cases
in figures and in words; and care should betaken that short entries referring to different holdings are not
made in nearly identical terms. Also the reference should always be to the khatauni number: the measurer
has nothing to do withjamabandi numbers.

(4) Enter shares in the plainest terms, just as the Patwari enters them in his ordinary annual papers, for
example-

Several persons (stated by name) in the following shares:-

K and L in even shares, half; M. N. alld others, half on three (3) shares;
 If there are a great many shares, write them out in full on the back of the khatauni, making a short
entry in the column 'Owner' on the upper side thus A, B and others, total 15 owners as detailed on
reverse. It is most important that all shares should be entered in the village papers in the same words and
terms as those by which the zamindars described them. No attempt should be made to substitute for these
terms more elaborate descriptions. And those forms of expression should be preferred which will be most
conveniently transcribed in the annual papers. It is not at all necessary to describe aU the shares of a
holding by the same denominator; they should be put down just as the zamindars tell them off.

(5) As regards sales and mortgages with possession (they shml1d be shown in every case with the
detail directed in the Standing Order on Records-oC-Rights.

(6) Mortgages without possession will be entered only under the circumstances and with the details
directed in the Standing Order on Records-of-Rights.

(7) If a hereditary tenant has sold or mortgagedbis holding and the transfer has been acted on. it will
be entered in the register of mutations and incorporated in the khatauni, subject to any order of court that
may be produced concerning a transfer of this nature.

(8) Enter very carefully the rents paid by tenants. If the rent is a share of the produce, note any
payments made from the whole heap before the produce is divided. If the rent is cash. it should be so
described as to show whether the rent is a lump Charge on the holding or a rate per bigha. or whether the
rent is per harvest or per crop, or per annum, or by appraisement.

(9) Ordinarily no entry relating to trees will be made. But the Patwar; should enquire whether any
trees are owned by other than the owner or cultivator; and in cases in which trees are owned by persons
who do not hold the land. the Patwari will enter the facts in the column of remarks in the khatauni.

(0) If the revenue of Khata is assigned, note the fact and the name of the mafidar briefly in red ink in
the column of remarks.

(11) Do not collect all the mafl khatas at the end. Let each khata come in the place to which, with •
reference to the ownership, it properly belongs.

(12) Land appropriated for public purposes.-Alliand pennanently appropriated for public purposes
should be entered in the khatunis as directed in the jamabandi. Mutations expressed by these entries need
not be entered in the register of mutations.

(13) It is not necessary to enter a name for every field along with its number. If fields are known by
names, the names should be entered. But where fields are not commonly known by district names, no
names of fields need to entered.

(i) Ghair mumkin. banjar kadim, and banjar jadid, as directed for the crop girdawari and
milan rakba.

(ii) Chahi is all land irrigated regularly from a well (whether the well is pakka or kacha and
whether the water be lifted by buckets, wheel or dhenkli). Some iand is thus irrigated every
harvest, other land every year, and some land once in two years. Whatever land gets water
regularly should be sown as chahi. The actual area of crops irrigated will not appear from
the measurement papers, but from the crop girdawari papers.

(iii) Nahri is land watered by a canal. The limits of this land will be defined in the same way
as those of chahi land.
 (iv) Abi is land watered from tanks,jhils, river branches and springs and not faIling under the
heads of chahi or nahri. The limits of this land will be defined in the same way as those of
chahi land.

It should be added that there is some land pear rivers or canals or jhils which is always moist. This
also should be entered as sailabif of any considerable amount or importance. But small areas of this kind
may be recorded a barani. Fnlit-bearing gardens will be reckoned as cultivated land, and their areas will
be classed under the above heads according as they are irrigated or not. Groves of other trees will be
classed as banjar kadim.

Owners Hereditary Tenants Tenants-at-will

Letter
Name Khatauni Name Khatauni Name Khatauni
No. No. No.

I 2 3
'Jive ill these columns the details of areas and
Khataulli No. wells required for the Milan Rakba
How many fields Total

Column 3.-/1 s~ould be borne in mind IhOl Ihis clqssificolion ond Ihol given in Ihe milon rokbo musl
agree.

2. Parchali to be given to zamindars-When thekhataunis are ready, the Patwari will give to each
agriculturist a copy of the. khataunis relating to him. These copies are known as parchas. Of mortgaged
holding a parcha will be given both to mortgagor and mortgagee, but not to collateral mortgages In
holdings in which there are several shares it is generally sufficient to give a pareha to one sharer; but if
another sharer asks for a copy; it should be given to him also. Of tenant's holdings one copy should be
given to the tenant and the other to the owner.

3. Attendance of owners and cultivators-The Shajra nasb and khataunis having been completed.
and the [Link] having beell distributed to the ~amindars. the Patwari will commence measurement work.'
Every evening he will infonn the village headmen what fields will be measured on the day following. and
the village headmen wiJI at once infonn the owners and cultivators concerned. and direct them to attend
the Patwari the following moming.
 5. Papers which Patwari will have with him-The Patwari should have with him during his field
measurements the former shajra. his copy of the last detailed jamabandi (with alluvion and diluvion
papers, if any), also the new sbajra nasb and register of mutations. These papers and the papers in hand are
the only papers that he should take with him in his daily measurement work.

6. Procedure as
each field is measured-As each field is measured he will delineate it in pencil on
the shajra, work out of area, inform the owner and cultivator of the result, consider ~eir objections; if any,
and then write up the field book, the khatauni andzamindar's parcha. The form of the field book is given
below:-

7. List of fields on margin of field map-In order to make it easy to refer from the field map to the
jamabandi; the Patwari will write a list on a separate mapping sheet (to be filed with the map) as under:-

8. Procedure when owner or tenant lot absent.-If an owner or tenant is absent when a field is
measured the Patwari will make a mark X in the remarks colunm of the khatauni. and write over the mark
the letter M or K to indicate whether the absentee is the owner or cultivator, and will sign his name under
the mark. If the absentee arrives afterwards, a place will be left in his parcha for the field measured in his
absence, and those measured in his presence will be filled in below. But the Patwari will not fill into any
pareha fields measured in the absence of the pareha-holder. nor return to those fields in order to explain
the entries. It is the Kanungo's work to do this.

Note-The above procedure for securing the attendance of right-holders and keeping them informed
of the entries made in the measurement papers regarding their land is not applicable to cases where
Government land in the possession of a department is under measurement. Before remeasurements arc
commenced in any district or tract the Settlement Officer or Collector should if there is any land of the
above description within the limits of the district or tract, ascertain from the executive officer of the
department <.oncerned, who is in charge of the said land. whether he proposes to depute a subordinate to
be present at the measurements. If the department officer desires to do so, the Settlement Officer or
Collector should arrange, as far as possible, for the measurement of the GovenmlCnt land to be made (l' ••
time convenient both to the department concerned and to the settlement or revenue subordinate. The
Settlement Officer should also, if desired by the departnlCntal officer, fumish the latter, free of charge,
with copies of the entries in the measurement Papers and maps relating to the Government land· in his
charge, and should consider any representation made to him by the departnlCntal officer in regard to them.
In the above connection attention to the instructions contained in paragraph 45 (A) of Standing Order No.
16 is necessary.

9. Procedure in case of trifting disputes or discrepancies-In cases of petty disputes as to the

position of a boundary, if there is a pemulIlcnt boundary, the Patwari will measure according to the
boundary. if there is not, then he will measure according to the former papers. He may be allowed to
neglect slight differences between fonner and present measurement, as may be proper in each village; so
that the zanundar's attention may not be directed to useless disputes. But if an owner has added to his field
land that he owns jointly with others, except in course of partition, such land must be measured as a
separate number. In places where land is of little value, if an occupancy tenant has extended his field by
ploughing out; and there is no boundary between the new and old land; nor other plain evidence, such as
payment of a different rent, by which the new land can be separated from the old )and, the Patwari will
survey the whole in one number. In such a case it is not his duty to distinguish between old and new land.

10. Field names and order in which fields should be numbered-The numbering of the fields on
the maps should run in a connected chain. So far as the fields of one holding lie together they should be
measured without break. Where field divisions follow soil distinctions, the order of the holding should not
be broken on this account. Similarly if the land is owned by wells or by separate pattis, the fields of each
well or patti lying in one block should be numbered in a connected series, and not be mixed up in the
measurement papers with those of adjoining pattis and wells. And the limits of each patti or well should
be shown by a coloured line. Also if one field lies in the middle of a larger field, it should be so measured,
without breaking up the larger field into two. Field names, if locally used, should be entered under the
survey number to which they relate. ,
I

11. The abadi-The village site should be measured in one number,together with the small plots
attached in which cattle are penned, manure is stored, and straw is stacked, and other waste attached to the
village site. The entry in the column of ownership and occupancy will be simply abadi deh.

12. Village roads.-,- Village roads through irrigated lands or through highly cultivated land, or
wherever these roads have distinct boundaries, should be measured according to their existing bounds. If
any road has no distinct bound it should be entered as three kadams wide. But where the position of a way
shifts with the cultivation of each year, it should be indicated in the map with a red line; and a note should
be made in the khatauni against each field which the way crosses, thus: "The way to village "A" crosses
this field." If by acting on these instructions a village road is in any case recorded very differently from'
the record of it at last measurement, and public inconvenience appears probable, the' road should be
measured as above directed, and the case be reported to the revenue officer. Perhaps in some cases the
revenue officer may be able to prevent inconvenience of this kind. But usually the fixed boundaries of
village roads cannot be altered.

13. Boundaries of fields not marked on ground how shown-Where the boundary of a survey
number is known, but is not marked on the ground owing to rich cultivation or sandy soil, the boundary
should be delineated on the map by broken lines. t

14. Procedure at beginning and end of day's work-At the commencement and end of every day's
work the Patwari should-

14-A. Daily outturn-A Settlement Officer should, after he has had some experience of district. lay
down with the approval of the Commissioner his own standard of outtum per chain per diem in re-meas-
urement according to the circumstances and nature of the district and communicate the same through the
Commissioner and the Director of Land Records to the Financial Commissioner. This standard will be
used as a guide in checking the quarterly business retums.

15. Inking in of fields-The fields will be inked into the shajra. week by week; after the Kanungo
has tested them, viz., field numbers in red ink; and all other entries in black ink.

16. Topographical signs to be entered in field maps-In order to meet the requirements of the
Survey of India certain topographical signs' used by that department should be used. A list of tbe signs;
together with specimen cadastral maps, can be obtained from the Financial Commissioner, these signs
should be followed in all topographical and patwlltis' JTJaPS as far as possible. When a survey party is at
work in a district under settlement a few selected metl should be sent to be taught by the Surveyor the
proper method of representing these signs. It should be clearly understood that these directions in no case
supersede those contained in the Mensuration Manual.

17. Colouiing of maps-too much attention should not be given to the appearance of the maps as
apart from correctness; The colourit1g however, should usually be done by selected patwaris or by special-
ly entertained colourists. If a map has become dirty or discoloured. it should be left alone. and. if owing to
cracks in the paper or some other reasons it is absolutely necessary to prepare a fair copy. the original
should be filed as well as the copy.

18. Maps to be kept in flat boxes-The map should be kept flat after being filed in the record room.
The mapping sheets of each village should be attached together by tape or string mnning through two
eyelets pierced in .the top right and left hand corners of each sheet.

19. Index map-Index maps should be prepared on mapping sheets. each square being divided into
the requisite number of smaller squares for the purpose. Where possible the scale to be adopted should be
240 kadams of s~feet to the inch (4 inches to the mile), as this is the scale usually adopted in revenue
sUrvey tnaps. The reduction from the 40 kadam to the inch field maps should be done by scale. This work
is facilitated by scales with inches sub-divided into sub-multiples of 240. The Director of Land Records
infOrtilS Settlement Officers of the name of the finn from which such scales can be procured. To test the
wurk rapidly the Kanungos can be given double compasses. of which one pair of arms measures a distance
exactly lih times that measured by the other pair. Such compasses can be made up in most large towns.
When the kattn in use is such thatlhe maps on the square system cannot be readily reduced to the scale of
4 inobes to the mile by the use of the scale, as in Hissar. where the karm. is 57.157 inches and in the hill
pari of Ourdaspur where its length is 57.5 inches, the require~reduction can be made by the help of the
petUagraph. Even if the proportion between the field map scale and the scale of 4 inches to the mile is not
Ohe or those f<>rwhich the instrument is graduated. the pentagraph can be set empirically so as to give it.
To Obtain the proper setting a trial should be made with two squares made in the proper proportions. and
care should be taken that the pointer and the fixed axis in which the instruinent revolves are so fixed as to
be always in one straight line. The index map should show the same features as those shown in the
revenue survey maps of the villages. and the signs will be those employed by the Revenue Survey
Department. most of which are the same as in the 40 kadam village maps. Each Settlement Officer will
have to give his own instructions as to the points to be shown in these maps according to the characte'fuf
the countty under survey. Besides serving as an index to the village map this redudion is required for two
other purposes. (1) the check of the Patwari's measurements with scientific data (paragraph 21 below) and
(2) the preparation of the tehsil and district maps prescribed in S.O. No. 16. paragraph 30. If there are timp
and rtioney available, the Patwaris may be instructed to make copies of the index maps to ~_ • '1)' by
themselves for use. The Settlement Officer will determine the material on which such copies are to be
tnade.

20. Copies of village map required-Of the village maps. two or if necessary. three copies will be
made. viz:-

(i) for the tehsil fair copy (parat tehsil);

(ii) for use in girdawari;
(iii) for other departments; if necessary (see note to paragraph 8):-
 (iit) The copies made for other departments will be made on the material desired by the
department concerned.

Copy No. (i) sbould be in every respect an exact copy of the mapping sbeets filed with the Settlement
record. .

Copy No. (ii) should also be a close copy. It should show the length of tbe field boundaries in karams
and should becoloored, but in the case of large stretches of waste land, the colour should be laid only
round the edges of the waste area, and not spread in a wash over the whole.

The instructions in paragraphs 21-25 apply only to estates in which remeasurement is undertaken, but
those in paragraph 26 are also applicable to estates in which map correction is substituted for remeasure-
ment.

(1) Khakas and the comparison of Patwari measurements with. the data supplied by the Survey
Department.

(2) Comparison of the distances between Trijunction points.

21. See Manual of Land Measurement,·paragra~ 72-85-Patwari to submit khaka and state-
ment- When the Patwari has completed the laying dowD of the squares, he will at once send to the
settlement Officer a cop" of the rough Index may (khaka), on which he has shown the position of each
trijuDction pillar and of every station left by the Govenunent of India Survey, in the manner prescribed in
paragraph 85 of the Land Measurement Manual and along witb it a statement in the following fom1
showing the distance in karms from each trijunctionpillar to the next, calculated as the hypothenllse of a
right-angled triangle the sides of wbich are the distances along the sides of the squares:-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Dislance along side of Dislance by Imperial

sqll4TeS in karams SlIrveydala

;:
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6

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o .s ~ ~ Ii
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~ fi
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Feet

20 Muhaml!lal Kaghazai 1-2 576 512 771 4,234 770 +1 .1

zai

NasratKheJ 2-3 855 145 867 4,746 863 +4 .5

Banda Nirze
HussainAli 3-4 923 393 1,003 5,513 01,002 +1 .1
 Regi Shinu Khel
4-5 648 302 715 3,915 712 +3 .4

O'arhi MauZKhan
5-6 864 678 1,098 6,022 1,095 +3 .3

Mansur Khel 6-7 rJn 368 709 3,883 706 +3 .6

Independent
territory 7-1 3,Q09 1,206 3,241 P,797 3,236 +5 .2

The first seven columns of this statement' will be filled up by the Patwat:i, the rest being left to be
filled up at headquarter. The distance to be entered in column 7 will be found by extracting the square root
of the sum of the squares of the distances entered in columns Sand 6, No fraction of a karm should be
entered. This statement will be checked and '#8ned by, the Kanungo and forwarded with the khaka to
headquarters. This khaka should not contain any details within the village such as abadi, road, wells,
ponds, etc. All that need be given are the positions of the trijunctionsand<tBy surveys stations there may
be and a rough outline of the village boundary prepared by ,handfram the, old map.

22. Check at headquarters-On receipt of the statement at headquarters the Settlement Officer will
have the statement completed from the data furnished by the Imperial Survey Department. If the Settle-
ment Officer has been furnished with traverse data he will have entered in column 8 the distance between
each pair of trijunction pillars as there given in feet or in Gunter's chains whichever is given in the
traverse data. If he has received no traverse data, the scale should be applied to the Revenue Survey map
and the number of inches and hundredths of an inch so found entered in column 3. A diagonal scale for
inches and hundredths should be used. (Card-board ones can be obtained cheaply). In either case the same
distance expressed in kat:ms should be entered in column 9; and the difference in karms and the difference
per cent, worked out; it being ~tated in each case whether it is plus or minus. In any case in which the
difference exceeds one per cent; the Patwari's calculation of the distances should be checked by compar-
ing it with the distanc~s entered on the khaka and a note of the result of the comparison should be made.
The statement will then be placed before the Settlement Officer for his orders. All cases may ~ passed as
correct in which the difference is less than two per cent, in hilly country or one per cent, in level country,
but where the difference is greater than this, an explanation should be called for , unless the distance is a
short one. The comparison should be made and orders issued before the measurements of the village are
completed ..

23. Registers at headquarters-A register of these comparison should be maintained by the Settle-
ment Officer, the village being entered in it in the recognised order (hadbast). The form of register should
be the san'1e as that of the statement above prescribed. This register should be filled up for each village as
the comparison goes on, the entries being made in pencil until the map has been finally passed by the '
Settlement Officer w~n th~y should be inked in. The distance between each pair of trijunction points will
'.appear twice in the register, viz., in the statement of ea,~hof the adjoining villages. These entries. should be
. cOJ,llpart(dwith each other and any seriolls di)\crepancy elilninated. When the comparison is completed for
each tehsil, the number of cases in which the differences is less than one per cent or more than. one, two or
three per cent, should be calculated and the results for the district should IJe given in 'the Final Settlement
Report.

24. Scale of khaka and Index Map-The Revenue Survey maps generally on the scale of 4 inches =
1 mile i.~., 240 kadams of sf feet to the inch, a~d it ~ill usually be found most convenient to have the
Patwari's final Index map drawn on that scale. The khaka; however;can rrtostconveniently be made on a
seale a quarter of tfiesize of the scale used in'the field map 'by 'dividing the' side of each square on a sheet
into four. The scale on which the khaka has been made should in any case be mentioned on it.

129
-~
 25. Procedure prescribed-As soon as the Patwari has finished his triangles he will at once send to
the Settlement Officer a copy of his khaka. as above prescribed. and a statement showing the distances
between each pair of trijunction point'! according to his measurements. The map should be made on the
usual mapping sheets ruled IIlto squares and he will make his khaka by reducing the squares proportional-
ly as. is done when the measurement itself has been madc by squares. noting the distance by scale on the
map of each trijunction point from the sides of the nearest square shown on his-mapping sheets. He will
then calculate out the direct distances between each pair of trijunction piIlars as above prescribed. and
submit a statement in the form already given. .

In all other respects the comparison will be made. and the statement and register completed in the
same manner as has been prescribed for measurements made on the square system.

26. Report and Register prescribed-Where-areas of village have been calculated by the Imperial
Survey Department~ they should be communicated to the tchsildar. and when the measuremcnt'! of thc
village have been completed. a copy of thc Patwari's final Index Map should be sent to the Settlement
Officer a statement in the following form:-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Area ill Acres Differences Between
Columns 3 and 5
Number of Name of By Patl~'aries measurement In acres. plus Per cent plus Reasonsfor
village village . or minus or minus difference in
all cases in
Imperial AllaSI Now
which il
Survey seulement
exceeds per
cent

The Settlement Officer will. on the receipt of this statement. compare the' Index Map with the
Revenue Survey map (if available) and decide whether to accept the result of the measurements or call for
further enquiry. A register in the same form as the statement should be opened and the figures for each
village cntered Ul pencil as soon as' statement is received. and inked in when the areas have been finally
accepted by the Settlement Officer.
,
- C-Distribution orParcba Books
(See para 294 or Settlement Manual).

27. Distribution orparcba books when new Jamabandi is prepared-When a new jamabandi has
been prepared. ba~d on the entries in the khalaunis. and the new revenue of each holding has been
entered ~n it the PalWari will give to each owner,. mortgage with possession and occupancy tenant. a
parcha book containing a copy of the entries in such jamabandi relating to the land held by him. and
 printed receipt fonns for 20 years. The directions goveming the distribution of khataunis where there are
several sharers in a holding [paragraph (2)] will obtain in this case also. No charge shall be made for the
parcha books.

Part-J Powers to make Rules and Issue Instructions

During Settlement Operations
Powers to make 6.50. Under section 47 of thc H.P. [Link] Rcvenue Act, 1954,. the Financial Conunissioner (Rev.) may
Rules make ndes for the following mattcrs.

2. Prescribing the form of those records and registers, and the manner in which they are to be
prepared, signed and attested;
,
3. For the survey of land so far as may be necessary for the preparation and correction of those
records and registers;

5. Generally for the gUidance· of Revenue Officer and Village Officers in matters pertaining to
records and registers mentioned or referred to in Chapter IV.

The Seulemem Officer shall follo\l' the Rules framed by the Financial CommissiOner. He may issue
futlher instructions for the guidance of the field stafT on the above mQffers which are cons;stem wilh tht
provisions of the rules framed by the Financial Commissioner after approval from him.

Powers to issue 6.51. Under section 67 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954, the State Govt. or the Financial Comuns-
executive in- sioner with the approval of the State Govt. may for the gUidance of the Revenue Officers from time to
structions time issue executive instmctions relating to all matters regarding assessment, provided that such instruc-
tions shall not be inconsistent with the provisions ofthe H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954 and the ntles made
thereunder.

The Smlement Officer may issue supplementary instructions respecting assessment for the guidance
Of the Revenue Officers which may not be inconsistent with the instructions issued by the State Gow. or
Financial Commissioner but he sholl obtain the approval of the State Gow. before issuing any instruction.

Hida)'at 6.52. Before the commencement of sel1lement operations in a District under general re-assessmem. the'
Bandobast Seulement Officer sholl prepare on Instruction Book (HidayafBandobasl) respecting records and other
connected ma11ers therewith & assessme1l1,for the guidance of Revenue Officers and the stoff and get the
approval of State Governme1l1. He may issue suppleme1l1ary instructions from time to time after approval
from the State Gow. Such instructions shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of the H.P. Land
Revenue Act, 1954, the rules framed thereunder and any other law .
•