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Why do ionic compounds (like sodium oxide, potassium fluoride) have a high melting
point __________ is an ionic compound which forms a <b>giant ionic lattice
structure</b> , held together via <b>strong electrostatic forces</b>. They are
extremely strong forces which require a <b>large amount of energy to overcome</b>.
This means they have a large melting point. Bonding
Name the properties of Ionic Compounds <ol><li><b>High melting point</b> -
strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions</li><li><b>High boiling
point</b> - strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged
ions</li><li>Conduct electricity only when <b>molten or aqueous</b> - ions in fixed
position in the lattice and so cannot move</li><li><b>solid </b>at <b>room
</b>temperature (due to high melt and boiling
pt)</li><li><b>Brittle</b></li><li>Generally <b>good solubility</b>&nbsp;in
water&nbsp;</li></ol> Bonding
Define&nbsp;<b>ionic bond</b> "the <b>electrostatic force</b> of attraction
between <b>oppositely charged ions</b> formed by electron transfer." Bonding
Define periodicity Regular repeating patterns of elements across a period in
the periodic table Bonding
What is a <b>dative/coordinate</b> covalent bond A covalent bond where <b>the
shared pair of electrons</b> comes from <b>only one of the bonding atoms</b>
Bonding
Define metallic bond <div>The <b>electrostatic force</b> of attraction between
the <b>positive metal ions </b>and the <b>delocalised electrons</b>.</div>
Bonding
State the 3 factors that affect the strength of a metallic bond "1.<span
style=""background-color: var(--bs-body-bg); color: var(--bs-body-color); text-
align: var(--bs-body-text-align);"">&nbsp;Number of <b>protons</b>/ Strength of
<b>nuclear attraction</b>.
The more protons the stronger the bond&nbsp;</span><div><span style=""background-
color: var(--bs-body-bg); color: var(--bs-body-color); text-align: var(--bs-body-
text-align);"">2. Number of <b>delocalised electrons</b> per atom (the outer shell
electrons are delocalised)
The more delocalised electrons the <b>stronger </b>the
bond&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style=""background-color: var(--bs-body-bg);
color: var(--bs-body-color); text-align: var(--bs-body-text-align);"">3. <b>Size of
ion</b>.
The <b>smaller </b>the ion, the <b>stronger </b>the bond. (ion's
radius)</span></div>" Bonding
Define <b>electronegativity</b> "<div>The <u>(relative) tendency</u> of an atom
to attract a <u>pair of electrons/ the
electrons/ electron density</u> in a covalent bond<br></div>" Bonding
Electronegativity ranges Electronegativity is measured on the <b>Pauling scale
</b>(ranges from 0-4) Bonding
Structure of metals bonded via metallic bonds <ul><li>Giant metallic
lattice</li></ul> Bonding
<b>Linear </b>molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond angle
"<ul><li>2 bp</li><li>0 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>180 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
<b>Trigonal planar</b> molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond angle
"<ul><li>3 bp</li><li>0 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>120 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
<b>Tetrahedral </b>molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond angle
"<ul><li>4 bp</li><li>0 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>109.5 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
<b>Bent </b>molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond angle "<ul><li>2
bp</li><li>2 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>104.5 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
<b>Trigonal Bipyramidal</b> molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond
angle "<ul><li>5 bp</li><li>0 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>120 deg &amp; 90
deg</li></ul>" Bonding
<b>Octahedral</b>&nbsp;molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond angle
"<ul><li>6 bp</li><li>0 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>90 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
Examples of linear molecule <ul><li>\(\ce{CO_2},\space\ce{HCN},\space\
ce{BeF_2}\)<br></li></ul> Bonding
Examples of <b>trigonal planar</b> molecule <ul><li>\(\ce{BF_3},\space\
ce{AlCl_3},\space\ce{SO_3},\space\ce{CO_3^{2-}}\)</li></ul>Bonding
Examples of&nbsp;<b>tetrahedral</b>&nbsp;molecule <ul><li>\(\ce{SiCl_4},\space\
ce{SO_4^{2-}},\space\ce{NH_4^+}\)<br></li></ul> Bonding
<b>Trigonal pyramidal&nbsp;</b>molecule : bonding pairs , lone pairs, diagram, bond
angle "<ul><li>3 bp</li><li>1 lp</li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li><li>107 deg</li></ul>"
Bonding
Examples of&nbsp;<b>trigonal pyramidal&nbsp;</b>molecule <ul><li>\(\ce{NCl_3},\
space\ce{PF_3}\space,\ce{ClO_3}\)</li></ul> Bonding
Examples of bent molecules <ul><li>\(\ce{OCl_2}\space,\ce{H_2S},\space\
ce{ClO_3}\)<br></li></ul> Bonding
Examples of&nbsp;<b>trigonal bipyramidal&nbsp;</b>molecule <ul><li>\(\
ce{PCl_5}\)<br></li></ul> Bonding
Examples of&nbsp;<b>octahedral</b>&nbsp;molecule
<ul><li>\(\ce{SF_6}\)<br></li></ul> Bonding
Covalent bond in terms of electronegativity <ul><li>A compound containing
elements of similar electronegativity and hence a <b>small electronegativity
</b><b><u>difference</u>&nbsp;</b>will be purely covalent (&lt;1.7)</li></ul>
Bonding
Ionic bonds in terms of electronegativity <ul><li>Compound containing elements of
very different electronegativity and hence a very <b>large electronegativity
<u>difference</u>&nbsp;(&gt;1.7/4.0)</b></li></ul> Bonding
Most electronegative element&nbsp; <ul><li>Fluorine&nbsp; = 4.0</li></ul>
Bonding
What is a <b>polar covalent</b> bond <div>A <b>polar covalent bond</b> forms
when the elements in the bond have <b>different electronegativities</b>.</div>
Bonding
What happens in a polar covalent bond <ul><li>It has an <b>unequal
distribution</b>&nbsp;of <b>electrons</b>&nbsp;in the bond and produces a <b>charge
separation</b>, (<b>dipole</b>)&nbsp;[$]\delta^+,\space \delta^{-}[/$]</li></ul>
Bonding
<b>Symmetric </b>molecules &amp; <b>polarity</b> <ul><li>A symmetric molecule
(<b>all bonds identical and no lone pairs</b>) will <b>non-polar&nbsp;</b>even if
individual bonds within the molecule are polar</li></ul> Bonding
How do symmetric molecules have no polarity <ul><li>The individual dipoles on
the bonds '<b>cancel out</b>' due to the symmetrical shape of the molecule. There
is no <b>net</b>&nbsp;dipole moment: the <b>moleule</b>&nbsp;is
<b>non-polar.</b></li></ul> Bonding
<b>Van der Waals'</b> forces also called Transient, induced dipole-dipole
interactions Bonding
Where do VdW forces occur <ul><li>Between <b>all molecular substances </b>and
noble gases</li><li><b>NOT IN IONIC SUBSTANCES</b></li></ul> Bonding
How do Vdw forces form <ol><li>In any molecule the electrons are moving
<b>constantly </b>and <b>randomly</b>.&nbsp;</li><li>As this happens the electron
density can fluctuate and parts of the molecule become <b>more or less negative</b>
i.e. <b>small temporary</b> or <b>transient dipoles</b> form.</li><li>These
instantaneous dipoles can cause dipoles to form in <b>neighbouring
molecules</b>.&nbsp;</li><li>These are called <b>induced dipoles</b>. The induced
dipole is always the <b>oppsosite sign </b>to the original one</li></ol>
Bonding
Factor affecting size of Vdw <ul><li>More electrons in the molecule =&gt; higher
chance that temporary dipoles form. This makes the Vdw's stronger between the
molecules =&gt; b.p stronger</li></ul> Bonding
Why does b.p increase down group 7 <ul><li>There are increasing electrons in the
bigger molecules causing an increase in the size of the Vdw's between the
molecules</li></ul> Bonding
How does the&nbsp;<b>shape </b>of molecule affect size of Vdw forces
(<b>alkanes</b>) <ul><li>Long chain alkanes have a <b>larger surface area</b> of
contact between molecules for Vdw to form than compared to spherical shaped
branched alkanes and so have stronger Vdw.</li><li>Bigger molecule / Larger SA
(1)</li><li>Stronger Vdw between molecules</li></ul> Bonding
Where do permanent dipole-dipole forces occur Polar molecules Bonding
Polar bond features <ul><li>Asymmetrical&nbsp;</li><li>Have a bond where there
is a significant <b>difference in electronegativity </b>between the atoms =&gt;
<b>uneven </b>distribution of electrons via <b>partial charges</b></li></ul>
Bonding
Why does shielding remain relatively constant across a period No new shells are
being added to the atoms Bonding
What are the 3 types of intermolecular forces Induced dipole, permanent
dipole(dipole-dipole), hydrogen bonding Bonding
What is a <b>non-polar</b> bond When two atoms in a covalent bond have the same
electronegativity Bonding
Electron distribution in a polar bond They are distributed
asymmetrically/unevenly Bonding
How to explain shape "<div><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div><div>3) (bonding) electron
pairs</div>" Bonding
How much more do lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs [$]\approx 2.5[/$] deg
Bonding
What is hydrogen bonding A type of intermolecular force that occurs when a
hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (e.g.&nbsp;\(\
ce{N_2},\ce{F_2},\ce{O_2}\)). Bonding
Hydrogen bonding between&nbsp;\[\ce{H_2} \space ,\ce{F_2}\]"<img src=""paste-
[Link]"">" Bonding
Square Planar arrangement "<ul><li>4 bp&nbsp;</li><li>2 lp</li><li>\(90^\
circ\)<br></li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""></li><li><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></li></ul>" Atomic-Structure