EE Electric Charges and Fields POINTS TO REMEMBER The study of electric charges at rest is called Electrostatics. 1. Two Kinds of Electric Charges When two bodies are rubbed together, they get oppositely charged. Experimental evidences show that there are two types of changes: (#) Positive Charge: Positive charge is produced by the removal of electrons from a neutral body. That is, positive charge means deficiency of electrons. (ii) Negative Charge: Negative charge is produced by giving electrons to a neutral body. That is, negative charge means excess of electrons on a neutral body. ST unit of charge is coulomb (C). 2. Properties of Charges (@) Conservation of Charge: The charge of an isolated system remains constant. This means that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, but it may simply be wansferred from one body to another. (ii) Additive Property: Total charge on an isolated system is equal to the algebraic sum of charges on individual bodies of the system. This is called additive property of charges. That is, if a system contains three charges, 4, 42. ~q3.then total charge on system, Q= q,+ q2~qs- (iif) Quantisation of Charge: The total charge on a body is the integral multiple of fundamental change'e’ ie, 4 (é») Charge is unaffected by motion: The charge on a body remains unaffected of its velocity, ie., tne where n isan integer (2 = 1, 2, 3...) ae! 2 ae 4 Wn = ) ZS) ma i ms ES 15s] mn a Charge at rest = Charge in motion (®) Like charges repel while unlike charges attract each other. 3. Coulomb's Law in General Form It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is direetly proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two charges, NG pop titt 2 where k = Lis constant of proportionality eis permittivity of medium between the charges. I égis permittivity of free space and K the dielectric constant of medium, then 6=Keq 1% Fe Tey eoc rr ra) sy jaa) = i oe (e) Ke vy) | = fe) a For free K = 1, Therefc one \erelore 1 te ae, Dielectric constant or Relative permittivity (K): The dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of permittivity of medium to the permitivity of free space, ie, K = ee Definition of coulomb: 1 coulomb charge is the charge which when placed at a distance of I metre from an equal and similar change in vacuum (or air) will repel it with a force of 9 x 10°N. 4. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form Consider two like charges q and qg located at points A and B in vacuum. The separation between the charges is r. As charges are like, they repel each other. Let Fai be the force exerted on charge gy by charge q, and Fiz that exerted on charge q, by charge qy. If 7, is the position vector of gy relative tog, and fy, is unit vector along A to B, then the force Far is along A to B and = 1 ae. Fa= Grey ge fat ®) But at A fa 8 il tO Oe ot Mids 7 1 Gide Fe he % Py ane, 2 7” ane Similarly if 712s position vector of q; relative to qy and fig is unit vector from B to 4, then i) Atti) Comparing () and (i), we get Fy =F This means that the Coulomb's force exerted on gp by 4, is equal and opposite to the Coulomb's force exerted on q, by q: in accordance with Newton's third law. Thus, Newton's third law also holds good for electrical forces. 5. Principle of Superposition of Electric Charges Coulomb's law gives the force between two point charges. But if there are a number of interacting charges, then the force on a particular charge may be found by the principle of superposition. Tt states that If the system contains a number of interacting charges, then the force on a given charge is equal to the vector sum of the forces exerted on it by all remaining charges. The force between any two charges is not affected by the presence of other charges. Suppose that a system of charges contains n charges 4). ds. 4s, R) 4 (i) aesurtice point B= gre ge (Porn = (ii) atinternal point Eg (Forr R) 14 - (@) atsurtuce point y= GaeaE | (Forr= R) Lg (i) atimternal point, Ey =Gae—ps (Fore < R) Multiple Choice Questions and write the correct option(s) in the following questions. Which statement is true for Gauss law? [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1)) (@) All the charges whether inside or outside the Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux, @) Electric flux depends upon the geometry of the Gaussian surface. (©) Gauss theorem can be applied to non-uniform electric field. (d) The electric field over the Gaussian surface remains continuous and uniform at every point. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric field between two charged plates if a neutral conductor is placed in between the plates? [CBSE 2022, (55/2/4), Term-1) @ ) ‘The electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius R as a function of the distance from its centre is represented graphically by @ o ie o @4. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere (Fig. given below). The electric field is best given by INCERT Exemplar] we) @) Fig) () Fig (ii) (© Fig (itt) @ Fig @) 5. The Electric flux through the surface [NCERT Exemplar) JS “\ i sf | { { @/CA at U U oO Ga (iii) (i) (a) in Fig. Gv) is the largest. () in Fig. Gi) is the least. (© in Fig. (i) is same as Fig, (ii) but is smaller than Fig. () (@) is the same for all the figures. 6. A hemisphere is uniformly charged positively. The electric field at a point on a diameter away from the centre is directed INCERT Exemplar] (0) perpendicular to the diameter (#) parallel to the diameter (©) atan angle tilted towards the diameter (d) at an angle tilted away from the diameter 7, An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience [CBSE 2020 (55/1/2)) (@) a force but not a torque. @) a torque but nota force, (0) always a force and a torque. (@) neither a force nor a torque. 8, Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following statements is correct? (NGERT Exemplar) (@) the dipole will not experience any force. a (0) the dipole will experience a force towards right. (©) the dipole will experience a force towards left. ——— @ the dipole will experience a force upwards. Sa SSS ey: 9. A point charge +, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is (NCERT Exemplar] (a) directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane. (0) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane, (©) directed radially away from the point charge. (@) directed radially towards the point charge.10. a 13. Tn 15. 16. 17. If fE.dS = 0 over a surface, then [NCERT Exemplar] (@) the electric field inside the surface and on itis zero. ©) the elecu (© the number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines, leaving it (@) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface. ‘Two charges are at distance d apart in air. Coulomb force between them is F. Ifa dielectric material of dielectric constant K is placed between them, the Coulomb force now becomes (@) FIK (® FK © FIR @ RF Which among the curves shown in figure possibly represent electrostatic field lines? field inside the surface is necessarily uniform. « © @ ‘Two point charges A and B, having charges +q and -q respectively, are placed at certain distance apart and force acting between them is F. If 25% charge of 4 is transferred to B, then force between the charges becomes oF ler 4F @F OR o> OF ‘Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q, and Q, are kept with their centres r distance apart. The magnitude of electrostatic force between them is not exactly G7=-—G~ because [CBSE 2020 (55/3/3)] (@) these are not point charges. (Q) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform. (©) charges on spheres will shift towards the centres of their respective spheres. (@) charges will shift towards the portions of the spheres which are closer and fa each other. A negatively charged object X is repelled by another charged object ¥. However an object Z is attracted to object Y. Which of the following is the most possibility for the object Z? [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) (@) positively charged only (@) negatively charged only (©) neutral or positively charged (2) neutral or negatively charged In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became charged with charges +3e, +5e, and — Se respectively. All the three spheres came in contact simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following are possible ing wowards values for the final charge on the spheres? [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) (a) + 5e,~4e, + 5¢ () + 6e, + be, ~Te (0 ~4e, + 8.5¢, + 5.5¢ (d) + 5e,—Be, + Te ‘The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge 2g, at distance r is E. Then the magnitude of electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R with total charge ¢ at a distance 5(r >> R) will be {CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) os wo (© 2E MAE18. Three charges 9, -9 and q, are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the charge q, at point O is le “Gap [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1} ha 1 do @o oy Ong a 2 a 19. Four objects W, X, ¥ and Z, each with charge +g are held fixed at four points of a square of side d as shown in the figure. Objects X and Z are on the midpoints of the sides of the square. ‘The electrostatic force exerted by object W on object X is F. Then the magnitude of the force exerted by object W on Z is [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) woo Y a 2 F P P F OFT OF Os MF 20. A square sheet of side ‘a’ is lying parallel to XY plane at x = a. The electric field in the region is E = c24h, The electric flux through the sheet is [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) a Lg Lia (a) ae wh gake (© gate @o 21, ‘Two point charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant 5 are at a distance r between them, experience an electrostatic force ‘F’. The electrostatic force between them in vacuum at the same distance r will be [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] (@) 5F OF orn @ Fs 22. Consider an uncharged conducting sphere. A positive point charge is placed outside the sphere. The net charge on the sphere is then, [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] (a) negative and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere () positive and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere (©) negative and appears at a point on the surface of sphere closest to point charge (@) zero 23. A cylinder of radius r and length / is placed in a uniform electric field parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by (CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1) (a) zero Ox (© En? @) 2En* 24, ‘Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 x 10" C/m” of opposite signs. The electric field between these sheets is {CBSE Sample Paper.2022, Term-1) @ LSNC 15 x 107 NIC @ 3x 10° NC @3NIG25. 26. A small object with charge q and weight mg is attached to one end of a string of length ‘L’ attached to a stationary support. The system is placed in a uniform horizontal electric field ‘’, as shown in the = accompanying figure. In the presence of the field, the string makes a constant angle 0 with the vertical. The sign and magnitude of q is [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] (@ positive with magnitude mg/E te () positive with magnitude (mg/E) tan0 (©) negative with magnitude mg/E tan (@) positive with magnitude E tand/mg A point charge situated at a distance ‘r’ from a short electric dipole on its axis, experiences a force F , If the distance of the charge is ‘2r’, the force on the charge will be (CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)] F F oF oF F FE OFT wy 27. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C. From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 1GNC"' will be at a distance of (CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)] @ 1m @2m ©3m @ 6m 28. An electron experiences n forece (1-6 x 10" N) i in an electric field E. The electric field is Eis [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)] (@) (1.0x10°NCHE ©) -(L0x10°NC)E @ (.0x10SNCYE @ -(L0x105NC)E 29, Twocharges g, and q, are placed at the centres of two spherical counducting shells of radius r, and ry respectively. The shells are arranged such that their centres are d [> (r, + r,)] distance apart. The force on q» due to q, is: (CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)] 1 aw © nee 1 ae fe) zero @ ° © Be a HP 30. An electric dipole of length 2 em is placed at an angle of 30° with an electric field 2 x 10°N/C. If the dipole experiences a torque of 8 X 10 Nm, the magnitude of either charge of the dipole, is (CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)] (@) 4nC © Tue © 8m @2mc Answers L@ 2. (d) © 4@ 5. dd) 6. (@) 0 8) 9. @) 10.@.@ 1. @ 12.6) 13. 0) 14 @) 15. () 16. (®) 17.@) 18. @ 19. (6) 20. (a) 21. @ 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. d) 25. 6) 26. (6) 27.) 28. () 29. (a) 30. (a)Assertion-Reason Questions In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (6) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (d) Ais false and R is also false. 1. Assertion(4) + A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric field. Reason (R) : On a negative charge a force acts in the direction of the electric field. [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Terme1] 2, Assertion(A) + Charge is quantized because only integral number of electrons can be transferred, Reason (R) + There is no poss ty of transfer of some fraction of electron. 3, Assertion(4) : Ina non-uniform electric field, a dipole will have wanslatory as well as rotatory motion. Reason (R) In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a force as well as torque. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021) 4. Assertion(4) + Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges. Reason (R) 5. Assertion(4) Field lines are continuous curves without any breaks and they form closed loop. Electrons moves away from a region of lower potential to a region of higher potential. Reason (R) + An electron has a negative charge. 6. Assertion(A) + All the charge in a conductor gets distributed on whole of its outer surface. Reason (R) n'a dynamic system, charges try to keep their potential energy minimum. [AIM 2018} 7. Assertion(A) : When a body acquires negative charge, its mass decreases. Reason (R) : A body acquires positive charge when it gains electrons. 8. Assertion(A) Surface charge density of an irregularly shaped conductor is non-uniform, Reason (R) + Surface density is defined as charge per unit area. 9. Assertion(A) : Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface. Reason (R) : 3auss law is truc for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. 10. Assertion(4) : Ifa proton and an electron are placed in the same uniform electric field, they experience dillerent acceleration, Reason (R) + Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass. Answers L@ 2.0) 3. @ 40 5. (a) 6 @) @ 8. @) 9. @) 10. (0)Case-based/Passage-based Questions Read the paragraph given below and answer the questions that follow: Frictional Electricity: Induction The easiest way to experience electric charge is to rub certain solid bodies against each other. Long ago, around 600 BC, the Greeks knew that when amber is rubbed with wool, it acquires the property of attracting light objects such as small pieces of paper. This is because amber becomes electrically charged. If we pass a comb through dry hair, the comb becomes electrically charged and can attract small pieces of paper. An automobile becomes charged when it travels through the air. A paper sheet becomes charged when it passes through a printing machine, A gramophone record becomes charged when cleaned with a dry cloth. Boni ‘Two charged rods ‘of opposite sign The explanation of appearance of electric charge on rubbing is simple. All material bodies contain large number of electrons and equal number of protons in their normal state. When rubbed against each other, some electrons from one body may pass on to the other body. The body that receives the extra electrons becomes negatively charged and the body that donates the electrons becomes positively charged because it has more protons than electrons. Thus, when a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, electrons are transferred from the glass rod to the silk cloth. ‘The glass rod becomes positively charged and the silk cloth becomes negatively charged. (@ Charge Q is distributed to two different metallic spheres having radii R and 2R such that both spheres have equal surface charge density. Then charge on larger sphere is 4Q 3Q 5Q Q @ > oF OF @ (G) A large non-conducting sheet S is given a uniform charge density. Two uncharged small ‘metal rods 4 and B are kept near the sheet as shown in figure. Which of the following is true? A 8 - + = + (a) S attracts (6) Sautracts B (©) A attracts B (@) All of these (iii) Charge on a body which carries 300 excess electrons is (@) 48x 107 C 48K 10 () 48x 107 (a) 4.8 x 10"(i2) Which of the following cannot be true about properties of charge? (@) Charges can be created or destroyed in equal and unlike pairs only. () Proper sign have to be used while adding the charges in a system. (©) Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible lor positive charge of the body. (d) It is not possible to create or destroy net charge carried by an isolated system. OR The cause of charging is (@) actual transfer of neutrons (6) actual transfer of electrons (0) actual transfer of protons (@) none of these Explanations @ @ Ifq.and q’ are charges on sphere of radii R and 2K, then surface charge density will be same. ie, o=0 4q g a? ange? 7 7 As qtq QS greg A (i) @ If the sheet $ is given some positive charge density, then by induction, negative charge develop on ends of 4 and B, closer to S and an equal positive charge develops on farther ends of A and B as shown in figure. So, $ attracts both and B. Also, A attracts B. (ii) (©) According to quantization of charge, Q = ne Hence n= 300, = -1.6 x 10°C So, Q= 800 x 1.6 x 10°) = 48 x 10% (®) (© Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible for negative charge of the body. OR (®) The charging of body is due to transfer of electrons only. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS QL. Why is the direction of the electric field due to a charged conducting sphere at any point perpendicular to its surface? [CBSE 2019 (55/2/2)] Ans. If electric field is not perpendicular but has a component tangential wo the surface of the conductor, it will exert force on charge and make them more. It means electrostatic condition is violated. 1 {CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/2)) 2. Two electric field lines cannot cross each other. Also, they cannot form closed loops. Give > they P reasons. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)] (@) Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so there will be two directions of electric field at the point of intersection which is not possible. G Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge hence closed loops are not possible. Ans.Q3. Ans. Ans. Qa Ans. Ans. Draw the pattern of electric field lines when a point charge +9 is kept near an uncharged conducting plate. ke [CBSE 2019 (55/1/3)] Does the charge given to a metallic sphere depend on whether it is hollow or solid? Give reason for your answer. [CBSE 2017 (55/1/1)] No, % Because the charge resides only on the surface of the conductor. A [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017 (55/1/1)] ‘Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges -Q and +3Q respectively. They are brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance d apart. Find the nature of the Coulomb force between them. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)] 30-Q z The nature of the coulomb force between them is repulsive. Fig. shows three point charges +29, -q and +3q. The charges +24 and ~q are enclosed within a surface ‘S”. What is the electric flux due ,.,, to this configuration through the surface 'S*? [CBSE Delhi 2010] s K ail charge on balls A and B= Hiern lo ecehargmenClsend witli iiemniBies) % 1 4 = t= a, What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses an electrie dipole? (CBSE Delhi 2015) Net electric flux is zero. Reason : (i) Independent to the shape and size. Gi) Net charge of the clectrie dipole is zero. ‘Two metallic spheres 4 and B kept on insulating stands are in contact with each other. A positively charged rod P is brought near EP the sphere A as shown in the figure. The two spheres are separated “Te of from each other, and the rod P is removed. What will be the nature of charges on spheres A and B? [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)] © Sphere A will be negatively charged. © Sphere B will be positively charged Explanation: Ifpositively charged rod P is brought near metallic sphere A due to induction negative charge starts building up at the left surface of 4 and poate conte on the right surface of B. ‘ Ay > 3 E4 ioaaIf the two spheres are separated from each other, the two spheres are found to be oppositely charged. If rod P’ is removed, the charges on spheres rearrange themselves and get uniformly distributed over them, Q.9. Two charges of magnitudes - 2Q and +@ are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘Sa’ with its centre at the origin? [CBSE (AD) 2013) -20 Ans. Blectrie flux, ¢ =~ Concept: Imagine a sphere of radius 8a about the origin and observe that only charge -2Q is inside the sphere. Q.10, A metal sphere is kept on an insulating stand. A negatively charged rod is brought near it, then the sphere is earthed as shown. On removing the earthing, and taking the negatively charged rod away, what will be the nature of charge on the sphere? Give reason for your answer. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) Ans. The sphere will be positively charged due to electrostatic induction Explanation: When a negatively charged rod is brought near a metal sphere, the electrons will flow to the ground while the positive charges at the near end will remain held there due to the attractive force of the negative charge on the rod. On disconnecting the sphere from the ground, the positive charge continues to be held at the near end. On removing the electrified rod, the positive charge will spread uniformly over the sphere. (0.0) (a0) >) ) Ne Mee Q. 11. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected when its radius is increased? [CBSE 2016 (55/1/1)] ‘Ans. Electric flux remains unallected. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016 (55/1/1)) Q. 12. Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder shown + + in figure. [NCERT Exemplar[HOTS] + + Ans. “ re Ld) : Z Ne lata? 2 Hi sty =] £6 : : =O) ee Es “i™ ie Top view / ’T) ‘ Side view ( \ Q. 13. What is the nature of electrostatic force between two point electric charges q, and qy if (a) qu + 92>0? (6) qu + q2<0? Ans. (a) If both g, and qy are positive, the electrostatic force between these will be repulsive. However, if one of these charges is positive and is greater than the other negative charge, the electrostatic force between them will be attractive Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attQu. Ans. Q 15. Ans. () Ieboth q, and gy are ve, the force between these will be repulsive. However, if one of them is—ve and itis greater in magnitude than the second + ve charge, the force between them will be attractive. ‘Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive. ‘The dimensions of an atom are of the order of an Angstrom. Thus there must be large electric fields between the protons and electrons. Why, then is the electrostatic field inside a conductor nero? INCERT Exemplar] The electric fields bind the atoms to neutral entity. Fields are caused by excess charges. There can be no excess charge on the inner surface of an isolated conductor. So, the electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the electric flux through this surface? INCERT Exemplar] Net charge on a dipole = ~q + q = 0. According to Gauss's theorem, electric flux through the surface, Very Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. Qu Ans. Q2 Q3. Ans. (@) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, afield line cannot have sudden breaks. Why is it so? (6) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point. (CBSE (A 2014] (@) An electrostatic field line is the path of movement of a positive test charge > 0) Amoving charge experiencesa continuous forceinanelectrostatie \\_/ field, so an electrostatic field line is always a continuous curve. 4 (6) Two electric lines of force can never cross each other because if they cross, there will be two directions ofelectre field at the point of intersection (say A); which is impossible. Define electric dipole moment, Is ita scalar or a vector quantity? What are its ST unit? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021, (Al) 2011, 2013, (F) 2009, 2012, 2013] defined as the product of either charge and the distance between The electric dipole moment the two charges. Its direction is from negative to positive charge. jes [Pl=Q a % ta Electric dipole moment is a veetor quantity. Its ST unit is coulomb-metre. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium ina uniform electric, field. _ (CBSE Delhi 2017] (q) Stable equilibrium, 6 = 0° F is parallel to EAns. Ans. Q6 () Unstable equilibrium, 8 = 180° P is anti parallel wo E zo = |. The figure shows tracks of three charged particles in a uniform electrostatic field. Give the signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest charge to mass ratio? —_ [NCERT] 3 x A positively charged particle is deflected towards a neg: particle towards a positive plate and shows a parabolic path plate and a negatively charged From fig. itis clear that the particles (1) and (2) are deflected towards positive plate; hence, they carry negative charges. Particle (3) is deflected along negative plate, so it carties positive charge. The transverse deflection in a given electric field is y= ya, wherea Gand = 1(q\ex 4 (2) wm From fig,, it is obvious that the transverse deflection is the maximum for particle (3), hence, particle (3) has the highest charge to mass ratio (g/m). 4 Plota graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F) versus (Jp), where ris the distance So y between the two charges of each pair of charges: (1 uC, 2 uC) and (2 uC, ~ 3 uC). Interpret the graphs obtained. [CBSE (AN) 2011) __1 ae ane, The graph bewween F and “isa straight line of slope = the cases. 4, passing through origin in both ! tre Repulsive | \ a | \wece Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction, therefore, attractive force is greater than repulsive force Derive an expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole of dipole moment P placed in a uniform electric field E’. Write the direction along which the torque acts. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1))Q.7. Two identical dipoles are arranged in x-) plane as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and the direction of net electric field at the origin 0. [CBSE 2023 (55/4/10) z= 45-9 Also, ae 12> Hence, direction of Fy. is 45° to its ~x axis or 225° to + maxis.Ans. Ans. Ans. Qil |. ‘Twoidentical point charges, g each, are ke} (a) Define electric flux. Write its ST unit. (®) A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over its surface. As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the total electric flux coming out of the surface change? Give reason. [CBSE (F) 2016) (@) Total number of electric field lines crossing a surface normally is called electric flux. Its ST unit is Nm?C" or Vim. 4 () Total electric flux through the surface = As charge remains unchanged when size of balloon increases, electric flux through the surface remains unchanged. A point charge + 10 uC is at a distance 5 cm directly above the the centre of a square of side 10 em as shown in figure. What sem is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square? [Hint: ‘Think of the square as one face of a cube with edge 10 em] r INCERT] {HOTS} Obviously the given square ABCD of side 10 em is one face of a cube of side 10 cm, At the centre of this cube a charge + ¢=10 uC is placed = 10 pC focm According to Gauss's theorem, the total electric flux through the _/ 4 —i0em—— six faces of cube = =~ £ Total electric flux through square, 4 6 & i Isom aly lox10% x 8 6” sa5x 10 / wen 88 x 10° Nm?" oan € m apart in ais. A third point charge Q of unknown ing the charges such that the system remains in magnitude and sign is placed on the line j equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)) System is in equilibrium therefore net force on each charge of system will be zero, For the total force on ‘Q' to be zero ; 4 : 1 Ane, x 4ney Q-x)? ———— = “8 = Oe = v=im For the equilibrium of charge “q” the nature of change Q must be opposite to the nature of charge g. A particle of mass m and charge (-g) enters the region between the two charged plates initially moving along X-axis with speed 2, as shown in fig. The length of plate is L and an uniform electric field E is maintained between the plates. Show that the vertical deflection of the ge particle at the far edge of the pl INCERT] HOTS]E Ans. Force on particle towards upper plate B, F, = gE vertical acceleration of particle, a, = “y, Initial vertical velocity x Speed of particle along X-axis , (constant) L ‘Time taken by particle between the plates, ¢ or HEY From relation, 5 = w+ hae =oxdy =0+5a Vertical deflection, gE? mv? y Q.12. Given a uniform electric field E = 510° i N/G, find the flux of this field through a square of 10 em on a side whose plane is parallel to the ¥-Z plane. What would he the flux through the same square if the plane makes a 30° angle with the X-axi [CBSE Delhi 2014] Ane. Here; F= sxi08P NG, i, eld along pasidvas dlneetion ONE Surface area, A = 10. cm x 10 em = 0.10 m X 0.10 m = 10" m® (@ When plane is parallel to ¥-Z plane, the normal to plane is along X-axis. Hence 8 $ = EAcos@ = 5X 10° 107 cos? = 50NC™ m* Gi) When the plane makes a 30° angle with the X-axis, the normal to its plane makes 60° angle with X-axis. Hence @ = 60°, = EAcos8= 5X 10° X 107 cos60° = Q.13. Five point charges, each of charge +g are placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of side ‘P. Find the magnitude of the resultant force on a charge -g placed at the centre of the hexagon. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) 1° 5 NC“ mn? Ans. Alternatively: ‘The forces due to the charges placed diagonally opposite at the vertices of hexagon, on the ‘charge - cancel in pairs. Hence net force is due to one charge only. a 1 Net Force, [F [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/3/1)] Q. 14. Represent graphically the variation of electric field with distance, for a uniformly charged plane sheet. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017] Ans, Electric field due to a uniformly charged plane sheet. E p= 2e, £ which is independent of distance. So, it represents a straight line parallel to distance axis.Q.15. A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R, and outer radius R,. A charge Q is placed at the centre of the spherical cavity. What will be surface charge density on (i) the inner surface, and (i) the outer surface? INCERT Exemplar] Ans. When a charge + Qis placed at the centre of spherical cavity, the charge induced on the inner surface = - Q the charge induced on the outer surface = +Q Surface charge density on the inner surface = 2 “aR? +2 Surface charge density on the outer surface= <= . # 4nR? 78 fwo large parallel plane sheets have uniform charge densities +0 and - c. Determine the electric field (i) between the sheets, and (ji) outside the sheets. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)] Ans. A vs | we Now Electric field Intensity due to a plane sheet of charge e y oa * Here et es Es 36, md Ea ae (@) Electric field at point Q (In between the sheets) F=F.+Fp= +2 = 4 % i, (i) Field at the point P or R B=Es+En=ge-y-=0 % ) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/4/1)) Q.17. The given figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges A, Band C. ~~ (@ Which charges are positive? Ft ©) Which charge has the largest magnitude? Why? NY (©) In which region or regions of the picture could the . electric field be zero? Justify your answer. +4 (noarA (i) near B (ii) near C (ix) nowhere. 2 (NCERT Exemplar] HOTS] Ans. (a) Charges A and C are positive since lines of force emanate from them. () Charge C has the largest magnitude since maximum number of field lines are associated with it (© @ near A.Qs. Ans. Q19. Ans. Q.20. Justification: There is no neutral point between a positive and a negative charge. A neutral point may exist between two like charges. From the figure we see that a neutral point exists between charges A and C. Also between two like charges the neutral point is closer to the charge with smaller magnitude. Thus, clectric field is zero near change A ‘Two isolated metal spheres A and K have radii R and 2R respectively, and same charge q. Find which of the two spheres have greater energy density just outside the surface of the spheres. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] Energy density, i 2 Ae, Lee yn S fe: = Hi, >i 2 ee atte, 4 P 4 Four point charges Q, g. Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure. Find the resultant electric force on a charge Q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1) Let us find the force on the charge Q at the point C. Force duc to the other charge Q 1g i1/¢ i eser Va gaan (Sf (along AQ) we Force due to the charge q (at B), 1 @ Feo ag, 2 (along BO) 8 Force due to the charge q (at D), ap ie) Fy= Ge (along DC) z % me Ip Ne Resultant of these two equal forces et |? 3 ae: 1 9Q (v2) is Grey gr filong 40) Net force on charge Q (at point ©) ” = 1 PE Ene ar, This force is directed along AC. (For the charge Q, at the point A, the force will have the same magnitude but will be directed along C4) [Note: Don't deduct marks if the student does not write the direction of the net force, F] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018 (55/1)) ‘Three point charges g, - 4g and 2g are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side ‘? as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force acting on the charge q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1))Qs. Ans. Q19. Ans. Q.20. Justification: There is no neutral point between a positive and a negative charge. A neutral point may exist between two like charges. From the figure we see that a neutral point exists between charges A and C. Also between two like charges the neutral point is closer to the charge with smaller magnitude. Thus, clectric field is zero near change A ‘Two isolated metal spheres A and K have radii R and 2R respectively, and same charge q. Find which of the two spheres have greater energy density just outside the surface of the spheres. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] Energy density, i 2 Ae, Lee yn S fe: = Hi, >i 2 ee atte, 4 P 4 Four point charges Q, g. Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure. Find the resultant electric force on a charge Q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1) Let us find the force on the charge Q at the point C. Force duc to the other charge Q 1g i1/¢ i eser Va gaan (Sf (along AQ) we Force due to the charge q (at B), 1 @ Feo ag, 2 (along BO) 8 Force due to the charge q (at D), ap ie) Fy= Ge (along DC) z % me Ip Ne Resultant of these two equal forces et |? 3 ae: 1 9Q (v2) is Grey gr filong 40) Net force on charge Q (at point ©) ” = 1 PE Ene ar, This force is directed along AC. (For the charge Q, at the point A, the force will have the same magnitude but will be directed along C4) [Note: Don't deduct marks if the student does not write the direction of the net force, F] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018 (55/1)) ‘Three point charges g, - 4g and 2g are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side ‘? as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force acting on the charge q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1))Ans. Force on charge q due to the charge ~4q au a ‘ = a Lame % Force on the charge q. due to the charge 2g af) ogc The forces F; and Fz are inclined to each other at an angle of 120° Hence, resultant electric force on charge (FP + F} +2RFcos® 4 =F) + Fj + 2F F,cos 120° =JFA RAE a % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018 (55/1)] Q.21. A simple pendulum consists of a small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread of length / The sphere carries a positive charge q. The pendulum is placed strength E directed vertically downwards. Find the period of oscillation of the pendulum due to the electrostatic force acting on the sphere, neglecting the effect of the gravitational force. a uniform electric field of (CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)] Ans. ° 4 ‘aesine D | | oe Hee E Restoring force, F=-gE sing % Ee ma = ~9E sin § When 9 is small, sin § = @ = ma =~ 9E6 > = “ET = Ze %Q 22. Q.23. Ans. Qe. Comparing with equation of linear SHM 1 ae a - Vi s Toe anf % Alternatively: The student can use angular SHM intermediate also. Full marks to be awarded for correct answer even without intermediate steps. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/3/1)] An electric dipole of length 2 em is placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with respect to uniform electric field of 10° N/C, If it experiences a torque of 83. Nm, calculate the magnitude of charge on the dipole, and its potential energy. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021) Here, Y= 2m = 2x 10% m 6 = 60°, E= 10°N/C,t = 83 Nm ing T= pEsin® T= 2glEsin® 8v3 x2 = Sane TSU Ep = 8x1O“E 1 ST Bsin€ — 2x10 x10 xv3 Potential energy =— pEcos@ = -29lE cos@ = 2x10? x8x10% x10°x 5 = 8J ~ At what distance ‘Two point charges q, = +1 #C and g = +4 uC are placed 2 m apart in ai from q, along the line joining the two charges, will the net electric field be ze [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)] The electric field at point P due to 4, bay 2 “The electric field at point P due to gs, a gy a e h are $2 m_——_____# At point P, net electric field is zero, > > = > > > An electric field is uniform and acts along + x direction in the region of positive x. It is also uniform with the same magnitude but acts im - x direction in the region of negative x. The value of the field is F = 200 N/G forx > O and F = - 200 N/C forx < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 em and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its axis along the x-axis so that one flat face is atx = +10 cm and the other is at x = -10 em.Find: (@) The net outward flux through the cylinder. (ii) The net charge present inside the cylinder. [CBSE 2020 (55/1/1)} Ans. @) ET The net outward flux through cylinder, Q=EA4EA=2E4 where, A= a7” % $= 2 x 200 x 3.14 x 0.05 x 0.05 14 NCm® % (i) The net charge present inside the cylinder, I= &o 7 = 8.854 x 3.14 x 10? % = 2.78 x 10 C % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (55/1/1)] Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. Q.1. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and 6 are connected to each other by a wire. Find the ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces. [CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)] Ans. Two charged conducting spheres are connected to a wire then their potential on the surfaces are ” ‘J [since | in, We 4H. Ms _ Ma a a5 7 GO Al viowne 2 hange) Iso, we know, E = for point change =e (rae Bt then, E, = Ratio, = 52 =Q.2 A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge > is placed at the centre C and another charge +20 is placed af outside the shell at 4 at a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure. (@ Find the electric flux through the shell. (i State the law used. (iii) Find the force on the charges at the centre C of the shell and atthe point 4. [CBSE East 2016 Ans. (i) Electric flux through a Gaussian surface, g = T° oe charge 0 Net charge enclosed inside the shell, q = 0 Electric flux through the shell, =t 0 0 (i) Gauss’s Law: Electric flux through a Gaussian surface is — times the net charge enclosed within it Mathematically, §2.ds = ii) We know that electric field or net charge inside the spherical conducting shell is zero. Hence, the force on charge > is zero. Q 1 2005) set Foe on charge at, Fy = leg = Q.3. (@) The distance of a far off point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole is halved. How will the electric field be affected for the dipol (6) Two identical elects diagonals of a square ABCD of side /2 m as shown in the figure. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at the centre (O) of the square. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) dipoles are placed along the Ans. (@) Ifr! = ‘Then, £,, Hence, electric field at new position at equatorial line becomes 8 times of its initial value. () Here, AB = BC = CD = AD = 2 m and 44 = do = +8 = 90 = Flectric field due to 4 and Cat 0, jg kg k a et, ay ay Ey =Eyt Ee sin 45° =—— = ImQ.2 A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge > is placed at the centre C and another charge +20 is placed af outside the shell at 4 at a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure. (@ Find the electric flux through the shell. (i State the law used. (iii) Find the force on the charges at the centre C of the shell and atthe point 4. [CBSE East 2016 Ans. (i) Electric flux through a Gaussian surface, g = T° oe charge 0 Net charge enclosed inside the shell, q = 0 Electric flux through the shell, =t 0 0 (i) Gauss’s Law: Electric flux through a Gaussian surface is — times the net charge enclosed within it Mathematically, §2.ds = ii) We know that electric field or net charge inside the spherical conducting shell is zero. Hence, the force on charge > is zero. Q 1 2005) set Foe on charge at, Fy = leg = Q.3. (@) The distance of a far off point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole is halved. How will the electric field be affected for the dipol (6) Two identical elects diagonals of a square ABCD of side /2 m as shown in the figure. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at the centre (O) of the square. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) dipoles are placed along the Ans. (@) Ifr! = ‘Then, £,, Hence, electric field at new position at equatorial line becomes 8 times of its initial value. () Here, AB = BC = CD = AD = 2 m and 44 = do = +8 = 90 = Flectric field due to 4 and Cat 0, jg kg k a et, ay ay Ey =Eyt Ee sin 45° =—— = ImAgain, electric field due to D and B, a ee 1 e E; By = gp tg = ty = hg NC J eee OF OF OF OF 80, Ene = YE, + Ey @ foi omy Ere = V (2a) + (2taP = 2/2 kgNC* 2g = 2h an™(1) = 45° So, Eye, long 45° from E) or Ey For direction, a = tan ( y Q.4. Two small identical electric dipoles 4B and CD, each of t dipole moment F are kept at an angle of 120° to each other in an external electric field E pointing along the s-axis as shown in the figure. Find the (@) dipole moment of the arrangement, and (&) magnitude and direction of the net torque acting on it. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)| orgs aching ono agile f per Be wnat Yor AB, ae = wn Airgun, C= 7| flo salergus | Mead, afte etomurd | | | nadox A), I [Topper’s Answer 2020] Q.5. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. A cube with each side ‘a’ is kept in an electric field given by xX, (as is shown in the figure) where C is a positive ’ dimensional constant, Find out [CBSE (F) 2012 ( the electric flux through the cube, and (i) the net charge inside the cube. Ans. Gauss's Law in electrostatics states that the toual electric flux through a closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to 2 times the magnitude of that charge. 4 1 iB S= 5. ( Net flux, $= 4, +4, where 6, = E.dS = 2aC dS cos 0” 2aC x a? = 208 C by = aC x a” cos 180° = -a°C 20°C + (°C) = aC Nm* GC Gh Necehage (yma, x4 maCé, coulomb q = aC & coulomb. Q.6. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r, and outer radius r, has a charge Q. (@) A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. Find out the surface charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. (0) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zeros independent of the fact whether the shell is spherical or not? Explain. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)] ‘Ans. (a) Diagram % aq ‘The Surface charge density on inner surface of the shell is 6, = —— 1 nr? +9 % The surface charge density on outer shell is 6,=—— 2@) Consider a Gaussian surtice inside the shell, net flux is zero since q,, = 0. According to Gauss's law it is independent of shape and size of shell. i [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/1)] Q.7. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities o and -2c C/m® are arranged vertically with a separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for the electric field at points (@) to the left of the first sheet, (ii) to the right of the second sheet, and (iii) between the two sheets. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/t)] Ans. 14 % Itis towards right. (i) Electric field in the region to the right of second sheet % a6 Aue Ge, 6 Fu 30, This towards left (ii) Blectric field between the two sheets, % Eq = Ey + Ey ome: Fu= 35-e,, 30 Em $e Electric field is towards the right [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/1)] Q8. (a) “The outward electric flux due to charge +@ is surface which encloses it.” Give two reasons to justify () Two identical and +2 C/m respectively. The loops are placed coaxially with their centres Ry3 distance \dependent of the shape and size of the is statement. reular loops ‘1’ and ‘2° of radius R each have linear charge densities -2 apart. Find the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at the centre of loop ‘I’. [CBSE Patna 2015)Ans. (a) In figure, a charge + Qis enclosed inside the surfaces S, and Sy ( For a given charge Q the same number of electric field lines emanating from the surfaces Sy and Sy depends on the charge Q and independent to the shape and size of the surfaces ofS; and Sp. (@) From Gauss's law the net-outward electric flux through " 1 closed surface of any shape and size i equal to g_ times the charge enclosed within that surface ie., = () Electric field at the centre O, due to loop 1 is given by [E\l=0@sz=0) Electric field at a point outside the loop 2 on the axis passing normally through Os of loop 2 is lel= Me 26, aes Since Z= RV3 MRR! Bey (RE + SRI AVS towards right (As 2 is positive) 6,8 So, net electric field at the centre of loop 1, E=Ei+E2 DS, aS = 0+ T6e,R ~ 16e,R Q.9. Two charges q and -3g are placed fixed on x-axis separated by distance ‘d’. Where should a third charge 2g be placed such that it will not experience any force? [NCERT Exemplar] 4 Ans. Pp a Se Let the charge 2g be placed at point P as shown. The force due to q is to the left and that due to 8g is to the right. 2g? et 4neyx® 4ney(d + x)* = dtn?=3e a, v3d 2 (cve sign shows charge 29 at p would lie between g and -3q and hence is unacceptable.) QP -Bde-d?=0 + x = £048) wine lef oty Q.10. A hollow conducting sphere of inner radius r; and outer radius rz has a charge Q on its surface. A point charge -g is also placed at the centre of the sphere. (a) What is the surface charge density on the (j) inner and (ii) outer surface of the sphere? (0) Use Gauss’ law of electrostatics to obtain the expression for the electric field at a point lying outside the sphere. [CBSE 2020 (55/4/1)]‘Ans. (a) Surface charge density on the inner surface = % feuniteemusmss pet % any (©) Fora spherical Gaussian surface x > ty 1 — Q-4 JEG =~ Eman ae % 1 Q=9 es % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (55/4/1)] Long Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. QL. @ State Coulomb's law in electrostatics and write it in vector form, for two charges. (ii) Gauss’s law is based on the inverse-square dependence on distance contained in the Coulomb's law.’ Explain. (ii) Two charges (charge q) and B (charge 2g) are located at points (0, 0) and (a, a) respectively. Let i and j be the unit vectors along s-axis and y-axis respectively. Find the force exerted by 4 on B, in terms of i and j. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)] Ans. (i) Coulomb's Law: It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between wo point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two charges, ie. pie 2 7 Fe 1 p where k= Z2¢is constant of proportionality; e is permittivity of medium between the charges. If sq is permittivity of free space and K the dielectric constant of medium, then e=Ke, For free space K = 1, Therefore In Vector from, A ty B oe Fe he % Fy But iy =Similarly if 712 is position vector of g, relative to gy and fy is unit vector from B to A, then (i) Let + q charge is placed at a point 0 and a point P lies at distance r from the point 0. Imagine a sphere of radius r and centre 0. Thus, point P lies on the surface of the sphere. Now, the surface of the sphere will behave as gaussian surface. Therefore, the intensity of electric field on the surface at all the points will be equal in magnitude and will be directed radially outward. ‘The electric flux passing through the spherical surface, be =F. Scos o,=£.8 [S = 4x7") femme @ ‘ 4 From Gauss aw, @¢ = 3 es From equation () and (i), 4nrte = 2 or pe =, ane, a charge gg placed at point P. Force on qo. F = qo E in Ane gr 140i ae, (ili) Force exerted by A on B, fa- 8 : Using distance Formula, a0) + (ay deg fej Ya x2 al Ag’ Now, Face 2S) Gy ™ Cot Be)" at) Q.2. Find expressions for the force and torque on an electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field. [CBSE (Al) 2014; 2019 (55/5/1); 2020 (55/3/1); 2020 (55/3/1); CBSE Sample Paper 2021) OR @ Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment J placed in a uniform electric field r r va E . Express it in the veetor form and point out the direction along which it acts. (ii) What happens if the field is non-uniform? (iii) What would happen if the external field E creasing (i) parallel to p and (ii) anti- parallel to p ? {CBSE (F) 2016)Ans. Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field of strength E in such a way dipole moment # makes an angle 8 with the direction of E . The charges of dipole are — q and +g at separation 2 the dipole moment of electric dipole, p= gl @ Force: The force on charge +9 is, F; = gE, along the direction of field E iTBeifbece an cchargess qu Fis ER, opps nostic direction of field E’. Obviously forces F, and Fy are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction; hence net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is F=F\-F,=qE-gE = As net force on electric dipole is zero, so dipole does not undergo any translatory motion. (zero) Torque: The forces Fy and F2 form a couple (or torque) which tends to rotate and align the dipole along the direction of electric field. This couple is called the torque and is denoted by « ‘Torque t = magnitude of one force x perpendicular distance between lines of action of forces IE (BN) = gE Clsin 8) ti) Clearly, the magnitude of torque depends on orientation (8) of the electric dipole relative to electric field. Torque (2) is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to the plane contai ing p and E given by right hand screw rule. In vector form, 7= pf XE (iti) Thus, if an electric dipole is placed in an electric field in oblique orientation, it experiences no force but experiences a torque. The torque tends to align the dipole moment along the direction of electric field. When the field is non-uniform, the net force will evidently be non-zero. There will be translatory motion of the dipole. When E is parallel to , the dipole has a net force in the direction of increasing field, When E is anti-parallel to j , the net force on the dipole is in the direction of decreasing field, In general, force depends on the orientation of p with respect to E E e Force on i ~ Force on es re Fores en~y Direction of net force = —~ Direction of net force = =~ Direction of increasing field = —» Direction of incraasing field = —= E parallel to” E antiparallel to pQ.3. Find an expression for the electric field strength at a distant point situated (i) on the axis and (di) along the equatorial line of an electric dipole. _ [CBSE (AI) 2013; (F) 2015; 2019 (55/5/1)) OR Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line of an ipole of dipole moment p and length 2a. What is the direction of this field? [CBSE South 2016; 2019 (55/1/1)] [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)] Ans. Consider an electric dipole AB. The charges -q and +9 of dipole are situated at A and B respectively as shown in the figure. The separation between the charges is 2a electric Electric dipole moment, p = 4.22 The direction of dipole momentis rom ~y 0-44. 21», z 2 (@ At axial or end-on position: Consider a 2 + point P on the axis of dipole ata distancer Bis BP =r-a and distance of point P from charge -9 at 4 is, AP = 7 +a. Let B) and By be the electric field strengths at point P due to charges +g and -4 respectively. We know that the direction of electric field due to a point charge is away from positive charge and towards the negative charge. Therefore, 1 AE (ya) 1 AEg (yp +a) (from Bw P) and £, = 7 (irom P wo A) 3 Clearly the directions of electric field strengths E; are Ez along the same line but opposite wo each other and £, > £, because positive charge is nearer The resultant electric lield due to electric dipole has magnitude equal to the diflerence of Eyand Ey direction from B to Pie. B= 2-2, =z Butg.2a = p (electric dipole moment) a ame, (2 _ 42)" @ If the dipole is infinitely small and point P is far away from the dipole, then r > > a, therefore ‘equation (i) may be expressed as. 2pr y 1 oy pee (i) ane, 3 ane, 3 E= This is the expression for the electric field strength at axial position duc to a short electric dipole. (i) Ata point of equatorial line: Consider a point P on broad side on the position of dipole formed of charges +9 and ~q at separation 2a. The distance of point P from mid point (0) ofdipole is r. Let E, and E» be the electric field strengths due to charges +q and ~ of electric dipole. z, From fig. AP =BP =? ta? along B to P ane 2 +a? along P tod Clearly EF: and F; are equal in magnitude ie., [Et |=| Ex lor B,=Ey To find the resultant of Ey and Fe, we resolve them into ye ee rectangular components. — Component of Ey parallel to AB = E, cos 6, in the direction to BA Component of £1 perpendicular to AB = E, sin @ along OP Component of E> parallel to AB = E, cos @ in the direction BA Component of Ee perpendicular to AB = Es sin 0 along PO Clearly, components of Ey and E» perpendicular to AB: E, sin @ and Ey sin 8 being equal and opposite cancel each other, while the components of Ey and Fy parallel to AB : E\cos0 and Ecos 8, being in the same direction add up and give the resultant electric field whose direction is parallel to BA Resultant electric field at P is F = Eycos 8+ Ecos @ But By = E, 14 a 1 a E = 2B cos = 2x - eS a re But g.2a=p=electric dipole moment (i) 1 p Amey (72 4 gh) If dipol jitesimal and point P is far away, we have a << 7, soa” may be neglected as coinpated'ta ahd 26 Equation Gin eves ee Pe EP ane, (a) ne, ie, electric field strength due to a short dipole at broadside on position 1 ee eA inthe direction parallel wo BA ) ne, 3 P ‘ ts direction is parallel to the axis of dipole from positive to negative charge. Tt may be noted clearly from equations (ii) and (iu) that electric field strength due to a short dipole at any point is inversely proportional to the cube of its distance from the dipole and the electric field strength at axial position is twice that at broad-side on position for the same distance. Important: Note the important point that the electric field due to a dipole at large distances samara] sicas Srentrumaseerapeia cigA charge is distributed uniformly aver a ring of radius ‘a’. Obtain an expression for the electric intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence show that for points at large distances from the ring, it behaves like a point charge. (CBSE Delhi 2016, 2020 (55/5/1)] Consider a point P on the axis of uniformly charged ring at a distance x from its centre O. Point P is a. /A \~ distance ¢ = Va? +x? from each elementdl of ring. | @ Ifq is votal charge on ring, then, charge per metre | 8 " =5b \ length, = 555 ‘The ring may be supposed to be formed of a large \, number of ring elements Consider an element of length df situated at A. The charge on element, dg = hal ‘The electric field at P due to this clement af 1 1 Adi we B= ae, 27 He, 2? MB PC “The electric field strength due to opposite symmetrical clement of length dl at B is Z, 14g __1_ nat = Be Far are a ome PD Ifwe resolve dE; and dE; along the axis and perpendicular to axis, we note that the components perpendicular to axis are oppositely directed and so get cancelled, while those along the axis are added up. Hence, due to symmetry ofthe ring, the electric field strength is directed along the axis ‘The electric field strength due to charge element of length df, situated at, along the axis will be 1 ha ane, 2 cos dE = dE, cos® = But, Jj Ba The resultant electric field along the axis will be obtained by adding fields due to all elements of the ring, ie Lhe He, ae, fat But, fd whole length of ring = 2na and r = (@? + x*)'* q (ga As, we have soe ee As, 1 we have E = eT sae a or, B= hp along the axis ame, (a? + 2°) At large distances ie.,x >> a, ” ~ axe, 2, ive., the electric field due to a point charge at a distance x. For points on the axis at distances much larger th point charge. nthe ra us of ring, the ring behaves like aQs. Ans. Q6. (a) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Show with help of suitable figure that outward flux due to apointchargeQ,invacuum within gaussiansurface,isindependent 4, 94g of its size and shape. (6) Inthe figure there are three infinite long thin sheetshaving surface charge density +20,-2cand +s respectively. Givethe magnitude 4 | y | ¢ | p and direction of electric field at a point to the left of sheet of charge density +2cand to the right of sheet of charge density +0. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021) (a) Statement: The net-outward normal electric flux through any closed surface of any shape is equal to I/tq times the total charge contained within that surface, ives, fF where indicates the surface integral over the whole of the closed surface, Dq is the algebraic sum of all the charges (ie., net charge in coulombs) enclosed by surface $ and remain unchanged with the size and shape of the surface. Proof: Let a point charge +g be placed at centre O of a sphere S. Then S is a Gaussian surface. Electric field at any point on S is given by 14 ane, 2 The electric field and area element points radially outwards, so @ = 0°, Flux through area dS’ is dp = E .dS = EdScos0” = Eds Total flux through surface Sis = fdb = feds = Ef ds = x Area of sphere 3s 8 5 14 eet a ine 4m or, = = which proves Gauss's theorem. (®) ALA, both cand 26 will act in left and 26 will act in right, so, charge density at A can be given as The net electric field at 4 is towards lefi. Similarly at point D, and 2¢ will act in right and —20 4 - veill act in left. wee I-26, 20 6 e Ta] a | co | So, E, wat Pe, Bey ‘The net electric field at D is towards right (@ Using Gauss Theorem show mathematically that for any point outside the shell, the field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell is same as the entire charge on the shell, is concentrated at the centre. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)) (ii) Why do you expect the electric field inside the shell to be zero according to this theorem? OR [CBSE Allahabad 2015) ‘A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge Q spread uniformly over its surface. Using Gauss’s theorem, derive an expression for the electric field at a point outside the shell, [CBSE Delhi 2009] Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the centre of the shell for 0 Rand r < R. [CBSE (AN) 2013; 2020 (55/2/1)] (® Blectric field intensity ata point outsidea uniformly charged thin spherical shell: Consider uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R carrying charge Q. To find the electric field outside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian. surface of radius + (>R), concentric with given shell. If Eo is electric fi shell, then by symmetry electric field strength has same magnitude E, on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is id outside the radially outward, so angle between Ep and dS. is zero at cach point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface. $= Ane $= fE-d5 = $ E,d5cos0 = E,. 3 é Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell, so charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q. Hence, by Gauss’s theorem fEo+ds x charged enclosed 2 ~12 = E, sn" 07 Gey ‘Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the whole charge Q is concentrated at the centre. Ife is the surface charge density of the spherical shell, then Q= 4nR*o coulomb 1 4nR*o _ Ro a - 0 ane, 7? eget (ii) Electric field inside the shell (hollow charged conducting sphere): The charge resides on the surface of a conductor, Thus a hollow charged conductor is equivalent to a charged spherical shell. To find the electric field inside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r (< R) concentric with the given shell. If E is the electric field inside the shell, then by symmetry electric field strength has the same magnitude E, on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is radially outward, so angle between EZ; and dS is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface = f E,d8 = $B, dScos0 = E,.4n”Now, Gaussian surface is inside the given charged shell, so charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is zero, Hence, by Gauss’s theorem § Ei.dS= Lx charge enclosed 5 > EAm'=Lx0 = £, 0 Thus, electric field at each point inside a charged thin spherical shell is zero. The graph is shown in fig. (® Use Gauss’ law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long thin straight wire with uniform linear charge density A. [CBSE 2020 (55/5/1), 2023 (55/2/1)) (ii) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density \. An electron is revolving in a circle with a constant speed 1 such that the wire passes through the centre, and is perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the kinetic energy of the electron in terms of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density A on the wire. (iif) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density \ . (CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)] (@ Electric field due to infinitely long, thin and uniformly charged straight wire: Consider an infinitely long line charge having linear charge density 4 coulomb metre“ (linear charge density means change per unit length). To find the electric field strength at a distance r, we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius rand length (coaxial with line charge. The cylindrical Gaussian surface may be divided into three parts: (@ Curved surface $, (i) Flat surface S, and. (ii) Flat surface Sy, By symmetry, the electric field has the same magnitude £ at each point of curved surface S, and is directed radially outward, We consider small elements of surfaces S,, S, and Sy The surface element vector d51 om is directed along the direction of electric field (ie, angle between E and d5i EAN / &+—"Ah\ | is zero); the elements dS: and dS3 are \ directed perpendicular to field vector E (ie., angle between dS2 and E is 90° and so also angle bewween d3's and E ). Electric Flux through the cylindrical surface GE dS = [Ed + (EB -dSe+ [E -dSs \ e/ VY = [, EdS,cos0” + [, E dS, cos90° + [. E dS,cos90° Fes pF aS, aE Ss fEds,+0+0 = EJ as, (since electric field £ is the same at each point of curved surface) =E2mi (since area of curved surface = 2 7!) ‘As 2 is charge per unit length and length of cylinder is f therefore, charge enclosed by assumed surface = (Md) By Gauss's theorem x charge enclosed A * Breyer Thus, the electric field strength due to a line charge is inversely proportional to > 2m = LO) > °(i Infinitely long charged wire produces a radical electric field, X Bneyr 0 ‘The revolving electron experiences an electrostatic force Fi and provides necessarily centripetal force. > = @ Kinetic en «iy — Q.8.( Define electric flux and write its SI unit. (i) Use Gauss law to obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. (iii) A cube of side Z is kept in space, as shown in the figure, An electric field E = (4x+B)i NC exists in the region. Find the net charge enclosed by the cube. [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)) y Ans. (i) Electric flux: It is defined as the total number of electric field lines passing through an area normal to its surface Also, 6 = E .d5 The SI unit is Nm¥/G or volt-metre. i) Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite sheet, Let the surface charge density (Le., charge per unit surface area) be o. Et We need to calculate the electric field strength at any point distant r from the sheet of charge. To calculate the electric field strength near the sheet, we now consider acylindrical surface bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to thecharged sheet and the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet (lig). By symmetry the electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same a outwards at the points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the curved surface. its direction is normal Total electric flux or KE ds LB .dSi+[E .dSo+ { F.dSs Eds fdS,cosor + fF dSycos0" +f, £ dS,c0s 90 = Ef ds, +Ef dS, = Fa + Ea = 2Fa ‘Towal electric flux = 2Ea AS is charge per unit area of sheet and a is the intersecting area, the charge enclosed by Gaussian surfac oa According to Gauss’s theorem, 1 ‘Tota electric ux = ZX (Woual charge enclosed by the surface) i ie, 2Ea= (oa) +. B= ae Thus electric field strength due to an infinite flat sheet of charge is independent of the distance of the point. (ii) Given, E = (Ax+B)iNC* From Gauss's Law, $ E.ds = Only flux through shaded portion will contribute. Flux through face 4,6, = E4.ds where, atx = 0,) Ea =(A(0)+B)i = Bi. P(-i) @=-BL? AL + BYE Flux through face B,¢, = Eds where, atx =L, En = (AL+BY.LG = (AL* + BL’) Hence, Net flux = 64 + 6, = - BL” + AL* + BL” =A : Yn Again, from Gauss theorem, ay = in = ALS eg CQ9. Ans. Q10. Apply Gauss's Theorem to find the electric field near a charged conductor. OR Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is E= {i where o is 0 surface charge density and # is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction. [CBSE (Al) 2010) Leta charge Qbe given to conductor, this charge under electrostatic equilibrium will redistribute and the electric field inside the conductor is zero (4, Ej, Let us consider a point P at which electric field strength is to be calculated, just outside the surface of the conductor. Let the surface charge density on the surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P be 6 coulomb/metre® . Now consider a small cylindrical box CD having one base € passing through P; the other base D lying inside the conductorand the curved surface being perpendicular to the surface of the conductor, Let the area of each flat base be a. As the surface of the conductor is equipotential surface, the eleciric field strength E at P, just outside the surface of the conductor is perpendicular to the surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P. The flux of electric field through the curved surface of the box is zero, since there is no component of electric field E normal to curved surface. Also the flux of electric field through the base D is zero, as electric field strength inside the conductor is zero. Therefore the resultant ux of electric field through the entire surface of the box is same as the flux through the face C. This may be analytically seen as: IFS, and S, are flat surfaces at C and D and Sy is curved surface, then Tonal electric flux fF .dS = E .d8i + {E .dSe+ [F .dSs = GEMS con + Ole fF, cox0r fds, = Fa As the charge enclosed by the cylinder is (aa) coulomb, we have, using Gauss's theorem, Tol eee flve = 1X charge ended 1) is, > Fa=<(oa) or B= Ee Thus the electrie field strength at any point close to the surface of a charged conductor of any shape is equal to I/eg times the surface charge density c. This is known as Coulomb's law. The electric field strength is directed radially away from the conductor if ¢ is positive and towards the conductor if is negative. If @ is unit vector normal to surface in ouvward direction, then E = 25% Obviously electric field strength near a plane conductor is twice of the electric field strength near a non-conducting thin sheet of charge. (a) Consider a system of n charges 9), 935 with position vectors 7, 7;,7%..r, relative to some origin 0". Deduce the expression for the net electric field E at a point P with position vector r, , due to this system of charges. (@) Three point electric charges +q each are kept at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. Determine the magnitude and sign of the charge to be kept at the centroid of the triangle so that the charges at the vertices remain in equilibrium. [CBSE (F) 2015] [HOTS]Ans. (a) Electric field due to a system of point charges. Consider a system of N point charges qi, qo. + ur having position vectors 7-7, with ¥ respect to origin O. We wish to determine the electric field at point P whose position vector is 7. According to Coulomb's law, the foree on charge qo due to charge q, is 1%. Fis qe 3 fe 0 Tap where ji, is a unit vector in the direction from q, to P and 7, is the distance between g, and P. Hence the electric field at point P due to charge qy is gifi_ ih. a aa mnie Similarly, electric field at P due to charge qo, 1% ane, Ep 2 foe 0 TE According to the principle of super position of electric fields, the electric field at any point due toa group of point charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each charge individually at that point, when all other charges are assumed to be absent. Hence, the electric field at point P due to the system of n charges is E=E\+Fo+ +E, % Tate + (®) The charge at any vertex will remain in equilibrium if the net force experienced by this, charge due to all other three charges is zero. Let Q be the required charge to be kept.at the centroid 6. Considering the charge at A, Force F, on charge at A due to charge at B iE, @ along BA Force Fy on charge atd due to charge at C 14 = 2 ane, a? longi Since angle between Fy and Fy is 60° R+h= 3“ atong ad ae Also, the distance of centroid G from any vertex isThe nature of charge to be kept at G has to be opposite (-ve) so that it exerts a force of attraction on charge (+9) kept at A to balance the force Fi + Fo. 1 @& 1 Q3¢ ae Force exerted by (-Q) kept at G on charge (#9) at 4 = = = Grae tong AG v3 Equating the two forces, being equal and opposite 2 809 Ss = a- 1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. ( Two point charges +8y and ~29 are located at x = 0 and x axis at which net electric field is zero due to these charges [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1)} @ 8L aL © ma (2) Which one of the following plots represents the variation of electric field with distance r due toa thin spherical shell of radius A? (ris measured from the centre of the spherical shell) @) & Oe Me respectively. The point on x (iii) An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0 10" electrons. The net charge on the object becomes (CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) (@) -080C @ +0306 © +1806 @ +020 (iv) The clectric flux emerging out from 1C charge is [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)) 1 4 @ 3 Wy 4m oF () & (v) In which of the following cases the electric field strength is independent of distance? [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)] (a) Due toa point charge (@) Duc toa line charge (€) Due toa spherical charge (d) Due to infinite flat sheet of charge 2. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (0) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) A is true but R is false, (@) A is false and Ris also false. @ Assertion (4); Ifa proton and an electron a replaced in the same uniform electric field, they experience different acceleration, Reason (R): Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass.