XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO

"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável

das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

1. Introduction
By 2050, the global population is projected to surpass nine billion individuals (FAO, 2013).
Consequently, the United Nations has recognized the imperative to substantially augment
food production to meet the future population's demands. Notably, the consumption of
animal-derived food is anticipated to rise by 2050, particularly in developing nations, at an
accelerated pace (HPLE, 2016). Conversely, livestock-related activities engender adverse
environmental repercussions, primarily attributable to their substantial contributions to
greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of critical resources such as land and water (FAO,
2013). Concerning climate change, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have experienced
a resurgence, reaching a record-breaking 52.4 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent
(GtCO2e) in 2019 (PNUMA, 2020).
Bill Gates (2021) posits that the agricultural sector accounts for 19% of total GHG emissions,
with livestock production for food constituting the principal contributor within this sector.
However, the author asserts that the primary culprits are not carbon dioxide but rather
methane and nitrous oxide, which possess significantly higher heat-trapping potentials
compared to carbon dioxide, with factors of 28 and 265 times, respectively. Global data
substantiate that livestock production contributes the largest share of GHG emissions within
the agricultural sector, amounting to approximately 65% of emissions, equivalent to nearly
4.6 gigatons of CO2-eq. Beef production alone contributes 2.9 GtCO2e, representing 41% of
the sector's total emissions, while cow's milk accounts for 1.4 GtCO2e, corresponding to 20%
of emissions. Additionally, pork production generates 0.7 GtCO2e, constituting 9% of
emissions. Contributions from milk and meat production of small ruminants amount to 6%,
with the remaining emissions originating from poultry, eggs, other avian species, and inedible
products (FAO, 2013).
Meanwhile, amidst the evolving global landscape, the imperative to explore alternatives for
mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions becomes increasingly evident. One viable avenue
entails adopting a "sustainable" dietary paradigm that substitutes animal-based meats with
protein alternatives. In this vein, consumers can incorporate diverse sources of alternative
proteins into their diets, such as insect-based protein, plant-based protein, algae, and cell-
based protein sources (ONWEZEN ET AL., 2021). These protein alternatives offer enhanced
health benefits while exhibiting superior environmental sustainability compared to their
animal-derived counterparts (AIKING, 2011).

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

The literature features numerous reviews in consumer acceptance pertaining to alternative

proteins (ONWEZEN ET AL., 2021). These reviews provide a comprehensive, detailed, and
panoramic assessment of the underlying behavioral drivers. Nonetheless, as far as our
knowledge extends, the sole systematic reviews addressing consumer acceptance of various
alternative proteins comprise those conducted by Hartmann and Siegrist (2017) and Onwezen
et al. (2021), encompassing portfolios of 19 and 91 articles, respectively. These reviews
predominantly concentrate on Western European and Anglo-Saxon American nations,
explicitly examining meat substitutes. Consequently, the principal contribution of the present
study lies in providing an intricate and current elucidation of the factors steering the
acceptance and willingness to purchase or consume a diverse array of alternative proteins
within South American countries. By consolidating knowledge from disparate research
domains, this comprehensive exposition facilitates the formulation of a research agenda
elucidating consumer acceptance of alternative proteins.

2. Methodology
The methodology was carried out in two phases: (2.1) Construction of a portfolio as a source
for collecting articles (PAGANI ET AL., 2015) (2.2) Data collection and analysis procedures
(CORSI ET AL., 2021). As can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Phases of Methodi Ordinatio - data collection and analysis

Figure 1. Phases of Methodi Ordinatio - data collection and analysis
RESEARCH PORTFOLIO CONSTRUCTION
PHASE 1
METHODI ORDINATIO

STEPS 1: DEFINITION OF THE RESEARCH INTENTION

STEPS 2: PRELIMINARY SEARCH IN DATABASE

STEPS 3: DEFINITION OF KEYWORDS AND SELECTION OF DATABASES

STEPS 4: FINAL SEARCH IN DATABASES

STEPS 5: FILTERING PROCEDURES (DUPLCATE, DOCUMENT)

STEPS 6: IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES: IMPACT FACTOR (IF), CITATION NUMBER (CI) AND PUBLISH YEAR

STEPS 7: RANKING THE PAPERS USING INORDINATIO, RESULTING IN THE FINAL ARTICLE PORTOFOLIO

STEPS 8: FINDING THE FULL PAPERS

STEPS 9: FINAL READING AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE PAPERS

PHASE 2 DATA COLLETION AND ANALYSIS

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS VOSVIEWER

YEAR OF PUBLICATION KEYWORDS

MAIN AUTHORS MOST CITED ARTICLES

CONTENT ANALYSIS

IDENTIFY THE DEGREE OF ACCEPTANCE OF ALTERNATIVE PROTEINS

Source: Adapted from Pagani et al. (2015; 2018) and Corsi et al. (2021)
Source: Adapted from Pagani et al. (2015; 2018) and Corsi et al. (2021)
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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

2.1. Construction of the research portfolio

To identify the degree of acceptance of alternative proteins in South America, a systematic

review of the literature was carried out, using the multicriteria methodology "Methodi
Ordinatio". This methodology aims to select and classify the most relevant articles, based on
Equation (1), taking into account their impact factor (FI), citation number (Ci), and year, of
publication. (CORSI ET AL., 2021; DE CAMPOS ET AL., 2018; PAGANI ET AL., 2015,
2017; SOUZA ET AL., 2022).

InOrdinatio= ( 1000
IF
)+α∗[ 10−( ResearchYear−PublishYear ) ] +(∑ c ) i
( 1)

The methodology has nine steps, it is shown in Figure 1 and described below:
Step 1 - Establishment of Research Intent: The objective is to determine the drivers of
acceptance of alternative proteins in South America.
Step 2 - Preliminary research in databases: The combination of keywords with a focus on the
acceptance of alternative proteins was tested in data bases.
Step 3 - Definition and combination of keywords and databases: The databases selected for
this research were Capes, Scopus, and Web of Science, as shown in Frame 1, based on the
study of (ONWEZEN ET AL., 2021).

Frame 1. Combination of keywords and databases for alternative protein in South America
Base Capes, Scopus and Web of Science
Title (Consum* OR Buy* OR Custom* OR Client* OR User*)
All fields (Capes e
Web of Science) (Brazil* OR Argentin* OR Chile* OR Uruguay* OR Paraguay* OR Bolivia* OR Peru*
/Title-abs-key OR Ecuador* OR Venezuela* OR Colombia*)
(Scopus)
All fields (Capes e
Web of Science) (food*) AND (Consumer*) AND (Accept* OR Preference* OR Willing* OR Buy* OR
/Title-abs-key Purchas* OR Choice* OR Behavio* OR Adopt* OR Perception*)
(Scopus)
("Cultured meat*" OR "In vitro meat*" OR "Synthetic meat*" OR Seaweed* OR
All fields (Capes e
Alga* OR Insect* OR Lupin* OR Pulse* OR Legume* OR Bean OR Soy* OR
Web of Science)
Quinoa* OR Corn* OR "Dry pea*" OR Chickpea* OR "Cow pea*" OR "Pigeon pea*"
/Title-abs-key
OR Lentil* OR "Meat alternative*" OR "Meat substitute*" OR "Plant-based meat*" OR
(Scopus)
"Meat analogue*" )
Source: Adapted from Onwezen et al. (2021)

Step 4 - Final search in the databases: Taking into account the various search tools (time, type
of document, search by title, abstract, keywords, and use of Booleans), a total of 183 articles

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

was obtained, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Database search for alternative protein in South America

Type Year Capes Scopus Web of Science Total
Articles 2015-2022 83 33 67 183
Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

Step 5 - Filtering procedures: After performing the final search, filtering and elimination
procedures were applied, such as repeated articles; works whose Title, Abstract, Keywords, or
Content are not related to the research topic; Papers presented at conferences and book
chapters. The results obtained in the filtering procedures are shown in Frame 2. The inclusion
and exclusion criteria to this study is shown in Frame 3.

Frame 1. Filtration Procedure for alternative protein in South America

The number of
Filtration procedure
items excluded
The initial number of articles 183
Exclusion for duplicate articles 5
Exclusion of off-topic articles (title, abstract, keywords and Content) 159
Exclusion for without year, without the author 6
The resulting number of articles in the portfolio 13
Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

Frame 2. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria (title, abstract, keywords and Content).
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
*Studies carried out in countries of South America. *Articles related to the area of medicine and
*Only articles from academic bases. tourism.
*Studies on consumer behavior, perception, *Studies on veganism, vegetarianism.
acceptance, preferences of alternative protein sources. *Themes of pesticides biofuels, beverages,
*Willingness to purchase or eat products related to packaging, laboratory methods, transgenic
protein alternatives. foods, functional foods, and circular
economy.
Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

Step 6 - The number of the articles’ citations (Ci) was obtained from Google Scholar; the year
of publication and the Impact Factor (IF) were collected from Scopus and CAPES.
Step 7 - Classification of articles using InOrdinatio: In this research, the Equation InOrdinatio
Equation (1) was applied, giving α the value of 10, considering that the year factor is
important for the study. Thus, resulting in a final portfolio of 13 articles, according to their
scientific relevance.
Step 8 - Search for complete articles: This step was partially carried out in step 6. The 13
articles were found in their complete version, which allowed us to continue with the last step
of Methodi Ordinatio (PAGANI; KOVALESKI; DE RESENDE, 2017, 2015).
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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Step 9 - Final reading and systematic analysis of the articles: After obtaining the final
portfolio with the articles ordered according to their relevance, the systematic reading and
analysis began.

2.2. Data collection and analysis procedures

With the portfolio organized and the complete articles, two types of analysis were performed.

2.2.1. Bibliometric Analysis

Its objective is to contextualize the portfolio of articles, identifying the most influential
authors, the number of publications per year, and recurring keywords. To perform all these
points, the VOSviewer software (V. 1.6.18) was used.

2.2.2. Content analysis

The content analysis aimed to identify the drivers of acceptance for alternative proteins in
South America across the portfolio of articles, using the Nvivo software (V. 12) to easily
identify the common points of each article.

3. Results

The results will be reflected in two sections. The first section presents the bibliometric
analysis and the second corresponds to the content analysis.

3.1. Bibliometric Analysis

After analyzing the articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of frame 4, the final
result of the portfolio was obtained and high-impact articles were found according to its
Inordinatio coefficient that focus on 14 studies of alternative proteins: Cell-based protein (4
studies), planta-based protein (4 studies), Insect-based protein (5 studies) and algae (1
studies).
Based on the final portfolio of articles, an analysis of publications per year was performed, as
shown in Figure 2. It is observed that the year 2021, there was a growing leap, with a greater
number of publications with 46.15% of articles in the portfolio, thus demonstrating that the
subject is currently arousing scientific interest.

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Figure 1. Number of publications per year for alternative protein in South America

Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

Figure 3 shows an authorship and co-authorship map based on bibliographic data. The
network found consisted of 13 authors and 39 co-authors, totaling 11 clusters. It should also
be noted that all authors present an article each, evidencing that there is interest in the topic.

Figure 2. Authorship and co-authorship of the final portfolio for alternative protein in South America

Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

Figure 4 shows the most cited articles in the final portfolio. The article with the highest
citation is: Consumer's willingness to purchase three alternatives to meat proteins in the
United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, published in 2019 in the Food
Quality and preference journal, being first in the Inordinatio ranking (Impact factor: 5,565 and
106 citations); followed by the article: First glimpse on attitudes of highly educated
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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

consumers towards cell-based meat and related issues in Brazil, published in 2019 in PloS one
journal (Impact Factor: 3,24 and 33 citations). Frame 4 details the characteristics of each
article and the InOrdinatio ranking obtained in this review.

Figure 3. Most cited articles for alternative protein in South America

Consumers' willingness to purchase three alternatives to meat
proteins in the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil and the Dominican
Republic
Brazilian consumers' perception of edible insects

Determinants of the Intention to Consume Edible Insects in Brazil

Article title

Perception of consumers for soybeans and its derivatives in Júlio

de Castilhos, Brazil
Acceptance of insect-based food in Chile: Evidence from a survey
using the entomophagy attitude questionnaire (EAQ)
Consumption behavior and purchase intention of cultured meat
in the capital of the "state of barbecue," Brazil
Development and consumer acceptance of gluten-free pasta en-
riched with Pyropia columbina seaweed. Physical, textural and
nutritional properties
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Number of Citations(Ci)

Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

The co-occurrence analysis for the main keywords allows us to build Figure 5. The main
keywords are related to the following topics, (1) Types of proteins: Edible insect (4
occurrences), cultured meat (2 occurrences), Quinoa-based protein (1 occurrence), and there
are not keywords related to algae-based protein; (2) Consumer: Consumer behavior (3
occurrences), Consumer attitudes (3 occurrences), Consumer perception (3 occurrences),
Consumer willingness (2 Occurrences), consumer attitudes (2 occurrences) and Consumer
acceptance (2 occurrences); (3) Drivers of acceptance: Animal welfare (3 occurrences), diet (2
occurrences); medicine and health (2 occurrences) and related to nutritional values (2
Occurrences). This analysis shows that all keywords are closely linked, thus stating that our
portfolio appears aligned with our objective. As indicated by Orive, Rio, and Sanchez (2003),
the keywords are valuable to carry out the research and also serve to analyze the works
allowing to discover the direction of the study.

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Figure 4. Overlay visualization of the main keywords found in the final alternative protein portafolio in South
America.

Source: Elaborated by the Authors with a minimum occurrence of two keywords, 2022.

3.2. Content analysis

Frame 4 unveils a conspicuous asymmetry in the allocation of scholarly articles across the
various investigated protein alternatives. Specifically, a corpus of literature is identified,
comprising five studies pertaining to the realm of insect-based protein (GOMEZ-LUCIANO
ET AL., 2019; JUNGES ET AL., 2021; LUCCHESE-CHEUNG ET AL., 2020;
SCHARDONG ET AL., 2019; LA BARBERA ET AL., 2021A). Additionally, the discourse
encompasses four studies elucidating the domain of cell-based protein or cultured meat (DE
OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; FERNANDES ET AL., 2021; SCHARDONG ET AL., 2019;
VALENTE ET AL., 2019). Correspondingly, four studies offer insights into the realm of
plant-based protein (DOTTO ET AL., 2015; HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021; MORALES;
HIGUCHI, 2022; GOMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019), while an individual study delves into
the domain of algae-based protein (MONZON ET AL., 2022).

Frame 3. Summary of general aspects found for alternative protein in South America
Protein source Article title Region
Plant-Based protein Consumers’ willingness to purchase three alternatives to meat
Insect-based protein, proteins in the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, and the Brazil
Cell-based meat Dominican Republic)
First glimpse on attitudes of highly educated consumers Brazil- Curitiba &
Cell-based meat
towards cell-based and related issues in Brazil Joinville
Who is eating quinoa - How consumer characteristics and
Plant-Based Protein -
beliefs affect the expenditure on this functional food versus Perú - Lima
Quinua
Traditional Staple items
Development and consumer acceptance of gluten-free pasta
Seaweed enriched with Pyropia columbina seaweed. Physical, textural, Argentina
and nutritional properties
Plant-based Protein -
A factor-cluster analysis profile of consumers Perú - Lima
Quinua
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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Brazilian Consumers’ Attitudes towards So-Called “Cell-Based

Cell-based meat Brazil
Meat”.
Not as Bad as I Thought Consumers’ positive attitudes toward Brazil - (Land of
Insect-based foods.
Innovative Insect-Based Foods the Gauchos)
Acceptance of insect-based food in Chile: Evidence from a
Insect-based foods. Chile
survey using the entomophagy attitude questionnaire (EAQ)

Analyzing the importance of attributes for Brazilian consumers Brazil - Southeast

Cultured meat
to replace conventional beef with cultured meat region
Consumption behavior and purchase intention of cultured meat Brazil - Population
Cultured Meat
in the capital of the “state of barbecue,” Brazil. of Porto Alegre
Determinants of the Intention to Consume Edible Insects in Brazil-Campo
Insect-based foods.
Brazil Grande
Insect-based foods. Brazilian consumers’ perception of edible insects. Brazil
Plant-based Protein - Perception of soy and derivatives consumers in the city of Julio
Brazil-Castilhos
Soy de Castilhos (RS)-Brazil
Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

The studies were carried out in the following countries: Brazil (9 articles), Peru (2 articles),
Chile (1 article), and Argentina (1 article). Finally, the 13 articles presented a quantitative
analysis to justify their statements. The drivers for buying this type of protein source are
health (10 articles), taste (7 articles), price (6 articles), safety (5 articles), environmental
aspects (5 articles), nutritional content (5 articles) and others. Frame 5 shows the most
relevant drivers for each type of alternative protein.

Frame 4. Relevant drivers for alternative protein consumption in South America.

Relevant drivers for the
acceptance of alternative Study
proteins
[Link] Based Protein
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; FERNANDES ET AL.,
Healthiness 2021; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; PAULA SOARES VALENTE ET
AL., 2019)
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; FERNANDES ET AL.,
Price
2021; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
Nutritional content (CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; FERNANDES ET AL.,
Environmental aspects
2021; PAULA SOARES VALENTE ET AL., 2019)
Sustainability (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO
Safety
ET AL., 2019)
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO
Taste
ET AL., 2019)
(CHRIKI ET AL., 2021; DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021; PAULA SOARES
Animal Welfare
VALENTE ET AL., 2019)
Ethical aspects (CHRIKI ET AL., 2021)
Zoonotic disease risk (DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021)
Product appearance (DE OLIVEIRA ET AL., 2021)
2. Insect Based Protein
(JUNGES ET AL., 2021; LA BARBERA ET AL., 2021B; SCHARDONG ET
Disgust or Neophobia
AL., 2019)

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Nutrition (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; JUNGES ET AL., 2021)

(GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; LA BARBERA ET AL., 2021B;
Healthiness
LUCCHESE-CHEUNG ET AL., 2020)
Sustainability (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
Price (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; JUNGES ET AL., 2021)
Safety (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; JUNGES ET AL., 2021)
(GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; JUNGES ET AL., 2021; LA BARBERA
Taste
ET AL., 2021B)
Environmental aspects (JUNGES ET AL., 2021)
Product appearance (JUNGES ET AL., 2021; SCHARDONG ET AL., 2019)
Product presentation and
(JUNGES ET AL., 2021)
accessibility
Past experience (LUCCHESE-CHEUNG ET AL., 2020)
Lack of familiarity (SCHARDONG ET AL., 2019)
3. Algae Based Protein
Taste (MONZÓN ET AL., 2022)
[Link] Based Protein
(DOTTO ET AL., 2015; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; HIGUCHI;
Healthiness
MAEHARA, 2021; MORALES; HIGUCHI, 2022)
(GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021;
Nutrition
MORALES; HIGUCHI 2022)
Safety (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021)
Sustainability (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
Price (GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019; MORALES; HIGUCHI, 2022)
Taste (DOTTO ET AL., 2015; GÓMEZ-LUCIANO ET AL., 2019)
Convenience MORALES; HIGUCHI, 2022)
(DOTTO ET AL., 2015; HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021; MORALES;
Familiarity and culture
HIGUCHI, 2022)
Ethnic identification ( HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021)
Past experience ( HIGUCHI; MAEHARA, 2021)
Source: Elaborated by the Authors, 2023.

4. Discussion

This section deals with an exhaustive analysis of the results to contextualize them and provide
a rigorous and reasoned interpretation. This critical segment is essential to draw meaningful
conclusions and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of study.

4.1 Drivers of Acceptance of cell-based protein

Fernandes et al. (2021) assert that adopting cell-based meat among individuals aged 18 to 39
is strongly driven by considerations pertaining to animal welfare. However, after the age of
40, there is an increase in the number of individuals who would not replace conventional
meat. The author posits that strategies promoting the consumption of laboratory-grown meat
could be formulated based on environmental sustainability and the traceability of drugs used
in its production. Regarding price, young people are more willing to pay for cultured meat
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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

than conventional meat. Similarly, Paula Soares Valente et al. (2019) emphasize that the
perceived benefits of consuming this type of protein are primarily related to animal welfare,
followed by environmental and health considerations.

Conversely, perceived drawbacks encompass economic concerns, health implications, ethical

considerations, and insufficiency of research. Chriki et al. (2021b) indicate that the drivers,
motives, and barriers to adopting this protein source revolve around ethical and environmental
issues associated with conventional meat production. Younger respondents (under 30 years of
age), particularly women, demonstrate the most profound concern regarding the ethical and
environmental aspects of livestock farming. The identified acceptance drivers in this study
encompass the environment, ethics, animal welfare, taste, nutritional attributes, price, food
safety, and health, which aligns with the findings of Gómez Luciano et al. (2019), who
identify nutrition, sustainability, health, and food safety as the primary drivers of consumer
acceptance. Oliveira, Domingues, and Borges (2021a) highlight that attribute such as the
anticipated risk of zoonotic diseases, anticipated health and food safety conditions,
environmental impacts, animal welfare conditions, and social impacts play crucial roles in
consumer acceptance. At the same time, intrinsic characteristics specific to cultured meat are
deemed less significant.

4.2 Drivers of Acceptance of Insect-Based Protein

Gómez Luciano et al. (2019) find that the most influential drivers for consuming insect-based
protein are nutritional content, health benefits, sustainability, and price. However, consumers
perceive that this protein source is neither tastier nor safer to consume than conventional
meat, possibly due to concerns about disease transmission (Junges et al., 2021). Junges, Do
Canto, and De Barcellos (2021) categorize consumers into two clusters: the first cluster
exhibits no neophobia towards innovative food consumption but low demand and distrust
towards such products, while the second cluster displays a degree of neophobia towards food.
This distinction highlights that a segment of the population is unwilling to consume insect-
based products, whereas another segment shows a keen interest. The identified drivers in this
study encompass neophobia, safety, environmental impact, nutritional value, flavor, product
appearance, price, and packaging.

Similarly, the results of Schardong et al. (2019b) reveal a lack of familiarity and neophobia
concerning the inclusion of edible insects in the diet. Few participants have consumed insects,
11
 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

with a notable aversion observed in men compared to women. However, when it comes to
consumption, flour (when not visually present) is the preferred form, followed by whole
insects. La Barbera et al. (2021b) also find that the disgust dimension strongly predicts the
intention to try or use natural and processed insects. The primary drivers identified in their
study are neophobia, taste, and health. Lucchese Cheung et al. (2020) findings indicate that
perceived behavioral control positively influences the intention to consume insects, while
subjective norms and perceived risk serve as negative determinants.

4.3 Drivers of Acceptance of Plant-Based Protein and Algae-Based Protein

Gómez Luciano et al. (2019) ascertain that health, nutrition, and food safety are primary
motivators for consuming plant-based proteins. Conversely, taste does not exert a significant
influence. This finding is consistent with Dotto et al.'s (2015b) observations, which identify
health benefits as the main reason for purchasing this type of protein, followed by taste. On
the other hand, the primary reasons for abstaining from consuming these foods are habit-
related and personal disinterest. Morales and Higuchi (2022) determine that price and health
are vital in consumer acceptance of plant-based protein. They also highlight the influence of
attitudinal and ethnic identity factors, subjective norms, and experience. In the case of algae-
based protein, flavor emerges as the most influential factor in overall acceptance (Monzon et
al., 2022b).

5. Conclusion

The systematic literature review offers an exhaustive and comprehensive portrayal of the
determinants shaping consumer acceptance of four distinct categories of alternative proteins.
The findings elucidate a marked surge in the number of studies investigating consumer
perspectives on alternative protein sources in recent years, indicating a latent interest in
further exploration of this subject matter. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the focal point of
these studies predominantly revolves around Brazil and Peru, thereby indicating that the
compiled drivers of consumer perception through the systematic review may only encapsulate
part of Latin America. Thus, conducting additional studies on consumer perception of
alternative proteins across various Latin American countries is imperative to attain a holistic
understanding of the subject.

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

Consumer perception exhibits significant heterogeneity across alternative protein types and is
contingent upon regional dynamics, cultural influences, age demographics, and gender
disparities. Nevertheless, it can be deduced that plant-based proteins elicit a higher degree of
acceptance, followed by cell-based proteins. Conversely, insect-based proteins present more
significant challenges in acceptance due to the persistent presence of neophobia observed in
recent studies. As for algae-based proteins, their position in the consumer acceptance
spectrum remains complex and necessitates further comprehensive exploration.

Based on the precedents mentioned above, the outcomes derived from the systematic review
unveil coherence in the drivers shaping consumer acceptance. It highlights that the most
salient motivators for embracing alternative proteins and influencing food selection are
healthiness and taste, followed by safety, price, and intrinsic characteristics. Furthermore, the
persistence of food neophobia emerges as a noteworthy factor influencing protein choices.

6. Limitations

Finally, it is imperative to acknowledge and address the limitations inherent in this study.
Firstly, it is crucial to note that the identified drivers of consumer acceptance solely pertain to
the specific regions examined and the particular protein variants investigated. Consequently,
the generalizability of these findings to encompass all consumers in South America is not
feasible. Therefore, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding, future quantitative
investigations should be conducted, encompassing diverse types of alternative proteins across
various countries in South America. It will facilitate a more nuanced comprehension of
consumer perceptions and ensure broader applicability of the research outcomes.
7. Declaration of competing interest

The authors assert that they have no competing financial interests or personal affiliations that
have conceivably influenced the scholarly integrity or objectivity of the findings presented in
this manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This study was financed in part by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education
Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, and the International Cooperation Group of
Brazilian Universities (GCUB).

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

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 XLIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO
"A contribuição da engenharia de produção para desenvolvimento sustentável
das organizações: Cadeias Circulares, sustentabilidade e tecnologias"
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 17 a 20 de outubro de 2023.

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