Genitourinary System
Urinary System
Consists of:
❖ Two kidneys,
❖Two ureters,
❖Urinary bladder &
❖Urethra.
♣ The male urethra is common pathway for urine and
semen as the prostatic urethra receives two ejaculatory
ducts.
Kidneys
•The kidneys are reddish brown and lie behind the peritoneum high
up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral
column
•The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney because of the
large size of the right lobe of the liver.
•Each kidney has upper and lower poles, medial & lateral borders, and
anterior & posterior surfaces
•On the medial concave border of each kidney is a notch called the
hilum
•The hilum transmits the renal vein, renal artery, the ureter, and
Lymph vessels
•The suprarenal or adrenal gland lies on the upper pole of each kidney
Renal structure
• Each kidney has a dark brown outer cortex, a light
brown inner medulla and renal sinus.
• The medulla is composed of about a dozen renal
pyramids.
• The cortex has striations known as medullary
rays.
• The renal sinus, also called renal pelvis, contains
the upper expanded part of the ureter and
divides into two or three major calyces, each of
which divides into two or three minor calyces
Renal structure
Cortex
Ureter
Ureter
• Location and Description
• The two ureters are muscular tubes that extend
from the kidneys to the posterior surface of the
urinary bladder
• Each ureter measures about 10 in. (25 cm) long
• Ureter has three constrictions along its course:
1. where the renal pelvis joins the ureter,
2. where it is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim,
3. and where it pierces the bladder wall
Urinary Bladder:
♣ The bladder is a muscular sac, stores and excretes urine
with a volume capacity of 500ml
♣ Empty bladder is completely intrapelvic, when full it
ascends into the lower abdomen.
♣ The two ureters open into urinary bladder and the
urethra starts at internal urethral orifice
• the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called
the trigone
• The superior angles of the trigone correspond to the
openings of the ureters, and the inferior angle to the
internal urethral orifice
Urinary bladder
Male Urethra
♣ It is 20 cm long muscular tube extending from internal
urethral orifice of urinary bladder to the external urethral
orifice on the glans penis.
♣ It is divided into the prostatic, membranous and penile
parts.
♣ It is common pathway for urine & semen
Female Urethra
4 cm long, begins from urinary bladder and terminates in the external
urethral orifice in the vestibule anterior to the vaginal opening.
Male Urinary bladder & Urethra
Male Reproductive System
Consists of:
1- Testis
2- Ducts: Epididymis,
Ductus or vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct,
Urethra
3- Accessory sex gland: seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
4- External genitalia: penis scrotum
Male Reproductive System
Testes
• Each testis is an oval structure about 5 cm long and 3 cm in diameter
• Located in the scrotum and surrounded by tunica albuginea
• the tunica albuginea extending from the inner surface that divide the
interior of the organ into lobules
• There are many lobules in each testis. Each lobule contains 1 to 4 -
seminiferous tubules.
• The tubules open into a network of channels called the rete testis.
Small efferent ductules connect the rete testis to the upper end of
the epididymis .
• Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig), which produce male sex hormones
testosterone , are located between the seminiferous tubules within a
lobule.
Blood vessels of the Tests
Left
testicular
vein
Right
testicular
vein
Varicocele
Testes
Tail of epididymis
Epididymis
• The epididymis is a coiled tube located posterior to the
testes and is about 6 meters
• It has an expanded upper end, the head, a body, and
tail .
• The tube emerges from the tail of the epididymis as
the vas deferens, which enters the spermatic cord.
• The long length of the duct of the epididymis provides
storage space for the spermatozoa and allows them to
mature.
Epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Vas Deferens
• The vas deferens is a thick-walled tube about (45 cm) long
that conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct and the urethra.
• It arises from the lower end or tail of the epididymis.
• The vas deferens enter to the abdomen through the
inguinal canal then run backward on the posterior surface
of the bladder.
• The terminal part of the vas deferens is dilated to form the
ampulla of the vas deferens and joins with the duct of the
seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
Vas deferens
The seminal vesicles
• The seminal vesicles are two lobulated organs lying
on the posterior surface of the bladder
• Each terminal part of vesicle joins with the vas
deferens to forms the ejaculatory duct.
• Function
• The function of the seminal vesicles is to produce a
secretion that is added to the seminal fluid.
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory Ducts
• The two ejaculatory ducts are (2.5 cm) long and are
formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct of
the seminal vesicle.
• The ejaculatory ducts pierce the prostate and open into
the prostatic part of the urethra.
• their function is to drain the seminal fluid into the
prostatic urethra.
Prostate
• The prostate is a fibromuscular glandular organ
that surrounds the prostatic urethra.
• It is about 1.25 in. (3 cm) long and lies between
the neck of the bladder
• The two ejaculatory ducts pierce the prostate
• The secretions of the prostate are thin, milky
colored, and alkaline. They function to enhance
the motility of the sperm.
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's)
• small, about the size of a pea, and located
near the base of the penis.
• Its duct opens in to the proximal end of the
penile urethra.
• In response to sexual stimulation, also secrete
an alkaline mucus-like fluid
Bulbourethral gland
Scrotum
• The scrotum is an outpouching of the lower part of the
anterior abdominal wall separated by raphe and contains the
testes, the epididymides, and the lower ends of the spermatic
cords
Penis
• The penis has a fixed root and a body that
hangs free
• Root of the Penis
• The root of the penis is made up of three
masses of erectile tissue called the bulb of the
penis and the right and left crura of the penis
Root of the penis
Crura of the penis Bulb of the penis
Body of the Penis
• The body of the penis is essentially composed of
three cylinders of erectile tissue enclosed in a
tubular sheath of fascia (Buck’s fascia).
• The erectile tissue is made up of two dorsally
placed corpora cavernosa and a single corpus
spongiosum applied to their ventral surface. At its
distal extremity, the corpus spongiosum expands
to form the glans penis
• On the tip of the glans penis is the orifice of the
urethra, called the external urethral meatus
Body of the penis
Spermatic Cord
• The spermatic cord is a collection of structures that pass
through the inguinal canal to and from the testis
• Structures of the Spermatic Cord
The structures are as follows:
➢ Vas deferens
➢ Testicular artery
➢ Testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)
➢ Testicular lymph vessels
➢ Autonomic nerves
➢ Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Spermatic cord
Inguinal canal
• The inguinal canal is a
short passage that
extends inferiorly and
medially, through the
inferior part of the
abdominal wall.
• It is superior and
parallel to the inguinal
ligament.
Female Reproduction System
▪ The female reproductive system consists of the external genital
organs and internal genital organs.
I. Internal Genital Organs including:
▪ ovaries, uterine or fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
II. External genital organs called (Vulva) and consist of:
▪ labia majora, labia minora, vestibule of the vagina, bartholin's
glands and clitoris
Internal genital organs
Uterus
Fallopian tube Fallopian
tube
Ovar Ovar
y y
Cervix
Vagina
Ovaries
• Located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the
uterus.
• They are maintained in position by ligaments
(suspensory ligament, ovarian ligament and broad
ligament).
• The ovary consists of large number of primary follicles.
• The main functions of ovaries are producing the ovum,
estrogen and progesterone.
Uterine tubes
• Extend from the uterus to the ovaries and connect the uterine
cavity to the peritoneal cavity.
• Are each subdivided into four parts:
1. The uterine part (intra mural part) ,
2. The isthmus ,
3. The ampulla (the longest and widest part),
4. And the infundibulum (the funnel-shaped termination formed of
fimbriae ).
Uterine tubes
• Convey the fertilized eggs to the uterus by ciliary action and
muscular contraction
• Fertilization takes place within the tube, usually in the
infundibulum or ampulla.
Uterus
• Is the organ of gestation in which the fertilized oocyte normally
becomes embedded and the developing organism grows until its
birth.
• Is divided into four parts for the purpose of description:
1. Fundus: Is the rounded part of the uterus and receives thre
entrance of the uterine tube.
2. Body: Is the main part of the uterus located inferior to the fundus
and superior to the isthmus.
• The uterine cavity is triangular shape.
Uterus
3. Isthmus: Is the constricted part of the uterus located between the
body and cervix of the uterus.
• It corresponds to the internal os.
4. Cervix: Is the inferior narrow part of the uterus that projects into
the vagina and divides into the following regions:
• Internal os: the junction of the cervical canal with the uterine
body.
• Cervical canal : the cavity of the cervix between the internal and
external ostia.
Parts of the uterus
Vagina
• The vagina is a muscular tube about (10 cm) long that extends
from the cervix to the vaginal orifice in the perineum.
• The vagina locates between the bladder anteriorly and rectum
posteriorly.
• It lined by multiple folds called rugae, these folds allow the vagina
to stretch during childbirth.
• The main function of the vagina are
1. Allow discharge of the menstrual flow.
2. As the female organs of coitus.
3. Allow passage of fetus from the uterus.
Vagina
Clitoris
Bartholin gland
Breast
• The breasts are specialized accessory glands of the skin that secrete
milk
• They are present in both sexes, in males and immature females, they
are similar in structure rudimentary.
• The female breast overlies the 2nd–6th rib.
• The breast is made up of 15–20 lobules are separated by fibrous
septa running from the subcutaneous tissues to the fascia of the
chest wall (the ligaments of Cooper).
• Each lobule drains by its lactiferous duct onto the nipple, which is
surrounded by the pigmented areola.
Breast
