Duration: 120 min College of Medicine Grade: First year Lecture no.
Axial skeleton
Skeletal system
• Consists of cartilage and bone.
A. Cartilage is a special type of
connective tissue nonvascular,
• Three types:
1. Hyaline cartilage (articular
surface).
2. Firouscartilage (discs).
3. Elastic cartilage (auricle).
B. Bone
• Hard calcified type of
Connective Tissue, its
function:
1. Protects organs.
2. Offers support, protection
and flexibility to organisms.
3. Forms blood cells.
4. Stores calcium.
Blood supply of bone
1. Periosteal arteries: supply
periosteum
2. Nutrient arteries: enter through
nutrient foramen supply diaphysis
and bone marrow
3. Metaphyseal and epiphyseal
arteries: supply red marrow and
bone tissue of metaphysis and
epiphyses.
Gross types of bones
1. Long bones: have two ends and
shaft. e.g. humerus and femur.
• Each long bone consists of:
I. Epiphysis.
II. Metaphysis = includes
epiphyseal plate in growing
bones.
III. Diaphysis = shaft.
Long bones
Gross types of bones
2. Short bones: have no
epiphyses and shaft. e.g.
carpal and tarsal bones.
3. Flat bones: bones with two
surfaces. e.g. cranial bones,
scapula, ribs, sutural bones.
Gross types of bones
4. Irregular bones: bones with no
definite shape. e.g. vertebrae,
face bones.
5. Sesamoid bones: associated
with tendons of upper and
lower limbs. Patella is the
largest sesamoid bone.
Gross types of bones
6. Pneumatic bones: certain
bones of skull containing air
cavities, such as; frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid, mastoid
part of temporal and maxillae.
Bone markings
Surface features of bones:
1. Sites of attachments for
muscles, tendons, and
ligaments.
2. Passages for nerves and
blood vessels.
Bone markings
Depression and Openings: Processes:
• Fissure • Condyle
• Foramen • Facet
• Fossa • Head
• Sulcus • Crest
• Meatus • Epicondyle
• Line
• Spinous process
• Trochanter
• Tubercle
• Tuberocity
Examples
Clinical notes
Fractures of the bones
Bone fractures
• A break in a bone.
• Types of bone fractures:
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates
through the skin
• Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green
twig.
Bone fractures
Open fracture Closed fracture
Bone fractures
Greenstick fracture
Skeleton system
axial and appendicular systems
Skeleton system
• Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
hyoid bone
• Appendicular Skeleton: (126
bones)- upper & lower
extremities plus two girdles
Axial skeleton
• Includes:
1. Skull.
2. Mandible.
3. Hyoid bone.
4. Sternum.
5. Ribs.
6. Vertebral column.
Skull
upper cranium and lower facial skeleton
Skull
• The skull is formed by 22 bones, and
descriptively divided into:
a. Upper cranium and,
b. lower facial skeleton.
• The cranium consists of 8 cranial
bones, and contains large cranial
cavity that lodges the brain and its
covering meninges.
Skull
• The facial skeleton is formed by 14 bones, and
contains small cavities, including oral, nasal, and
orbital cavities. The nasal and orbital cavities
lodges organs of special sensation (smell, vision).
• All bones of the skull, except mandible, are firmly
joined together by immobile, false fibrous joints
called sutures.
Skull
• The mandible is the only mobile
bone of skull which articulates
with temporal bones in temporo-
mandibular joints (TMJ).
The cranium bones
Includes
1 2
1. Frontal
2. Parietal (2)
3. Temporal (2) 6 5 3
4
4. Occipital
5. Sphenoid
6. Ethmoid (gray)
The cranium bones
6. Ethmoid bone
The facial bones
Includes:
1. Zygomatic bones: 2
2. Maxillae: 2
3. Nasal bones: 2
4 3
4. Lacrimal bones: 2
1 1
5. Vomer: 1 2 7 5 2
6. Palatine bones: 2
7. Inferior conchae: 2
8. Mandible: 1
8
The facial bones
6. Palatine bones: 2
Cranial sutures
1. Sagittal suture: between the parietal bones.
2. Coronal suture: between the frontal bone and
the parietal bones.
3. Lambdoid suture: between the occipital bone
and the parietal bones.
Anterior fontanelle
Cranial sutures
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambda Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Cranial sutures Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture
Pterion
Squmaous
suture
Clinical notes
The pterion
• Is an important area because it overlies the middle
meningeal artery.
• Fracture to the pterion can rupture the anterior
branch of this artery resulting in hematoma which
exerts pressure on the underlying cerebral cortex.
• An untreated meningeal artery can cause
hemorrhage which can lead to death in few hours.
The pterion
Mandible
Condylar
process
Coronoid process
Ramus
Body
Hyoid bone
• U-shape located in the neck.
• Has body, greater and lesser
horns.
• Does not articulate with any
bone and suspended in place
by membranes, muscles and
ligaments.
• Important for movements of
tongue, pharynx and larynx .
The vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumber, fused sacrum, fused coccygeal
The vertebral column
• There are 33 vertebrae
divided into five groups:
1. Seven cervical.
2. Twelve thoracic.
3. Five lumber.
4. Five fused sacrum.
5. Four fused coccygeal.
Normal curves of
vertebral column
1. Cervical curve.
2. Thoracic curve.
3. Lumber curve.
Clinical notes
Abnormal curvatures
Kyphosis (hump back)
• Kyphosis (hump back)
increase in the thoracic
curvature.
Lordosis
• Increase in the lumber
curvature.
Scoliosis
• Abnormal lateral curvature of
the vertebral column
Typical vertebrae
• Body
• Vertebral arch:
a. pedicles
b. Laminae
• Vertebral foramen
• Seven processes
a. 2 transverse
b. 1 spinous
c. 4 articular
Typical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
• There are seven cervical vertebrae.
• The 3rd to 6th are typical.
• The 1st to 2nd are modified to permit movement of
the head
• The 7th shows some features of the thoracic
vertebrae.
Cervical vertebrae
• Atlas – 1st; supports head
• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head
Cervical vertebrae
Atlas – 1st Axis – 2nd; dens pivots
Cervical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Typical cervical vertebrae
• C3-C7.
• Smaller bodies.
• Larger vertebral
foramen
• Bifid spinous process
Thoracic vertebrae
• T1-T12.
• All articulate with ribs.
• Have heart-shaped bodies.
• Each side of the body bears
demi facets for articulation with
ribs.
• Each typical rib articulates with
vertebral bodies and tubercle
of transverse process.
Lumbar vertebrae
• Bodies are thick and strong.
• Allows flexion, extension,
and rotation
• Vertebral foramina are
triangular.
Sacrum and coccygeal
Sacrum
Sacrum foramen
coccygeal
Intervertebral disc
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Thoracic cage
The thoracic cage
• Function
2 1
1. Sternum
2. Ribs 3
3. Costal cartilage
4. Thoracic vertebrae 4
Clinical notes
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ribs
• 12 pairs of ribs
• Ribs 1-7 are true ribs.
• Ribs 8-10 are false ribs.
• Ribs 11-12 are floating.
Clinical notes
Cervical rib
Cervical rib
Sternum
Made up of:
1- Manubrium
2- Body
3- Xiphoid process
Typical rib
Posterior end
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Tubercle
Anterior end
Typical rib
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