5.

Traders to Rulers

Europeans carried on trade along the overland participate in the Eastern trade. In return, the
route to the East until the mid-fifteenth century, rulers took a share of the profits.
when the Turks blocked this trade route. The The English East India Company was
Europeans then discovered new sea routes to established on 31 December 1600, when Queen
the East. In 1498, Vasco da Gama of Portugal Elizabeth T of England issued a royal charter
sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and landed (written statement of rights) granting its founders
at Calicut on the Malabar Coast in South India. monopoly to trade with the East. Similar East India
Portugal’s profitable Eastern trade attracted other Companies were founded by the Dutch in 1602 and
Europeans to overseas trade with the East. the French in 1664. These companies set up trade
settlements in the East. They purchased goods in
Trading Companies bulk at the cheapest possible prices with the gold
By the end of the sixteenth century, Europe’s and silver they brought from Europe.
overseas trade with the East began to fetch
enormous profits. The rulers of some European English Trade Settlements in India
countries allowed groups of merchants to start The English East India Company received
trading companies with monopoly (exclusive permission to establish trade settlements in
rights) to trade with the East. This meant that India through a farman (royal order) issued by
no other merchants in these countries could the Mughal ruler Jahangir. The English trade

ARCTIC OCEAN

The sea route from Europe to India discovered by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498
 38 Essential ICSE History and Civics for Class 8

settlements were run by the Company’s recruits armies. Ultimately, these three armies were merged
called factors, and hence called ‘factories’. A to form the Company’s army in India.
factory was not a place of manufacture. It consisted
of a godown for goods, an office for maintaining The Indian soldiers in the Company’s army
records and residential quarters for the Company’s were called sepoys (from the Persian word sipahi,
servants. The Company traded in Indian textiles, meaning soldier). They formed the bulk of the
indigo (a kind of dye), saltpetre (a substance used Company’s troops. They were trained to be
in making gunpowder), and spices such as pepper, disciplined and to master Western military skills.
cardamom, cinnamon and cloves. They were also trained to use modern military
equipment such as the matchlock musket (a type of
The first English factories in India were set gun which was fired by igniting gunpowder with a
up at Masulipatam (Machilipatnam) and Surat burning wick serving as a match).
in the early seventeenth century. By the end of
the seventeenth century, the English established Anglo-French Rivalry
three presidencies centred at Madras (Chennai),
Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata). Madras Around the middle of the cighteenth century,
and Calcutta were fortified, and called Fort St English and French trade interests clashed in the
George and Fort William respectively. The French Carnatic, in South India. Between 1744 and 1763,
established settlements at Pondicherry, Mahe, the British and the French were involved in two
Chandannagar and Karaikal. The breaking up of wars in Europe. These factors led to three major
the Mughal Empire by the middle of the eighteenth wars in India, called the Carnatic Wars.
century provided ideal conditions for the English First Carnatic War (1744-48) This war was an echo
and the French to establish political influence of a war in Europe, in which Britain and France took
in India.
opposite sides. ] F Dupleix, the French governor of
Pondicherry, captured Madras, but restored it to the
Birth of the British Indian Army
British after the war in Europe ended.
The English East India Company needed a well-
trained army to protect and expand its Indian trade Second Carnatic War (1748-54) British and French
settlements. Around the mid-eighleenth
involvement in the local politics of Hyderabad and
century,
the Company raised an army at Madras by training the Carnatic caused the Second Carnatic War. The
a mixed band of European and Indian soldiers. Carnatic, with its capital at Arcot, was a province
Later, Bombay and Calcutta also had separate under the Nizam of Hyderabad. However, the
Nawab of Arcot was almost free from the Nizam’s
control. The death of the Nawab of Arcot and of the
Nizam a few years later led to wars of succession
in the Carnatic and in Hyderabad. The French and
the English took opposite sides in these wars. The
British succeeded in installing their candidate on
the throne of Arcot, while the French installed their
candidate at Hyderabad.
Third Carnatic War (1756-63) This was a result
of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in Europe.
Just after the Third Carnatic War began, the British
made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad.
These gains helped them to defeat the French
at
Wandiwash in 1760. The French lost all their Indian
possessions. These were restored to them by the
Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years’
War. However, the French lost the right to fortify
Sepoys of the British army their Indian settlements.
 Traders to Rulers 39

Supremacy in sea battles and the shrewd later fortified to protect it from local revolts and
leadership of Robert Clive helped the English East attacks, and named Fort William. Soon after this
India Company to defeat the French and oust them the Company was granted the zamindari (right to
as rivals in the Indian trade. Henceforth, the French collect revenue) of Sutanuti and two other villages,
and Kalikata, near it. The fortified
ceased to be a political force in India. Gobindapur
settlement of Fort William along with these three
The British colonised India with the help of
villages later came to be called Calcutta.
the Company’s well-equipped, well-trained and
disciplined army. Conflict between the Company and the Nawab of
Bengal Trade in Bengal fetched enormous profits
From Trading Company to Political for the Company, as goods from Bengal formed
Power much of the English imports from Asia. The
Company had the right to duty-free trade, but
With the French out of the way and a well-
the Company’s servants misused this right. They
trained army at their disposal, the British rapidly trade, and did not pay
carried on illegal private
transformed into a political power in India.
the trade duties payable by individual merchants.
This caused a heavy loss of revenue to the Nawab of
Conquest of Bengal
Bengal, who grew hostile to the Company.
The first step towards British political supremacy century, Nawab
Till the mid-eighteenth
was their conquest of Bengal. Khan
Murshid Quli Khan and Nawab Alivardi
Foundation of Calcutta In Bengal, the English East of Bengal kept strict control over the European
India Company established its first trade settlement traders and resisted the fortification of European
at Hugli around 1651. Its trade flourished here. trade settlements. Siraj-ud-daulah succeeded
But, when it violated trade rules, Mughal Emperor Alivardi Khan as Nawab in 1756. He drove the
Aurangzeb turned hostile, declared war on the English out of Calcutta for expanding fortifications
Company and defeated its forces. Later, Aurangzeb against his orders and misusing trading rights.
permitted the Company to trade duty-free in return But, Robert Clive soon took charge of the
for an annual payment. Company’s forces in Bengal and restored the
In 1690, Job Charnock established an English Company’s earlier position and trade privileges by
factory at a place called Sutanuti. The factory was treacherous means.

Siraj-ud-daulah, Nawab of Bengal (1756-57) Robert Clive joined the English East India Company as a factor
and rose to a high position. He acquired so nuch wealth in India
that he was tried in his own country on corruption charges.
 40
Essential ICSE History
and Civics for Class 8

The entrance o present-day Fort Wit

defeating Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah, who iam, This s e new fort that the Brit
hag destroyed the old fort. The forest ish built, a lttle 1o the south of e Jort at Sutanuti, after
This open space is noww called thenearMaithe yeg fort was leared to provide a clear line of fire.,
dan,
Battle of Plassey (17
57) Clive
bribed some of the
important members The British defeated
of Siraj’s court, includ the combined forces
general Mir Jafar. Cli ing the in 1764. at Buxar
ve’s intrigues ultimatel By this victory, the British established
to a battle at Plasse y led unquestioned
y (Palashi) in 1757, authority over Bengal,
withdrew his troops Mir Jafar considerable and
from the battlefield. influence over the ruler of Awadh
defeated and kill Siraj was and the Mughal Empero
ed. r.
The Company made Mir Results of the Battle
in return for a large sum Jafar the new ruler of Buxar After
Mir Jafar’s death
of money, the zamindari in 1765, the new Nawa
of Twenty-four Pargan b of Bengal handed
as in Bengal and powers of military and over the
to free trade. The victor rights criminal jurisdiction
y at Plassey transform Company. to the
the Company from ed
a mere trading instit
to a political force in ution In the same year, Clive
Bengal. It also exposed restor
ed Awadh to
weakness of the Indian the Shuja-ud-daulah, In ret
political system and beg urn, Shuja-ud-daulah
the process an a sum of money and paid
of British colonisation
of India, ceded the districts of
Kora
Mir Jafar failed to
meet the
Company’s heavy
monetary demands.
So, in 1760, the Co
deposed Mir Jafar and mpany
made his son-in-law
Qasim the Nawab of Mir
Bengal. In return, Mir
gave to the Company Qa sim Through a farman in
the zamindari of Burd 1765, Shah Alam 11
(Barddhaman), wan granted the Company the
Midnapore (Medinipur) ~ and diwani (office of revenue
Chittagong, collector) of Bengal,
Bihar and Odisha
permanent basis. In on a
return, the Company
him Kora and Allahabad gave
, and an annual tribut
Shah Alam I1 beg e.
an to live in Allahaba
Company’s Pprotection, d under the

The Company became the

virtual ruler of
Shuja-ud-daulah of Aw Bengal, with full contro
adh and Mughal Empe l over revenue collec
Shah Alam 11, who was ror and military and cri tion
then living in Awadh, minal jurisdiction,
part of the revenue It use d
from Bengal to purcha
se
 Traders to Rulers 41

British and French settlements

B3
in India and sites of important
Pz wars till 1765

Under English East India Company

* Sites of war
* French trading centres

N, oy
f
dhansie %\i
Kora ahabag
G Burer
BEN
Passoy Galashx |
Barddhaman , )
Chandamagar ey (o
Mahanadi Mediipur * -9903s!
*Berar agpur )’ hamhaj:g;

Pune

\\Sa‘:;}a . Hynemffk

i { ¢
MYsoRE
Arcot. * Madras.

Indian goods, meet administrative costs and While Bengal suffered, the Company’s servants
maintain troops. The Nawab’s office was reduced grew prosperous. Most of them came from very
to a position of responsibility without any control humble backgrounds and received low salaries.
over the resources. The Company enjoyed power But, many of them acquired enormous wealth from
illegal private trade in Bengal. When they returned
without any responsibility. This was the system
to England, their wealth drew the attention and
of dual government, which lasted till 1772. Bengal envy of the English society, which called them
suffered under this system. Increasing oppression ‘nabobs’ (an adaptation of the Indian word ‘nawab’).
by the Company’s servants forced many people In 1772, Warren Hastings became the
to abandon their lands and flee into jungles. This governor of Bengal. He ended the system of dual
continued even when a severe famine struck government and brought Bengal under the direct
Bengal in 1770. control of the Company.
 42
Essential ICSE History and
Civics for Class 8

buffer state, Hastings res

tored Kora and Allahabad
to the Nawab of Awadh in return for a sum of
money. The Nawab had
to maintain at his own
cost the Company’s troops
in Awadh. Later on, the
Company helped Awadh
annex Rohilkhand. This
extended British influence
up to the river Yamuna.
Mysore Wars
The territorial expansion
of Mysore under Hyder
Ali alarmed the Company, the Marathas
and the
Nizam of Hyderabad.
Moreover, the Company
wanted control over the
French port of Mahe,
which was Mysore’s only
outlet to European trade.
Between 1767 and 1799, the
Tipu Sultan, nicknamed ‘the Tiger'. He said Company fought four
wars, called the Mysore Wars,
five a day as a tiger than a lifetime as that it is better 10
q sheep.
to crush Mysore.
First three Mysore Wars
Hyder Ali won the First
Mysore War (1 767-69). He
died after a defeat during
British Conquests Outside
Bengal the Second Mysore War
(1 780-84), and his son Tipu
In 1773, Warren Sultan carried on the war
Hash’ngs was made
governor- the until peace was made.
general of all Indian terr Around this time, the Fre
itories of the Company. nch were once again
Cal cutta was made the
capital. At this time, showing signs of becoming
Company had direct the trade rivals of the
control over Bengal, Mad British in India. Tipu Sultan’s
ras friendly relations
and Bombay, and indirect con with the French, his attemp
trol over
Awadh and ts to restrict British
the Carnatic. There were thre spice trade in the Malabar
e major independent Coast and his attack
native powers in the Deccan—the on Travancore, the only sou
Marathas, the rce of pepper for the
Nizam of Hyderabad and Hyder Ali of Mysore
(Mysooru).

Policy towards Awadh and

Rohilkhand
Around 1772, the Marathas escorted
Shah Alam
II from Allahabad to Delhi,
This exposed Awadh
to the danger of invasions. Subsidiary alliance In 1798, Governor-General
To retain Awadh as a Lord
Wellesley introduced the system of subsidiary

Ihis mechanical tiger, shown mauling a

East India Company, was made for seroant of e English
possibly with help from French artisans. Tipu Suitan i Mysore,
the tiger roars, and the hapless victim criesWhe n o handie is poyny
up and down. out and moves s arm
Lord Wellesiey
 Traders to Rulers 43

alliance to establish British supremacy in India and concluded a treaty at Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit
remove all traces of French influence. The Nizam Singh, the ruler of Punjab. Ranjit Singh and the
was the first ruler to accept this alliance. British agreed to restrict their territories to the west
A ruler who accepted the subsidiary alliance and the east bank of the Satluj respectively.
had to v Lord Hastings, who was governor-general
o maintain British troops at his own cost or cede from 1813 to 1823, brought many Indian states
some territories for the purpose;
either under direct British control or under the
terms of the subsidiary alliance.
o expel all non-English foreigners from his state;
Britain’s Indian territories expanded towards
o allow the British to supervise his relations Nepal, the land of the Gurkhas. Frequent border
with other Indian states; and clashes ultimately led to an Anglo-Gurkha war
o accept a British resident in his court. The (1814-16). The Gurkhas were defeated. They ceded
resident constantly tried to interfere with the the provinces of Garhwal and Kumaon, where
ruler’s autonomy and internal administration the British later built hill stations such as Almora,
to promote the Company’s interests. Nainital, Mussoorie and Shimla. The Gurkhas
The British promised to give protection from also withdrew from Sikkim and accepted a British
invasions to a ruler who accepted the subsidiary resident at the Nepalese capital, Kathmandu.
alliance. But, they also reserved the right to depose The Gurkhas were henceforth recruited into the
the ruler in case of any lapse. The British exercised Company’s forces in large numbers.
this right in deposing the rulers of Tanjore The chiefs of Rajputana were forced to sign
(Thanjavur), Surat and the Carnatic. subsidiary treaties. Thus, on the eve of the Third
Maratha War, the British had emerged as the
Fourth Mysore War Tipu Sultan’s refusal to accept
the subsidiary alliance led to the Fourth Mysore paramount (supreme) power in India.
War. The Nizam joined the British against Tipu. Third Maratha War The Third Maratha War (1817-
Tipu died in 1799, fighting bravely to defend his 18) broke out when Peshwa Baji Rao II tried to
capital Seringapatam (Shrirangapattana). organise the Maratha chiefs against the British. Baji
The British annexed large parts of Mysore Rao was defeated, deposed and pensioned off to
and gave the Nizam a share of the conquests. The Bithur near Kanpur. The office of the peshwa was
remaining territories of Mysore, now completely abolished. The state of Satara was carved out of
surrounded by British territories, were restored Baji Rao’s territories, and placed under the rule of
to an heir of the Wodeyar family, which reigned a descendant of Shivaji. Each of the Maratha chiefs
before Hyder Ali. The new ruler accepted the was made to sign the subsidiary alliance.
subsidiary alliance. Tipu’s family was exiled to
Vellore. Resistance to British Paramountcy
Sometimes, even small kingdoms resisted British
Subjugation of the Marathas paramountcy. For example, Rani Channamma,
In the 1770s, an intense power struggle began
among the Maratha chiefs. Taking advantage of
their disunity, the British interfered in the internal
affairs of the Marathas. This led to three Anglo-
Maratha wars (1775-1818).
The first two Anglo-Maratha wars The British failed
to make any substantial gains in the First Maratha
War (1775-82). But, in the Second Maratha War
(1803-06), they succeeded in weakening and
isolating the Maratha chiefs.
British paramountcy before Third Maratha War Before
the outbreak of the Third Maratha War, the British A postage stamp honouring Rani Channanima, the queen of Kittur
 44
Essential ICSE History
and Civics for Class 8

India in 1857
1 Indian states (accepted subsidiary allian
ce)
* Places annexed by Dalho
Jalandhar ~ Approximate boundary ofusie
British India

UPPER
" BURMA

queen of Kittur (in Karnat

aka), fought against the
British to stop the annexation of Kitt This resulted in expensive
ur, She was Anglo-Afghan wars
captured and imprisoned between 1838 and 1842, The Afg
around 1824, and died hans put up a very
in prison in 1829, Her loyal lie strong resistance, and the British
utenant Rayanna of failed to establish
Sangolli contin direct control over Afghanistan.
ued the fight, but was ulh
’mately Having failed to
captured and hanged by the Brit take Afghanistan, the British ann
ish in 1830. exed Sind in 1843,
They also targeted Punjab.
Expansion of British Rule in Ind Punjab After Ranjit Singh’s deat
ia and h in 1839, the
Beyond Britishbegan to interfere in the affa
irs of Punjab.
Afghanistan This led to two Anglo-Sikh
and Sind In the 1830s, fearin wars (1845-49). The
g a Russian Sikhs were defeated, and the
attack on India through Afghan British under Lord
istan, the British Dalhousie (governor-general
started interfering in Afghanistan’ from 1848 to 1856)
s internal affairs, annexed Punjab in 1849,
 44
Essential ICSE History and
Civics for Class 8

India in 1857
L0 Indian states (accepted subsidiary allia
nce)
* Places annexed by Dalhousi
e K
~—— Approximate boundary of
Briti sh India

uppER
" BURMA

queen of Kittur (in Karnataka),

fought against the This resulted in expensive
British to stop the annexation Anglo-Afghan wars
of Kittur. She was between 1838 and 1842. The Afg
captured and imprisoned hans put up a very
around 1824,
and died
in prison in 1829. Her loyal lieutena strong resistance, and the British
nt Rayanna of failed to establish
Sangolli continued the fight, but direct control over Afghanistan.
was ultimately Having failed to
captured and hanged by the Brit take Afghanistan, the British ann
ish in 1830. exed Sind in 1843.
They also targeted Punjab.
Expansion of British Rule in Ind
ia and Punjab After Ranjit Singh’s deat
h in 1839, the
Beyond British began to interfere in the
affairs of Punjab.
Afghanistan and Sind In the This led to two Anglo-Sikh
1830s, fearing a Russian wars
The (1845-49).
Sikhs were defeated, and the
attack on India through Afgh
anistan, the British British under Lord
started interfering in Afghanistan’ Dalhousie (governor-general
s internal affairs, from 1848 to 1856)
annexed Punjab in 1849,
 Traders to Rulers 45

(1849), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi

(1854) were all annexed under this policy.
Abolition of pensions and titles Dalhousie abolished
the titles and pensions of the heirs of childless Indian
rulers, and annexed their territories. Tanjore and
the Carnatic were annexed in this manner. When
Peshwa Baji Rao II died, pension was denied to
his adopted son Nana Saheb. The British intended
to abolish the title of the Mughal Emperor after
Bahadur Shah II.
Other pretexts Dalhousie annexed a part of
Sikkim in 1850 because its ruler had ill-treated the
Company’s servants. He also made the Nizam of
Hyderabad surrender the province of Berar for
failing to meet some financial obligations.
Lord Dalhousie followed the policy of annexation. But perhaps the most humiliating annexation
with far-reaching effects was that of Awadh. In
the 1820s, Awadh had become a subsidiary state.
Lower Burma The annexation of Lower Burma The nawabs of Awadh, including the last one,
(coastal Myanmar) in 1852 established British Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, had always been loyal
control over the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal. and on the best of terms with the British. In 1856,
Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh on the pretext of
Dalhousie’s Expansionist Policies maladministration. Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to
The quick expansion of British territories in India the suburbs of Calcutta. The humiliation of Wajid
around the mid-nineteenth century was mainly Ali Shah caused widespread discontent among the
due to Lord Dalhousie’s policies. people of Awadh. Moreover, due to the high land-
revenue assessments, many falugdars (landlords)
Doctrine of Lapse Dalhousie freely applied the of Awadh lost their lands and the cultivators were
Doctrine of Lapse, according to which a dependent impoverished. The Nawab’s soldiers, who came
state would pass into British hands if the ruler died from peasant families, were disbanded. These
without a natural heir. Contrary to age-old Hindu disbanded soldiers had to fall back on agriculture
and Islamic traditions, it denied adopted children the for their livelihood. Awadh thus became the
right to inherit the throne. Satara (1848), Sambalpur hotbed of the Revolt of 1857.

RYZYE Points to Remember KTEX%

s During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many European rulers followed economic
policies to protect their countries” trade interests. Intense rivalry resulted in trade wars among
European countries.
47 The English established three presidencies at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta; the French
established settlements at Pondicherry, Mahe, Chandannagar and Karaikal.

45 Anglo-French trade rivalry in South India led to the three Carnatic Wars (1744-63). The British
emerged victorious.
46
Essential ICSE History and Civics
for Class 8

# The English East India Compan

y raised a well-trained and
well-equipped army to protect
and expand its Indian trade sett -
lements. It had some European
of sepoys. recruits, but consisted mostly

& Robert Clive defeated Nawab Sira

j-ud-daulah of Bengal in the Battl
bribing Siraj's officials, includin e of Plassey (1757) by
s g Mir Jafar. After being made
zamindari of Twenty-four Parganas the next ruler, Mir Jafar gave the
to the
Company.
£ Mir Qasim replaced Mir Jafar as
the Nawab of Bengal by giving the
Midnapore and Chittagong to the zamindari of Burdwan,
Company. He put checks on the Com
The British defeated him in battle pany’s trade privileges.
in 1763.
& In 1764, the British defeated the
forces of Mir Qasim, Nawab Shuj
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam a-ud-daulah of Awadh and
11 at Buxar. In 1765, the Com
pany obtained the military
and
of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (Odi
sha) to the Companyy.
Mysore’s expansion under Hyde
r Ali, Tipu Sultan’s friendship with the French, Tipu
attempts to restrict British spic ’s
e trade and his refusal to acce
Anglo-Mysore wars (1767-99). pt [Link] led to four
The Nizam of Hyderabad and
Mysore was subjugated and forc the Marathas helped the British.
ed to
accept subsidiary alliance,
Lord Wellesley’s subsidiary alli
ance enabled the British to cont
annexing them. rol Indian states without
Over three Anglo-Maratha wars
(1775-1818), the peshwa was
ultimately abolished. The Mara defeated. His office was
tha chiefs who rose against
subsidiary treaties. the British had to sign separate

Among the small kingdoms that oppo

sed British paramountcy was
Channamma and her lieutenant Raya Kittur under Rani
nna.
The British failed to annex Afghanis
tan, but they annexed Sind in 1843
+ 3

and Punjab in 1849.

Lord Dalhousie applied the Doctrine
of Lapse o annex Satara (1848
Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853 ), Sambalpur (1849),
) and Jhansi (1854). Tll-trea
(Sikkim) and financial lapses tment of the Company’s serv
(Berar) were some of Dalhousi ants
Dalhousie also annexed states (Tan e’s other Ppretexts for annexati
jore on.
, the Carnatic) by abolishing the
adopted heirs, titles and pensions of
The Company annexed Awadh
on the pretext of maladministratio
n.
l -1
H
[ CamatieWars—) - ysoro wars H
! s i ]
|i |& I 80
1i
< B
! - S I i
§
! g B | | H
i 5 & H
H
1740
1744

1757
1763
1764
1767

1775

1799

1808

1838
1842
1843
1845
84

1856
 Traders to Rulers 47

French cease to be a
political force in India

Subsidiary alliance;
‘subjugation of the Marathas
Control over Bengal
established
First (1767-69) -
ey 0757)
1 of Bengal Batto 92

Anglo-Gurkha War (1814-1)

Subsidiary alliance;
annexation of Mysore Anmexation of Sindh (1843)

DIFTRARVE] Exercise FILIFVLLR

A. Answer the following in one or two sentences.
1. What route did Vasco da Gama of Portugal take to reach India? When and where did he land?
. What exclusive rights did the trading companies of Europe get from their rulers? What did it mean?
AN

. Mention any three Indian goods in which the English East India Company traded.
. What did the East India Company’s ‘factory” consist of?
G

. Between whom were the Carnatic Wars in South India fought? Who was victorious?
. What is a buffer state? Which territory became a buffer state for Bengal after the Battle of Buxar?
N

Why do we remember Rani Channamma of Kittur?

®

9. What were the outcomes of the Anglo-Maratha wars?

10. What did the British gain from the Anglo-Burmese wars?
11. Why was Sind annexed?
12. Give reasons for the Company’s hostility towards Tipu Sultan.
B. Answer the following questions
1. With reference to the Carnatic Wars, explain
(a) the causes of these wars, and
(b) the outcome of the Third Carnatic War and how this outcome affected the French.
 48
Essential ICSE History and
Civics for Clags §
2. With reference to the Batt
le of Plassey, explain the foll
(a) Why did Siraj-ud-daulah owing.
drive the English out of Calc
(b) What methods did Robert utta?
Clive use to isolate and defeat
3 In the context of the subjugation of Beng Sira j-ud-daulah?
(a) the sign
al, write about
ificance of the Battle of Plas
sey;
(b) the results of the Battle of
Buxar; and
(©) the system of dual governanc
e in Bengal and its effect.
4. Discuss the causes of the Ang
lo-Mysore wars. What was the
5. How did Lord Wellesley final outcome of these wars?
contribute to the establishmen
subsidiary alliance, the adv t of British supremacy in
antages it gave to the British India? Discuss the terms of
and its effects on the Indian his
6. What was Dalhousie’s met rulers who accepted it.
hod of annexation? Explain
with examples.,
[Link] in the blanks.
1. The British army in India
consisted mostly of Indian sold
iers called
2. Mughal ruler ...... Ppermitted
the English Fast India Compan
y to set up trade settlements
-+« formed the bulk of the Com pany’s troops, in India.
he Bnglish defeated the French in the batt
le fought at .. n 1760.
5. The fortified settlement of the
English East India Company
0. ... succeeded Siraj-ud-daulah at the site of Calcutta was call
ed .
as the Nawab of Bengal.
7. Governor ...... ended the
system of dual governmen
tin Bengal.
8. ... was the first state to accept the
subsidiary alliance.
9. The office of the peshwa
was abolished after the ......
War.
10. The governor-general at
the time of Punjab’s annexation
11. Awadh became the hotbed was
of the revolt of 1857 due to Dalh
ousie’s ...... of ...... .
D. Choose the correct option.
1. At which of the following
places did the British not have
(a) Surat a scttlement?
(c) Madras (b) Bombay
2. In 1764 the British establis (d) None of these
hed unquestionable authorit
(a) Battle of Plassey y over Bengal by winning the
(¢) Battle of Panipat (b) Battle of Buxar
3. The English Company got (d) Thir d Carnatic War
the diwani of Bengal throug
(a) Shah Alam It h a far man granted by
() Mir Qasim (b) Mir Jafar
4. Which of the foll (d) Shuja-ud-daulah
owing statements about the Four
(a) Tipu Sultan was defeated
th Mysore War is incorrect?
and killed, and his [amily was
(b) The Nizam helped Tipu. exiled.
(©) The British annexed parts
of Mysore and restored the rest
(d) The Nizam gota share of o the Wodeyar family.
the British conquests.
5. After the Anglo-Gurkha War, the Brit
ish gained
(a) territories around the Nar
mada
(c) the Garhwal and Kumaon (b) territories cast of the Satl
regions yj
(d) Kashmir
6. Lord Dalhousie annexed
Sikkim because its ruler
(a) had no son
(¢) ill-treated the Company’s (b) maladministered the state
servants (d) did not meet the Compan
y’s demands

. .
.
 Traders to Rulers 49

Imagine you are a newspaper reporter during the time the British established control over
Bengal. Write a report on how, by fair and foul means, Robert Clive and Warren Hastings
gradually established the Company’s supremacy there.
Look at the picture on page 42. Use the Internet and books to find out about Tipu Sultan’s
interest in science and technology. How did he apply this knowledge in his fight against the
British? Individually, collect more information about him and then discuss it in a group.

Captain James Cook became the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle in 1773.
An electric battery was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta in Rome.
Jane Austen published her novel Pride and Prejudice in London in the year 1813.
The Penny Black Stamp bearing Queen Victoria’s profile was the world’s first postage
stamp. It was issued in 1840 for official use in Britain.
The construction of Big Ben of London—one of the most popular landmarks in the United
Kingdom—was completed in 1859, and the bell chimed for the first time in the same year.
Also known as the Great Bell, the clock started on 31 May and the strikes were heard for the
first time on 11 July.