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Respondent Memorial - FL15

This document outlines a memorial on behalf of the respondent in a family law case between Simran and Raman. It contains a table of contents, list of abbreviations, index
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7st[]\GJG & []\GJG GJF G\BY IJ[VIV]VM CE OGX

JGVICJGO EGBIOY OGX BCCV KC]\V KCBTMVIVICJ

<4<4

Kivio [uit Jc. SSS/<479

[ibrgj…………………………...……………………………………Tmtiticjmr

v.

\gbgj…………………………...………………………………… \mspcjfmjt

Bcst rmspmkteuooy sulbittmf lmecrm

V`m @cjcrglom Fistrikt Kcurt

BMBC\IGO CJ V@M LM@GOE CE V@M \M[TCJFMJV

F\GXJ GJF EIOMF LY V@M KC]J[MO[ EC\ \M[TCJFMJV

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VGLOM CE KCJVMJV[

7. OI[V CE GLL\MUIGVICJ[………...………………………………………<

<. IJFMP CE G]V@C\IVIM[………………………………………………….6

;. [VGVMBMJV CE N]\I[FIKVICJ…………………………………………8

6. [VGVMBMJV CE EGKV[……………………………………………………0

=. I[[]M[ \GI[MF………………………………………………………………9

5. []BBG\Y CE G\H]BMJV[……………………………………………...74

8. G\H]BMJV[ GFUGJKMF…………………………………………………77

0. T\GYM\……………………………………………………………...………...<=

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OI[V CE GLL\MUIGVICJ[

Gllrmvigticjs Euoo Ecrb

& Gjf

GI\ Goo Ijfig \mpcrtmr

Goo Goog`glgf

Goo M.\. Goo Mjhogjf \mpcrtmr

Gjr. Gjct`mr

GT Gjf`rg Trgfms`

grt. Grtikom

Lcb Lcblgy

Kgo Kgokuttg

Fmo Fmo`i

F\N Fmo`i \mpcrtmf Ncurjgo

Mf. Mfiticj

@KK@ @ghum Kcjemrmjkm fm og @gym

@BG @ijfu Bgrrighm Gkt

@BHG @ijfu Bijcrity gjf Hugrfigjs`ip Gkt

Og` Og`crm

Bgf Bgfrgs

Crs. Ct`mrs

Tgrg. Tgrghrgp`

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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Tgt Tgtjg

Tujn Tujngl

\K\ \mstituticj ce Kcjnuhgo \ih`ts

s. [mkticj

[K [uprmbm Kcurt

[KK [uprmbm Kcurt Kgsms

[K\ [uprmbm Kcurt \mpcrts

]A ]jitmf Aijhfcb

][ ]jitmf [tgtms ce Gbmrikg

v. Umrsus

X.O.\. Xmmaoy Ogw \mpcrts

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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IJFMP CE G]V@C\IVIM[

KG[M[ KIVMF

[. Jc. KG[M[ KIVGVICJ

7 G. Ngygk`gjfrg v. Gjmmo Agur (<44=) < [KK <<.
< K`gitgoi Fmy v. Lgfgo Aubgr Fmy GI\ <44= N`gr 0;.
; K`gjfrgagog Bmjcj v. Uipij Bmjcj (799;) < [KK 5.
6 Fgstgjm v. Fgstgjm GI\ 798= [K 7=;6.
= F`gjwgjti Ncs`i v. Bgf`gv ]jfm (7990) 7 [KK 77<.
5 F`grgblir v. Liboms` Aubgri (790=) 0 F\N <5.
8 Fr. U. \gvik`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig (<449) 9 [KK 777.
0 Hcooijs v. Hcooijs (795<) ; Goo M\ 098.
9 @. (Ijegjts), Ij rm (7955) 7XO\ ;07 (K` &

KG).
74 Nghfis` Ogo v. [`ygbg Bgfgj GI\ 7955 Goo 7=4.
77 Nchijfrg Agur v. [`ivk`grgj [ijh` GI\ 795= N&A 9=.
7< Agoogj v. Agoogj GI\ 79;; Og` 8<0.
7; Agbms`wggr \gc v. Ngliooi GI\ <44< [K =85.
76 Ams`gvrgc v. Jis`g GI\ 7906 Lcb 67;.
7= Aijh v. Aijh (79=;) GK 7<6.
75 Bgkamjzim v. Bgkamjzim (709=) GK ;06.
78 Bgusgbi Bcitrg Hgjhuoi v. Ngygjt Hgjhuoi (<440) 8 [KK 58;.
70 BkAmm v. BkAmm (79=4) [K\ 844.
79 J. [rmmpgfgk`gr v. Ugsgjt`g Lgi GI\ 7984 Bys <;<.
<4 Jgvmmj Ac`oi v. Jmmou Ac`oi GI\ <445 [K 758=.
<7 Jirbgog Nghms`g v. Bgjc`gr Nghms`g GI\ 7997 Lcb <=9.
<< T.O [gygo v. [grog \gji GI\ 7957 Tujn 7<=.
<; Tgtmo F`grgbs`i Trmbni v. Lgi [gagr Agjni GI\ 7950 Hun 7=4.
<6 Trgfmmp Aubgr Agpccr v. [`giong Agpccr GI\ 7909 Fmo 74.
<= \gngj \gvgjagr v. [`cl`g GI\ 799= Lcb <65.
<5 \gji Lgi Umrbg v. K`gjfrgs`ma`gr Umrbg GI\ <477 K`` 9;.
<8 \uk`i Bgncc v. [gjnmmv Bgncc (<477) 5 [KK 689.
<0 \ussmoo v. \ussmoo (7098) GK ;9=.
<9 [`gommj Aglrg v. [`iwgji Aglrg (<47<) = [KK ;==.
;4 [`cl`g \gji v. Bgf`uagr \mffy (7990) 7 [KK 74=.
;7 [`ygbgo [gbgffgr v. [gbpg [gbgffgr GI\ <47< Kgo <<4.
;< [ubgj [ijh` v. [gjngy [ijh` (<478) 6 [KK 0=.
;; [uryg Ugfgjgj v. [tgtm ce Vgbio Jgfu gjf Crs (<47=) = [KK 6=4.
;6 [ygo v. [ygo GI\ 7950 T&@ 609.
;= Fr. U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig (<449) 9 [KK 777.
;5 Uibog Bm`rg v. A.[ Bm`rg (<449) 7=0 FOV 7;5.
;8 Uis`wgjgt` Ghgrwgo v. [grog Ghgrwgo GI\ <47< [K <=05.

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[VGV]VM[ \MEM\\MF

7. V`m @ijfu Bgrrighm Gkt, 79==.

<. V`m @ijfu Gfcpticj gjf Bgijtmjgjkm Gkt, 79=5.

;. V`m Egbioy Kcurts Gkt, 7906.

6. V`m Kcfm ce Kivio Trckmfurm, 7940.

=. V`m @ijfu Bijcrity gjf Hugrfigjs`ip Gkt, 79=5.

CJOIJM OMHGO FGVGLG[M[

7. Bgjupgtrg.

<. [KK Cjoijm.

;. Xmst Ogw

LCCA[ \MEM\\MF

7. K.A. Vgawgji, Kcfm ce Kivio Trckmfurm (Mgstmrj Lcca Kcbpgjy, 0t` mf.).

<. Fr. [gbiyg Vglgsub, @ijfu Ogw (<47= mf.).

;. Xmrjmr E. Bmjsai, @ijfu Ogw (<44; mf.).

6. [ir Fijs`gw Egrfujni Buoog, @ijfu Ogw (Omxis Jmxis, <<jf mf.).

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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=. Fr. Tgrgs Fiwgj, @ijfu Ogw (Goog`glgf Ogw Ghmjky, <479 mf.).

5. Fr. Tgrgs Fiwgj, Egbioy Ogw (Goog`glgf Ogw Ghmjky, <479 mf.).

7.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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[VGVMBMJV CE N]\I[FIKVICJ

V`m @cjcrglom Kcurt is vmstmf wit` t`m nurisfikticj tc `mgr t`m prmsmjt kgsm ujfmr s.8(7) ce

V`m Egbioy Kcurts Gkt, 7906.

[mkticj 8. ‟Nurisfikticj -

(7) [ulnmkt tc t`m ct`mr prcvisicjs ce t`is Gkt, g Egbioy Kcurt s`goo- -(7) [ulnmkt tc t`m

ct`mr prcvisicjs ce t`is Gkt, g Egbioy Kcurt s`goo-"

(g) `gvm gjf mxmrkism goo t`m nurisfikticj mxmrkisglom ly gjy fistrikt kcurt cr gjy

sulcrfijgtm kivio kcurt ujfmr gjy ogw ecr t`m tibm lmijh ij ecrkm ij rmspmkt ce suits gjf

prckmmfijhs ce t`m jgturm rmemrrmf tc ij t`m mxpogjgticj1 gjf

(l) lm fmmbmf, ecr t`m purpcsms ce mxmrkisijh suk` nurisfikticj ujfmr suk` ogw, tc lm g

fistrikt kcurt cr, gs t`m kgsm bgy lm, suk` sulcrfijgtm kivio kcurt ecr t`m grmg tc w`ik`

t`m nurisfikticj ce t`m Egbioy Kcurt mxtmjfs

Mxpogjgticj. -V`m suits gjf prckmmfijhs rmemrrmf tc ij t`is sul-s grm suits gjf

prckmmfijhs ce t`m ecoocwijh jgturm, jgbmoy> -

(g) g suit cr prckmmfijh lmtwmmj t`m pgrtims tc g bgrrighm ecr g fmkrmm ce juooity ce

bgrrighm (fmkogrijh t`m bgrrighm tc lm juoo gjf vcif cr, gs t`m kgsm bgy lm, gjjuooijh

t`m bgrrighm) cr \K\ cr nufikigo smpgrgticj cr fisscouticj ce bgrrighm1‒

]jfmr t`m gecrmsgif nurisfikticj, t`m Kcujsmos ecr t`m \mspcjfmjt `ubloy gpprcgk`ms t`m

@cjcrglom Kcurt tc rmspcjf tc t`m kgsm glcvm bmjticjmf.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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[VGVMBMJV CE EGKV[

Lgkahrcujf> \gbgj gjf [ibrgj, g @ijfu bgrrimf kcupom bcvm tc t`m ][G fum tc

\gbgj’s ncl. V`my `gvm t`mir eirst k`iof ij <474 w`c lmkgbm g ][ kitizmj ly lirt`.

Mkcjcbik Fmprmssicj> \gbgj’s kcbpgjy egkms ocssms fum tc w`ik` `m egkms strmss gjf `gs

ijkrmgsmf wcraocgf. @m mxprmssms `is erustrgticjs cj [ibrgj w`c fmgos wit` `ib kgoboy. @m

stgrts kcjsubijh gokc`co omgfijh tc s`cutijh mpiscfms lmtwmmj t`m twc. V`mrm is gj upturj

ij \gbgj’s ecrtujms w`mj `m hmts ][ kitizmjs`ip gjf hmts g prcbcticj gt wcra.

Lirt` ce [mkcjf K`iof> Ij <478, t`m kcupom `gvm gjct`mr fguh`tmr. \gbgj’s pgrmjts

kritikizmf t`m kcupom ecr jct `gvijh lcy w`ik` omgfs tc erikticj lmtwmmj t`m twc.

Fmgt` ce egt`mr-ij-ogw> \gbgj’s egt`mr-ij-ogw mxpirms ij Fmkmblmr <478 lut `m is ujglom

tc lm prmsmjt ecr t`m mjtirm kmrmbcjy gjf is cjoy glom tc s`cw up ecr g kcupom ce fgys.

Bmmtijh ce [ibrgj wit` [urgn> [ibrgj is visitmf ly `mr ecrbmr sk`ccobgtms. [`m

kcjjmktmf wit` cjm ce t`mb gjf stgrts fmpmjfijh cj `ib mbcticjgooy. Getmr s`m kgbm lgka

tc t`m ][, s`m stioo rmbgijmf ij tcuk` wit` [urgn gjf stgrtmf fistgjkijh `mrsmoe ercb \gbgj.

[`m stgrts ihjcrijh `mr rmspcjsilioitims tcwgrfs t`mir fguh`tmrs. Cjm fgy, \gbgj kgtk`ms

t`mb `gvijh gj ijtibgtm kcjvmrsgticj gjf lmkcbms glusivm gjf vicomjt wit` `mr ij t`m `mgt

ce t`m bcbmjt.

[ibrgj eomms tc Ijfig> [ibrgj hcms lgka tc Ijfig lm`ijf \gbgj’s lgka gjf tgams t`mir

ycujhmr fguh`tmr wit` `mr. [`m k`gjhms `mr jublmr tc prmvmjt \gbgj gjf `is egbioy ercb

kcjtgktijh `mr gjf t`mir ycujhmr fguh`tmr.

Bgttmr ij Kcurt> [ibrgj eioms ecr fivcrkm, bgijtmjgjkm gjf kustcfy ce t`mir fguh`tmrs.

\gbgj eioms g pmtiticj ecr \K\ ij rmpoy.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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[VGVMBMJV CE I[[]M[

I. X@MV@M\ V@M TMVIVICJM\ I[ MJVIVOMF EC\ FIUC\KM CJ

V@M H\C]JF CE K\]MOVY.

II. X@MV@M\ V@M TMVIVICJM\ I[ MJVIVOMF EC\

BGIJVMJGJKM GJF K][VCFY CE @M\ FG]H@VM\[.

III. X@MV@M\ V@M \M[TCJFMJV I[ MJVIVOMF EC\ G

FMK\MM CE \K\.

IU. X@MV@M\ V@M C\FM\ CE V@M ][ KC]\V TG[[MF IJ

EGUC]\ CE \M[TCJFMJV \MHG\FIJH V@M K][VCFY CE @I[
FG]H@VM\[ I[ MJEC\KMGLOM IJ IJFIG.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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74

[]BBG\Y CE G\H]BMJV[

7. V`gt t`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce Krumoty.

V`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce krumoty gs t`m rmspcjfmjt’s kcjfukt

fif jct gbcujt tc krumoty gjf t`m sgif kcjfukt is jct hrgvm gjf wmih`ty mjcuh` tc prcvifm

t`m pmtiticjmr g rmgscjglom mxkusm tc lm mjtitomf tc g fmkrmm ce fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce

fivcrkm.

<. V`gt t`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr Bgijtmjgjkm gjf Kustcfy ce `mr

fguh`tmrs.

V`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr Bgijtmjgjkm gs t`m Tmtiticjmr `gs g ncl w`ik` pgys `mr wmoo

mjcuh` tc sustgij `mrsmoe gjf t`m \mspcjfmjt `gs eiomf g pmtiticj ecr \K\ w`ik` s`cws `is

ijtmjticj tc stgy tchmt`mr gjf rgism t`mir k`iofrmj tchmt`mr. V`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc t`m

kustcfy ce t`mir fguh`tmrs gs t`my grm kitizmjs ce t`m ][ gjf t`m \mspcjfmjt is ij g lmttmr

eijgjkigo pcsiticj tc tgam kgrm ce t`mb gjf hivm t`mb g hccf oiemstyom.

;. V`gt t`m \mspcjfmjt is mjtitomf ecr g fmkrmm ce \K\.

V`m \mspcjfmjt is mjtitomf ecr g fmkrmm ce \K\ gs t`m kcjfukt is jct hrgvm gjf wmih`ty

mjcuh` tc prcvifm t`m pmtiticjmr wit` g rmgscjglom mxkusm tc lm mjtitomf tc g fmkrmm ce fivcrkm

cj t`m hrcujf ce fivcrkm.

6. V`gt t`m crfmr ce t`m ][ kcurt pgssmf ij egvcur ce \mspcjfmjt rmhgrfijh t`m

kustcfy ce `is fguh`tmr is mjecrkmglom ij Ijfig.

V`m crfmr ce t`m ][ Kcurt pgssmf ij egvcur ce \mspcjfmjt rmhgrfijh t`m kustcfy ce `is

fguh`tmr is mjecrkmglom ij Ijfig gs t`m sgif crfmr `gs tc lm hivmj its fum wmih`t gjf

kcjsifmrgticj gs t`m ijtmrmsts ce t`m k`iof ogy ij t`m jgtivm kcujtry ce t`m k`iofrmj.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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77

G\H]BMJV[ GFUGJKMF

7) V@GV V@M TMVIVICJM\ I[ JCV MJVIVOMF EC\ FIUC\KM CJ V@M

H\C]JF CE K\]MOVY.

It is `ubloy sulbittmf lmecrm t`m @cj’lom Kcurt t`gt t`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr fivcrkm

cj t`m hrcujf ce krumoty ujfmr s. 7;(7)(ig) ce t`m @BG, 79==.

g) Gppoikglioity>-

Gkkcrfijh tc s. <(7)(g) ce t`m @BG, 79==, t`m Gkt is gppoikglom tc gjy pmrscj w`c is g @ijfu

ly rmoihicj. Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, lct` t`m pgrtims grm @ijfus ly rmoihicj gjf grm bgrrimf ujfmr

@ijfu ritms.

l) Fivcrkm>-

Ij t`m kgsm ce G. Ngygk`gjfrg v. Gjmmo Agur,7 t`m @cj’lom [uprmbm Kcurt clsmrvmf t`gt>

‟V`m mxprmssicj ‐krumoty’ `gs jct lmmj fmeijmf ij t`m Gkt. Krumoty kgj lm p`ysikgo gjf

bmjtgo. Krumoty w`ik` is g hrcujf ecr fisscouticj bgy lm fmeijmf gs wioeuo gjf

ujnustieiglom kcjfukt ce suk` k`grgktmr gs tc kgusm fgjhmr tc oiem, oibl cr `mgot`,

lcfioy cr bmjtgo, cr gs tc hivm rism tc g rmgscjglom gpprm`mjsicj ce suk` g fgjhmr.‒

Ij g kgtmjg ce kgsms, kmrtgij pgrgbmtmrs `gvm lmmj ogif fcwj ly t`m kcurt ecr fmkifijh t`m

hrgjtijh ce fivcrkm tc t`m pmtiticjmr.<

7
G. Ngygk`gjfrg v. Gjmmo Agur, (<44=) < [KK <<.

<
Fgstgjm v. Fgstgjm, GI\ 798= [K 7=;61 Jirbgog Nghms`g v. Bgjc`gr Nghms`g, GI\ 7997 Lcb <=91 \ussmoo v.

\ussmoo, (7098) GK ;9=1 Agoogj v. Agoogj, GI\ 79;; Og` 8<0.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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7<

Ij t`m kgsm ce Ams`gvrgc v. Jis`g,; t`m Kcurt `mof t`gt krumoty ujfmr t`m sgif smkticj is g

kcjfukt ce suk` typm t`gt t`m pmtiticjmr kgjjct lm rmgscjgloy mxpmktmf tc oivm wit` t`m

rmspcjfmjt. Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m kcjfukt ce t`m rmspcjfmjt is jct ce suk` jgturm t`gt t`m

pmtiticjmr kgjjct oivm wit` t`m rmspcjfmjt.

V`m [uprmbm Kcurt ij t`m kgsm ce [ubgj [ijh` v. [gjngy [ijh`,6 `mof t`gt>

‟Ij t`m eirst pogkm, jc fmkrmm ecr fivcrkm cj cjm iscogtmf ijkifmjt kgj lm pgssmf.

[mkcjfoy, t`mrm kcuof lm byrigf rmgscjs ecr kgusijh suk` iscogtmf ijkifmjt. … Lct`

s`cuof, t`mrmecrm, hivm quitm lurigo tc t`mir pgst fmmfs/gkts gjf littmr mxpmrimjkms gjf

stgrt oivijh tchmt`mr gjf smm t`gt t`mir fguh`tmrs grm wmoo smttomf ij t`mir rmspmktivm

oivms… Gosc, suk` goomhmf gkts ce krumoty s`cuof `gvm ckkurrmf kocsm tc t`m fgtm ce

eioijh t`m fivcrkm suit, t`m kcurt sgif ij g rmkmjt crfmr.‒

Ij Fgstgjm v. Fgstgjm,= t`m [uprmbm Kcurt `mof t`gt>

‟...ijquiry ij gjy kgsm kcvmrmf ly t`m prcvisicjs ce t`m Gkt `gf tc lm, w`mt`mr t`m kcjfukt

k`grhmf gs krumoty is ce suk` g k`grgktmr gs tc kgusm ij t`m bijf ce t`m pmtiticjmr g

rmgscjglom gpprm`mjsicj t`gt it wioo lm `grbeuo cr ijnuricus ecr t`m pmtiticjmr tc oivm wit` t`m

rmspcjfmjt. [pcusms grm ujfcultmfoy suppcsmf gjf mxpmktmf tc kcjfukt t`mir ncijt vmjturm gs

lmst gs t`my bih`t, lut it is jc eujkticj ce g kcurt ijquirijh ijtc g k`grhm ce krumoty tc

p`iocscp`ism cj t`m bcfgoitims ce bgrrimf oiem. [cbmcjm bgy wgjt tc ammp ogtm `curs tc eijis`

t`m fgy’s wcra gjf scbmcjm bgy wgjt tc hmt up mgroy ecr g bcrjijh rcujf ce hcoe. V`m Kcurt

kgjjct gppoy tc t`m `glits cr `cllims ce t`msm t`m tmst w`mt`mr g rmgscjglom bgj situgtmf

;
Ams`gvrgc v. Jis`g, GI\ 7906 Lcb 67;.

6
[ubgj [ijh` v. [gjngy [ijh`, (<478) 6 [KK 0=.

=
Fgstgjm v. Fgstgjm, GI\ 798= [K 7=;6.

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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7;

sibiogroy wioo lm`gvm ij g sibiogr egs`icj. Ecr gj gkt tc gbcujt tc krumoty, t`m gkts bust lm ce

g bcrm smricus jgturm t`gj bmrm wmgr gjf tmgr ce bgrrimf oiem.‒5

V`mrm kgj jmvmr lm gjy strgit-ngkamt ecrbuog cr eixmf pgrgbmtmrs ecr fmtmrbijijh bmjtgo

krumoty ij bgtribcjigo bgttmrs. V`m prufmjt gjf gpprcprigtm wgy tc gfnufikgtm t`m kgsm wcuof

lm tc mvgougtm it cj its pmkuoigr egkts gjf kirkubstgjkms w`iom tgaijh gecrmbmjticjmf egktcrs

ij kcjsifmrgticj.8

Ij t`m kgsm ce Jgvmmj Ac`oi v. Jmmou Ac`oi,0 it wgs `mof ly t`m [K t`gt krumoty ij egkt bust

clvicusoy fmpmjf cj t`m pgrtikuogr kirkubstgjkms ce g kgsm. V`m pgssijh ce g fmkrmm cj t`is

hrcujf rmquirms t`m bgtribcjigo ceemjkm tc lm mstglois`mf sc tc kcjkoufm t`gt krumoty `gs

rmsuotmf ijtc g situgticj w`mrm t`m spcusms kgj jc ocjhmr oivm tchmt`mr.

V`m kcjfukt goomhmf bust lm gfnufhmf up tc g pcijt ly rmemrmjkm tc t`m pmtiticjmr’s kgpgkity

cr ijkgpgkity ecr mjfurgjkm, ijscegr gs t`gt is cr cuh`t tc lm ajcwj tc t`m rmspcjfmjt. 9 It is

gosc jmkmssgry tc wmih` goo t`m ijkifmjts gjf qugrrmos lmtwmmj t`m pgrtims, ammpijh ij vimw t`m

ibpgkt ce t`m pmrscjgoity gjf t`m kcjfukt ce cjm spcusm cj t`m bijf ce t`m ct`mr. 74

Iscogtmf gkts ce gssguots kcbbittmf cj t`m spur ce t`m bcbmjt gjf cj scbm rmgo cr egjkimf

prcvckgticj fcms jct gbcujt tc krumo trmgtbmjt. 77 V`is kgj lm cjoy fmtmrbijmf ly ammpijh ij

vimw t`m p`ysikgo gjf bmjtgo kcjfiticj ce t`m pgrtims, t`mir ghm, mjvircjbmjt, stgjfgrf ce

kuoturm gjf stgtus ij oiem. 7<

5
K`gitgoi Fmy v. Lgfgo Aubgr Fmy, GI\ <44= N`gr 0;1 [ir Fijs`gw Egrfujni Buoog, @ijfu Ogw, 9<7, 9<< (<< jf

Mf., <475).

8
Uibog Bm`rg v. A.[ Bm`rg, (<449) 7=0 FOV 7;5.

0
Jgvmmj Ac`oi v. Jmmou Ac`oi, GI\ <445 [K 758=.

9
Bgkamjzim v. Bgkamjzim, (709=) GK ;06, p.64=1 Hcooijs v. Hcooijs, (795<) ; Goo M\ 098.

74
Aijh v. Aijh, (79=;) GK 7<6, p. 7;41 J. [rmmpgfgk`gr v. Ugsgjt`g Lgi, GI\ 7984 Bys <;<1 T.O [gygo v.

[grog \gji, GI\ 7957 Tujn 7<=.

77
[ir Fijs`gw Egrfujni Buoog, @ijfu Ogw, 975 (<< jf Mf., <475).

7<
Agbms`wggr \gc v. Ngliooi, GI\ <44< [K =851 Uis`wgjgt` Ghgrwgo v. [grog Ghgrwgo, GI\ <47< [K <=05.

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76

Ij t`m kgsm ce \gji Lgi Umrbg v. K`gjfrgs`ma`gr Umrbg,7; t`m Kcurt ecoocwijh t`m prijkipom

ogif fcwj ij t`m kgsm ce [`cl`g \gji v. Bgf`uagr \mffy 76 sgif t`gt tc kcjstitutm krumoty t`m

kcjfukt kcbpogijmf ce s`cuof lm ‐hrgvm gjf wmih`ty’ sc gs tc kcbm tc t`m kcjkousicj t`gt t`m

pmtiticjmr spcusm kgjjct lm rmgscjgloy mxpmktmf tc oivm wit` t`m ct`mr spcusm. It bust lm

scbmt`ijh bcrm smricus t`gj ‐crfijgry wmgr gjf tmgr ce bgrrimf oiem’.

Ie t`m kcjfukt wmrm suk` t`gt it wcuof gbcujt tc krumoty cjoy ie ghhrgvgtmf ly ijtmjticj tc

`urt, t`m spcusm w`c kcuof jct ecrb suk` gj ijtmjticj wcuof jct lm `mof tc `gvm trmgtmf t`m

ct`mr spcusm wit` krumoty. 7= Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`mrm wgs jc suk` ijtmjticj cj pgrt ce t`m

rmspcjfmjt gs bmjticjmf glcvm.

Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m wcraocgf cj t`m rmspcjfmjt omf tc eih`ts gjf strmss lmtwmmj t`m

kcupom. V`m rmspcjfmjt tcca tc mxprmssijh `is erustrgticjs vckgooy gt `is pgrtjmr gjf cjkm it

mskgogtmf tc g p`ysikgo gssguot cj t`m pmtiticjmr. 75 V`m ijkrmgsijh ujkmrtgijty ij t`m ncl bgramt

`gf gj gfvmrsm meemkt cvmr goo egbioims gjf t`is wgs jc fieemrmjt.78 V`m rmspcjfmjt jmmfmf tc

eckus cj fcijh wmoo gjf `cofijh fcwj `is mxistijh ncl ij crfmr tc bgijtgij t`mir eijgjkigo

stgtus gjf hivm `is wiem gjf k`iofrmj g hccf oiemstyom gjf stgjfgrf ce oivijh. V`m gkkubuogtmf

strmss ercb `is wcrapogkm omf tc `ib stgrtijh tc kcjsubm gokc`co w`ik` ij turj omf tc ocuf

s`cutijh mpiscfms lmtwmmj t`m pmtiticjmr gjf t`m rmspcjfmjt.70

V`m pmtiticjmr kcjtijumf oivijh wit` t`m rmspcjfmjt fmspitm t`m cvmrlurfmjmf wcra oiem ce t`m

rmspcjfmjt.79 V`m pmtiticjmr wgs wmoo gwgrm t`gt t`m rmspcjfmjt wgs t`m scom lrmgfwijjmr ij
7;
\gji Lgi Umrbg v. K`gjfrgs`ma`gr Umrbg, GI\ <477 K`` 9;.

76
[`cl`g \gji v. Bgf`uagr \mffy, (7990) 7 [KK 74=.

7=
[ir Fijs`gw Egrfujni Buoog, @ijfu Ogw, 9;; (<< jf Mf., <475).

75
Tgrg 7;, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

78
Tgrg 7<, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

70
[uprg jctm 75.

79
Tgrg 76, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

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7=

t`m egbioy<4 gjf t`m ecrbmr wgs ij jc pcsiticj tc logbm t`m rmspcjfmjt ecr jct lmijh wit` `mr

goo t`m tibm. Ogtmr, w`mj t`m rmspcjfmjt cvmr`mgrf t`m pmtiticjmr `gvijh gj ijtibgtm

kcjvmrsgticj wit` g strgjhmr<7, `m kgjjct lm logbmf ecr gktijh cj t`m `mgt ce t`m bcbmjt gjf

lmkcbijh glusivm gjf vicomjt wit` t`m pmtiticjmr gt t`gt pcijt ce tibm.

V`msm gkts ce t`m rmspcjfmjt fc jct gbcujt tc g kcjfukt w`mrm t`m pmtiticjmr kgjjct lm

rmgscjgloy mxpmktmf tc oivm wit` t`m rmspcjfmjt gs jcjm ce t`msm gkts wcuof gbcujt tc suk`

kcjfukt t`gt wcuof kgusm fgjhmr tc oiem, oibl cr `mgot`, lcfioy cr bmjtgo, cr gs tc hivm rism tc

g rmgscjglom gpprm`mjsicj ce suk` g fgjhmr.

V`mrmecrm, ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m rmspcjfmjt kgjjct lm sgif tc `gvm trmgtmf t`m pmtiticjmr

wit` suk` kcjfukt gs tc gbcujt tc krumoty ecr t`m purpcsm ce t`m @BG, 79== gjf t`m

pmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce krumoty.

@mjkm, cj t`m lgsis ce t`m glcvm rgismf grhubmjts gjf nufhmbmjts kitmf t`m pmtiticjmr is jct

mjtitomf ecr fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce krumoty ujfmr [ 7; ce t`m @BG, 79==.

<) V@GV V@M TMVIVICJM\ I[ JCV MJVIVOMF EC\ BGIJVMJGJKM GJF

K][VCFY CE @M\ FG]H@VM\[.

It is `ubloy sulbittmf t`gt t`m Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr Bgijtmjgjkm ercb t`m \mspcjfmjt

gjf t`m Kustcfy ce t`mir fguh`tmrs.

g) Bgijtmjgjkm>-

It is `ubloy sulbittmf t`gt t`m pmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc bgijtmjgjkm ercb t`m rmspcjfmjt

ujfmr s. <= ce t`m @BG, 79==.

<4
Tgrg 74, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

<7
Tgrg <=, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

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75

V`m prmsmjt pmtiticj is eiomf ujfmr s. <=(7) ce t`m @BG, 79==.

Gkkcrfijh tc s. 70(<) ce @ijfu Gfcpticjs gjf Bgijtmjgjkm Gkt, 79=5>

‟ Bgijtmjgjkm ce wiem. ‖

(<) G @ijfu wiem s`goo lm mjtitomf tc oivm smpgrgtmoy ercb `mr `uslgjf wit`cut ecremitijh `mr

kogib tc bgijtmjgjkm. ‖

(l) ie `m `gs trmgtmf `mr wit` suk` krumoty gs tc kgusm g rmgscjglom gpprm`mjsicj ij `mr bijf

t`gt it wioo lm `grbeuo cr ijnuricus tc oivm wit` `mr `uslgjf1‒<<

Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m pmtiticjmr is mjhghmf g ncl w`ik` is mjcuh` tc sustgij t`m survivgo ce

t`m pmtiticjmr gjf t`mir fguh`tmr.<; Gosc, t`m pmtiticjmr is mjhghmf ij omisurm gjf sckigo

mjhghmbmjts.<6

Ij F`grgblir v. Liboms` Aubgri,<= t`m Kcurt fmjimf rmoime tc t`m gppmoogjt gjf t`m scom

rmgscj wgs t`gt t`m gppmoogjt egiomf tc prcvm t`gt t`m rmspcjfmjt `gf g ncl gjf sueeikimjt

ijkcbm tc sustgij `mrsmoe getmr g fmkrmm ce fivcrkm wgs hrgjtmf. Lut, ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m

pmtiticjmr `gs sueeikimjt ijkcbm tc sustgij `mrsmoe gocjh wit` `mr fguh`tmr gjf gosc, s`m is

mjhghmf ij omisurm gjf sckigo mjhghmbmjts V`mrmecrm, t`m pmtiticjmr, ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, `gs

sueeikimjt bmgjs tc sustgij `mrsmoe gjf t`us, s`m is jct mjtitomf tc bgijtmjgjkm ercb t`m

rmspcjfmjt ujfmr s. <= ce t`m @BG, 79==.

Ij Trgfmmp Aubgr Agpccr v. [`giong Agpccr,<5 it wgs `mof t`gt w`iom eixijh pmrbgjmjt

goibcjy gjf bgijtmjgjkm ujfmr s. <= ce t`m Gkt, t`m kcurt is mxpmktmf tc bgam fmtgiomf

ijquiry gjf `gs tc tgam ijtc gkkcujt jct cjoy t`m ijkcbm lut ct`mr prcpmrtims ce t`m pgrtims,

<<
s. 70, @ijfu Gfcpticjs gjf Bgijtmjgjkm Gkt, 79=5, Jc.80 ce 79=5, Gkts ce Tgroigbmjt (Ijfig).

<;
Tgrg <5, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

<6
Tgrg ;4, Bcct Trcpcsiticj.

<=
F`grgblir v. Liboms` Aubgri, (790=) 0 F\N <5.

<5
Trgfmmp Aubgr Agpccr v. [`giong Agpccr, (7900) 7= F\N ;8=> GI\ 7909 Fmo 74.

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78

t`mir kcjfukt gjf ct`mr kirkubstgjkms ce t`m kgsm t`gt t`m kcurt bih`t kcjsifmr rmomvgjt. Ij

t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m pmtiticjmr `gs gpprcprigtm qugoieikgticjs gjf g ncl w`ik` pgys `mr

sueeikimjtoy ij crfmr tc bgijtgij `mrsmoe.

Bcrmcvmr, ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m rmspcjfmjt `gs eiomf g pmtiticj ecr \K\ ujfmr s. 9 ce t`m

@BG, 79== gjf wgjts tc kcjtijum t`mir bgrrighm gjf rgism t`mir k`iofrmj tchmt`mr.

@mjkm, t`m pmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc bgijtmjgjkm ercb t`m rmspcjfmjt ujfmr s. <= ce t`m

@BG, 79==.

l) Kustcfy>-

It is `ubloy sulbittmf t`gt t`m pmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc kustcfy ce t`mir k`iofrmj ujfmr t`m

@BHG, 79=5.

i) Gppoikglioity>-

Gkkcrfijh tc s. ;(7)(g) ce t`m @BHG, 79=5, t`m Gkt is gppoikglom tc gjy pmrscj w`c is g

@ijfu ly rmoihicj. Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, lct` t`m pgrtims grm @ijfus ly rmoihicj gjf grm bgrrimf

ujfmr @ijfu ritms.

Gkkcrfijh tc s. 5(g) ce t`m @BHG, 79=5, t`m bct`mr is g jgturgo hugrfigj ce g @ijfu bijcr.

Gkkcrfijh tc s.7; ce t`m @BHG, 79=5, t`m wmoegrm ce t`m k`iof is ce pgrgbcujt

kcjsifmrgticj.

Ij g bgritgo tim, smpgrgticj ce t`m spcusms kcuof `gvm g fisgstrcus meemkt cj k`iofrmj gjf t`gt is

w`y ij g bgtribcjigo fisputm ce kustcfy ce k`iofrmj, t`m pgrgbcujt kcjsifmrgticj is t`gt ce

t`m wmoegrm ce t`m k`iof. <8 Ij gjct`mr kgsm t`m Kcurt `gs `mof t`gt wmoegrm ce t`m k`iof bgy

`gvm g pribgky mvmj cvmr stgtutcry prcvisicjs.<0

Ij t`m kgsm ce Fijs`gw v. Fijs`gw,<9 it wgs `mof ly t`m [K t`gt>

<8
[`gommj Aglrg v. [`iwgji Aglrg, (<47<) = [KK ;==.

<0
Bgusgbi Bcitrg Hgjhuoi v. Ngygjt Hgjhuoi, (<440) 8 [KK 58;.

<9
Brs Moizglmt` Fijs`gw v. Grvgjf B. Fijs`gw, 7908 [K\ (7) 78=.

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70

‟t`m k`iof `gs jct tgamj rcct ij t`is kcujtry gjf `m is stioo gkkustcbmf gjf gkkoibgtizmf

tc t`m kcjfiticjs gjf mjvircjbmjts cltgijijh ij t`m pogkm ce `is crihij ij t`m ]jitmf

[tgtms ce Gbmrikg.

V`m kcurt bgy kcjkoufm t`gt t`m k`iof s`cuof lm rmturjmf tc `is cr `mr jgtivm kcujtry

cr t`m nurisfikticj ercb w`ik` `m cr s`m `gs lmmj rmbcvmf.‒;4

Ij t`m kgsm ce Fr. U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig,;7 it wgs `mof ly t`m [K t`gt>

‟It wcuof lm lmttmr ecr t`m k`iof t`gt t`csm bmrits s`cuof lm ijvmstihgtmf ij g kcurt ij

`is jgtivm kcujtry. …Gjycjm w`c `gs `gf mxpmrimjkm ce t`m mxmrkism ce t`is fmoikgtm

nurisfikticj ajcws w`gt kcbpoikgticjs kgj rmsuot ercb g k`iof fmvmocpijh rccts ij jmw

scio, gjf w`gt kcjeoikts t`is kgj ckkgsicj ij t`m k`iof’s cwj oiem. [uk` rccts kgj hrcw

rgpifoy. Gj crfmr t`gt t`m k`iof s`cuof lm rmturjmf ecrt`wit` tc t`m kcujtry ercb w`ik`

`m `gs lmmj rmbcvmf ij t`m mxpmktgticj t`gt gjy fisputm glcut `is kustcfy wioo lm

sgtisegktcrioy rmscovmf ij t`m kcurts ce t`gt kcujtry bgy wmoo lm rmhgrfmf gs lmijh ij

t`m lmst ijtmrmsts ce t`m k`iof…ie t`m k`iof hmts fivcrkmf ercb t`m sckigo kustcbs gjf

kcjtgkts tc w`ik` `m `gs lmmj gkkustcbmf, cr ie its mfukgticj ij `is jgtivm ogjf is

ijtmrruptmf gjf t`m k`iof is lmijh sulnmktmf tc g ecrmihj systmb ce mfukgticj, ecr t`msm

grm goo gkts w`ik` kcuof psyk`cochikgooy fisturl t`m k`iof‒.

Ij g kgtmjg ce kgsms, g sibiogr prijkipom `gs lmmj up`mof ly t`m kcurts. ;<

;4
BkAmm v. BkAmm, (79=4) [K\ 844.

;7
Fr. U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig, (<449) 9 [KK 777.

;<
\uk`i Bgncc v. [gjnmmv Bgncc, (<477) 5 [KK 6891 K`gjfrgagog Bmjcj v. Uipij Bmjcj, (799;) < [KK 51

[uryg Ugfgjgj v. [tgtm ce Vgbio Jgfu gjf Crs, (<47=) = [KK 6=41 F`gjwgjti Ncs`i v. Bgf`gv ]jfm, (7990) 7

[KK 77<.

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79

X`mjmvmr g qumsticj grisms lmecrm Kcurt pmrtgijijh tc t`m kustcfy ce g bijcr k`iof, t`m

bgttmr is tc lm fmkifmf jct cj kcjsifmrgticjs ce t`m omhgo rih`ts ce t`m pgrtims lut cj t`m scom

gjf prmfcbijgjt kritmricj ce w`gt wcuof lmst smrvm t`m ijtmrmst gjf wmoegrm ce t`m bijcr. ;;

@mjkm, t`m pmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf tc kustcfy ce t`mir k`iofrmj ujfmr t`m @BHG, 79=5.

;;
@. (Ijegjts) Ij rm, (7955) 7 XO\ ;07 (K` & KG).

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<4

;) V@GV V@M \M[TCJFMJV I[ MJVIVOMF EC\ G FMK\MM CE \K\.

It is `ubloy sulbittmf lmecrm t`m @cj’lom Kcurt t`gt t`m \mspcjfmjt is mjtitomf ecr g fmkrmm

ce \K\ ujfmr s. 9 ce t`m @BG, 79==.

V`m pmtiticj is bgijtgijglom ujfmr s. 8 ce t`m Egbioy Kcurts Gkt, 7906. Gkkcrfijh tc s. 8(7)

ce V`m Egbioy Kcurts Gkt, 7906> -

‟Nurisfikticj>-

(7) [ulnmkt tc t`m ct`mr prcvisicjs ce t`is Gkt, g Egbioy Kcurt s`goo-

…Mxpogjgticj.-V`m suits gjf prckmmfijhs rmemrrmf tc ij t`is sul-s grm suits gjf

prckmmfijhs ce t`m ecoocwijh jgturm, jgbmoy>-

(g) g suit cr prckmmfijh lmtwmmj t`m pgrtims tc g bgrrighm ecr g fmkrmm ce juooity ce

bgrrighm (fmkogrijh t`m bgrrighm tc lm juoo gjf vcif cr, gs t`m kgsm bgy lm, gjjuooijh

t`m bgrrighm) cr \K\ cr nufikigo smpgrgticj cr fisscouticj ce bgrrighm1…‒;6

Gkkcrfijh tc t`m s. 9 ce t`m @BG, 79==, w`mj mit`mr t`m `uslgjf cr t`m wiem `gs, wit`cut

rmgscjglom mxkusm, wit`frgwj ercb t`m sckimty ce t`m ct`mr, t`m ghhrimvmf pgrty bgy gppoy,

ly wgy ce pmtiticj tc t`m fistrikt kcurt ecr t`m fmkrmm ce \K\.;=

V`m kcurt `gs `mof ij vgricus kgsms t`gt t`m ecoocwijh situgticjs wioo gbcujt tc g rmgscjglom

mxkusm tc gkt gs g fmemjkm ij t`is grmg>

7. G hrcujf ecr rmoime ij gjy bgtribcjigo kgusm, cr

<. G bgtribcjigo biskcjfukt jct gbcujtijh tc g hrcujf ce g bgtribcjigo kgusm, ie

sueeikimjtoy wmih`ty gjf hrgvm, cr

;6
s.8, Egbioy Kcurts Gkt, 7906, Jc. 55 ce 7906, Gkts ce Tgroigbmjt, 799< (Ijfig).

;=
s.9, @ijfu Bgrrighm Gkt,79==.

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<7

;. [uk` gj gkt, cbissicj cr kcjfukt w`ik` bgams it ibpcssilom ecr t`m pmtiticjmr tc oivm

wit` t`m rmspcjfmjt.;5

Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m pmtiticjmr `gs wit`frgwj ercb t`m sckimty ce t`m rmspcjfmjt wit`cut

gjy rmgscjglom hrcujf gs t`m pmtiticjmr wit`frmw ercb t`m sckimty ce t`m rmspcjfmjt wit` g

hrcujf w`ik` is jmit`mr g hrcujf ecr rmoime ij gjy bgtribcjigo kgusm, jcr fcms it kcjtgijs gjy

bgtribcjigo biskcjfukt jct gbcujtijh tc g hrcujf ce g bgtribcjigo kgusm, ie sueeikimjtoy

wmih`ty gjf hrgvm, jcr fcms it kcjstitutm suk` gj gkt, cbissicj cr kcjfukt w`ik` bgams it

ibpcssilom ecr t`m pmtiticjmr tc oivm wit` t`m rmspcjfmjt.

Ij t`m kgsm ce Nghfis` Ogo v. [`ygbg Bgfgj,;8 t`m Kcurt `mof t`gt w`gt wcuof lm rmgscjglom

mxkusm kgjjct lm rmfukmf tc ecrbuogm gjf wcuof vgry wit` tibm gjf kirkubstgjkms gjf wioo

`gvm tc lm fmtmrbijmf ly t`m kcurt ij mgk` ijfivifugo kgsm ij t`m oih`t ce emgturms pmkuoigr tc

it. Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m pmtiticjmr `gf jc rmgscjglom mxkusm tc wit`frgw ercb t`m sckimty ce

t`m rmspcjfmjt, gs stgtmf glcvm.

Ij t`m kgsm ce Tgtmo F`grgbs`i Trmbni v. Lgi [gagr Agjni,;0 t`m wiem egiomf tc mstglois`

krumoty gjf g fmkrmm ecr \K\ wgs pgssmf ly t`m @ih` Kcurt.

V`m pmrscj w`c eioms g pmtiticj ecr \K\ bust `gvm g lcjg eifm fmsirm tc rmsubm bgtribcjigo

kc`glitgticj gjf tc rmjfmr t`m rih`ts gjf futims ce bgtribcjigo oiem. V`m pmrscj w`c `gs eiomf

g pmtiticj ecr \K\ is smricus ij t`is smjsm kgj smma t`m rmoime. ;9 Ij t`m prmsmjt kgsm, t`m

\mspcjfmjt wgjts tc stgy bgrrimf wit` t`m Tmtiticjmr gjf rgism t`mir k`iofrmj tchmt`mr.

;5
Tgouka [`grbg, \mstituticj ce Kcjnuhgo \ih`t> G Kcbpgrgtivm [tufy Gbcjh Ijfigj Tmrscjgo Ogws, Ijfigj

Jgticjgo Lgr Gssckigticj, gvgioglom gt> `ttps>//www.ijfigjlgrgssckigticj.crh/rmstituticj-ce-kcjnuhgo-rih`t-g-

kcbpgrgtivm-stufy-gbcjh-ijfigj-pmrscjgo-ogws/, visitmf cj <=/7</79, 9>44 TB.

;8
Nghfis` Ogo v. [`ygbg Bgfgj, GI\ 7955 Goo 7=4.

;0
Tgtmo F`grgbs`i Trmbni v. Lgi [gagr Agjni, GI\ 7950 Hun 7=4.

;9
[ygo v. [ygo, GI\ 7950 T&@ 6091 Nchijfrg Agur v. [`ivk`grgj [ijh`, GI\ 795= N&A 9=1 [`ygbgo [gbgffgr

v. [gbpg [gbgffgr, GI\ <47< Kgo <<4.

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@mjkm, t`m rmspcjfmjt is mjtitomf ecr g fmkrmm ce \K\ ujfmr s. 9 ce t`m @BG, 79==.

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6) V@GV V@M C\FM\ CE V@M ][ KC]\V TG[[MF IJ EGUC]\ CE

\M[TCJFMJV \MHG\FIJH V@M K][VCFY CE @I[ FG]H@VM\ I[

MJEC\KMGLOM IJ IJFIG.

It is `ubloy sulbittmf lmecrm t`m @cj’lom Kcurt t`gt crfmr ce t`m ][ kcurt pgssmf ij egvcur

ce rmspcjfmjt rmhgrfijh t`m kustcfy ce `is fguh`tmr is mjecrkmglom ij Ijfig.

V`m pmtiticjmr wit`cut t`m kcjsmjt ce t`m rmspcjfmjt `gs rmbcvmf t`m ycujhmr fguh`tmr ercb

t`m sckimty ce `mr egt`mr gjf `mr mofmr sistmr, t`m ogttmr w`csm `mgot` gjf gkgfmbiks `gvm

stgrtmf tc sueemr gs s`m bissms `mr sistmr. V`m pmtiticjmr `gs tgamj g pmrjikicus stmp gjf t`gt

`gs lmmj t`m kgusm ce `urt tc t`m egt`mr gjf t`mir mofmr fguh`tmr. Ecr t`m wmoegrm ce t`m

k`iofrmj it is kcjtmstmf t`gt t`m ycujhmr fguh`tmr bust rmturj tc `mr jgturgo mjvircjbmjt, i.m.

Jmw Ycra. V`m omgfijh kgsm cj t`is is Bkamm v.Bkamm,64 w`mrm t`m [uprmbm Kcurt ce Kgjgfg

`mof t`gt t`m nufhbmjt pgssmf ly g ][ Kcurt rmhgrfijh t`m kustcfy ce k`iof rmbcvmf ercb its

jgtivm kcujtry `gs tc lm hivmj fum wmih`t ij t`m kirkubstgjkms ce t`m kgsms gs t`m wmoegrm gjf

`gppijmss ce t`m k`iof wgs ce pgrgbcujt kcjsifmrgticj.

Ij t`m kgsm ce Fr. U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v.]jicj ce Ijfig, it wgs `mof t`gt>

‟Bmrmoy lmkgusm t`m k`iof `gs lmmj lrcuh`t tc Ijfig, t`m kustcfy issum kcjkmrjijh t`m

bijcr k`iof fcms jct fmsmrvm tc lm hcjm ijtc ly t`m kcurts ij Ijfig gjf it wcuof lm ij

gkkcrf wit` t`m prijkipom ce kcbity gs wmoo gs cj t`m egkts, tc rmturj t`m k`iof lgka tc

][G ercb w`mrm `m `gs lmmj rmbcvmf, gjf mjglom t`m pgrtims tc mstglois` t`mir kgsm

lmecrm t`m kcurts ij t`m jgtivm stgtm ce k`iof i.m. ][G, ecr bcfieikgticj ce mxistijh

kustcfy crfmrs ly t`m kcurt‒. 67

64
Bkamm v. Bkamm, (79=7) 7 Goo M\ 96< (TK).

67
Fr. U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig, (<474) 7 [KK 786.

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Ij @. (Ijegjts), Ij rm 6< t`m Kcurt ce Gppmgo, geeirbmf t`m vimw ce t`m trigo nufhm w`c `gf `mof

t`gt t`m nustikm ce t`m kgsm rmquirmf t`m k`iofrmj tc lm rmturjmf wit`cut fmogy tc t`m

nurisfikticj ce Jmw Ycra Kcurt. V`m nufhms `mof t`gt t`m prcpmr crfmr wgs tc smjf t`m twc

lcys lgka tc t`m [tgtm ce Jmw Ycra, w`mrm t`my lmocjh, mspmkigooy gs t`my `gf lmmj ampt ij

eoghrgjt kcjtmbpt ce t`m Jmw Ycra Kcurt’s crfmr.

Ij U. \gvi K`gjfrgj v. ]jicj ce Ijfig,6; it wgs `mof ly t`m [K t`gt>

‟<9. … Ij g kgsm w`mrm t`m kcurt fmkifms tc mxmrkism its nurisfikticj subbgrioy tc

rmturj t`m k`iof tc `is cwj kcujtry, ammpijh ij vimw t`m nurisfikticj ce t`m kcurt ij t`m

jgtivm kcujtry w`ik` `gs t`m kocsmst kcjkmrj gjf t`m bcst ijtibgtm kcjtgkt wit` t`m

issums grisijh ij t`m kgsm, t`m kcurt bgy omgvm t`m gspmkts rmogtijh tc t`m wmoegrm ce t`m

k`iof tc lm ijvmstihgtmf ly t`m kcurt ij `is cwj jgtivm kcujtry gs t`gt wcuof lm ij t`m

lmst ijtmrmsts ce t`m k`iof.‒

Ij Fijs`gw v. Fijs`gw,66 t`m bct`mr wgs firmktmf tc smjf t`m k`iof lgka tc t`m ][G jct nust

fum tc t`m prijkipom ce kcbity ce kcurts lut gosc lmkgusm it wgs ij t`m ijtmrmst ce t`m k`iof tc

lm smjt lgka tc t`m jgtivm stgtm.

V`us, kcjsifmrijh t`m glcvm grhubmjts, t`m k`iofrmj bust lm rmturjmf tc t`m ][ gjf t`m crfmr

pgssmf ly t`m ][ Kcurt bust lm rmspmktmf. V`m ijtmrmsts ce t`m k`iofrmj grm ce pgrgbcujt

ibpcrtgjkm gjf kustcfy bust lm hivmj tc t`m egt`mr w`c is ij g lmttmr pcsiticj tc rgism t`mb.

@mjkm, crfmr ce t`m ][ kcurt pgssmf ij egvcur ce rmspcjfmjt rmhgrfijh t`m kustcfy ce `is

fguh`tmr is mjecrkmglom ij Ijfig.

T\GYM\

6<
@. (Ijegjts) Ij rm, (7955) 7 XO\ ;07 (K` & KG).

6;
[uprg jctm 7.

66
Brs. Moizglmt` Fijs`gw v. Grvgjf B. Fijs`gw, (7908) 7 [KK 6<.

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X`mrmecrm, ij t`m oih`t ce t`m egkts stgtmf, grhubmjts gfvgjkmf gjf gut`critims kitmf, t`m

\mspcjfmjt `ubloy prgys lmecrm t`m @cjcurglom Kcurt, tc lm hrgkicusoy pomgsmf tc, fmkogrm

t`gt>

7. Tmtiticjmr is jct Mjtitomf ecr Fivcrkm cj t`m hrcujf ce Krumoty.

<. Tmtiticjmr is jct mjtitomf ecr Bgijtmjgjkm gjf Kustcfy ce t`mir fguh`tmrs

;. \mspcjfmjt is mjtitomf ecr g fmkrmm ce \K\.

6. V`m crfmr ce t`m ][ kcurt pgssmf ij egvcur ce \mspcjfmjt rmhgrfijh t`m kustcfy ce `is

fguh`tmrs is mjecrkmglom ij Ijfig.

GJF/C\

Tgss gjy ct`mr crfmr t`gt t`m Kcurt bgy fmmb eit ij t`m oih`t ce Nustikm, Mquity gjf Hccf

Kcjskimjkm.

Gjf ecr t`is aijfjmss, t`m \mspcjfmjt, gs futy lcujf gs mvmr, s`goo `ubloy prgy.

\M[TMKVE]OOY []LBIVVMF

KC]J[MO[ CJ LM@GOE CE V@M \M[TCJFMJV

BMBC\IGO CJ LM@GOE CE \M[TCJFMJV

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