METAMATERIAL LOADED ANTENNA FOR

COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

A Project Report Phase – II

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering

by
ARUN KUMAR REDDY RAMIREDDY (39130040)
BETHAM VEERA REDDY (39130065)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600119

APRIL - 2023
 SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai - 600 119
[Link]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the Bonafide work of ARUN KUMAR
REDDY RAMIREDDY (39130040) and BETHAM VEERA REDDY (39130065) who
carried out the project entitled “METAMATERIAL LOADED ANTENNA FOR
COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS” under our supervision from November 2022
to April 2023.
Internal Guide

Dr. L. MAGTHELIN THERASE, M.E., Ph.D.,

Head of the Department

Dr. T. RAVI, M.E., Ph.D.,

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on___________________

26-4-2023

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

We ARUN KUMAR REDDY RAMIREDDY (39130040) and BETHAM VEERA

REDDY (39130065) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “Metamaterial
Loaded Antenna for Communication Applications” is done by us under the
guidance of Dr. L. MAGTHELIN THERASE M.E., Ph.D., is submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

DATE: 26-04-2023 1.

PLACE: Chennai 2.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for
completing it successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA, M.E., Ph.D., Professor&

Dean, School of Electrical and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI, M.E., Ph.D.,
Professor & Head, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for providing us necessary support and details at the right time
during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Project
Guide Dr. L. MAGTHELIN THERASE, M.E., Ph.D., for her valuable guidance,
suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for the successful
completion of our project work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members
of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering who were
helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Microstrip antennas are becoming more popular due to its use in high frequency
and highspeed data communication applications. A novel circular ring metamaterial
structure has been proposed for its operation over the frequency range 8-12 GHz
(X-band). The metamaterial structure is placed on the top of the substrate as a
patch. The structure is designed using lossy FR4(Flame Retardant 4) substrate
material. The proposed antenna is analysed, simulated and optimized using HFSS.
The various antenna parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR), Gain and Directivity are simulated.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF TABLES xii

1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Concept of Antennas 1

1.2.1 Need of Antennas 1

1.2.2 Working of Antenna 2

1.3 Types of Antennas 2

1.3.1 Based on Radiation 3

1.3.2 Based on Aperture 3

1.3.3 Based on Polarization 4

1.4 Antenna Parameters 4

1.4.1 Radiation Pattern 4

1.4.2 Return Loss 5

1.4.3 Gain 6

1.4.4 Directivity 7

1.4.5 Bandwidth 7

1.4.6 Antenna Efficiency 8

1.4.7 Polarization 8

1.4.8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 8

vi
 1.4.9 Axial Ratio (AR) 9

1.4.10 Impedance Matching 9

1.5 Microstrip Antenna 9

1.5.1 Types of Microstrip Patch Antenna 10

1.5.2 Metamaterial loaded antenna 11

1.6 Waveguide frequency bands 12

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 14

2.1 Inferences from Literature Survey 14

2.2 Existing Methodology 17

2.3 Drawbacks of Existing Methodology 18

2.4 Proposed methodology 18

3 AIM AND SCOPE 19

3.1 Aim 19

3.2 Objective 19

3.3 Scope of the Design 20

4 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 21

4.1 Design Flow Chart 21

4.2 Design Calculation 22

4.2.1 Patch Calculation 22

4.2.2 Substrate Calculation 23

4.2.3 Feed Line calculation 24

4.3 Simulation Software 25

4.3.1 Introduction 25

4.3.2 Steps to Design Antenna using HFSS 25

vii
 4.3.3 Applications 26

4.4 Characteristics of FR4 Substrate Material 27

4.5 Development of Antenna Design 28

4.5.1 Top View 28

4.5.2 Back View 28

4.6 Antenna Fabrication 29

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

5.1 Simulation Results 31

5.1.1 Return Loss 31

5.1.2 VSWR 32

5.1.3 Smith Chart 33

5.1.4 Gain 34

5.1.5 Directivity 35

5.1.6 Radiation Pattern 37

[Link] Radiation pattern at 9.93 GHz 38

[Link] Radiation pattern at 13.49 GHz 39

5.2 Fabricated Antenna 41

5.2.1 Design View 41

[Link] Front View 41

[Link] Back View 41

5.2.2 Testing Results 42

[Link] Return Loss 42

[Link] VSWR 42

[Link] Smith Chart 43

viii
6 CONCLUSION 44

REFERENCES

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Names Page No.

1.1 Types of Antennas 3

1.2 Radiation Pattern 5

1.3 Return loss plot 6

1.4 Gain plot 6

1.5 Directivity 7

1.6 Types of Metamaterial Structures 11

4.1 Top View of Antenna Design 28

4.2 Back View of Antenna Design 29

5.1 Return Loss 31

5.2 VSWR 32

5.3 Smith Chart 33

5.4 Gain plot at 9.92 GHz 34

5.5 Gain plot at 13.49 GHz 35

5.6 Directivity at 9.92 GHz 36

5.7 Directivity at 13.49 GHz 36

5.8 rE plot of theta 00 and phi 00 at 9.92 GHz 38

5.9 rE plot of theta 00 and phi 900 at 9.92 GHz 38

5.10 rE plot of theta 300 and phi 300 at 9.92GHz 39

5.11 rE plot of theta 00 and phi 00 at 13.49 GHz 39

5.12 rE plot of theta 00 and phi 900 at 13.49GHz 40

5.13 rE plot of theta 900 and phi 00 at 13.49GHz 40

x
5.14 Front View of Fabricated Antenna 41

5.15 Back View of Fabricated Antenna 41

5.16 Return Loss of Fabricated Antenna 42

5.17 VSWR of Fabricated Antenna 42

5.18 Smith Chart of Fabricated Antenna 43

xi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Names Page No.

4.1 Design Specifications 24

xii
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Humans initially communicate with one another using speech and sound. When the
requirement for slightly longer distance communication arose, instruments like
drums were utilized, followed by some visual techniques like flags and smoke
signals. These optical communication systems, naturally, uses the electromagnetic
spectrum's light as range. The use of radio to communicate throughout the
electromagnetic radiation beyond the visible range is a relatively recent invention in
human history.

1.2 CONCEPT OF ANTENNAS

1.2.1 Need of Antennas:
An antenna performs the electrical function of converting electrical power into radio
waves and back again. It frequently works in conjunction with a radio transmitter or
radio receiver. When transmitting, An electrical current that oscillates at radio
frequencies is fed into the antenna's terminals by a radio transmitter, and the
antenna emits the electricity that results from the electrical current as
electromagnetic radiation. On the other hand, during reception, an antenna absorbs
a portion of the energy from an electromagnetic wave and generates a tiny voltage
at its terminals that may be amplified and transferred to a receiver.

The electromagnetic spectrum is among humanity's most significant natural assets,

and the antenna has played a crucial role in exploiting this resource. A device called
an antenna is made to efficiently transmit and receive electromagnetic waves.
Consider critical antenna characteristics including radiation patterns, gain,
directivity, and polarisation when choosing the right antenna for your purposes.

An antenna serves as the radiating component of an RF system, enabling the

transmission and connection of signals from one end of the system to the other
wirelessly. Several scientific theories exist to explain the radiation of antennas,
some of which have been both approved and mathematically demonstrated.

1
According to the theories presented in Maxwell's theorem, antennas work by
transforming electrical impulses into electromagnetic waves. As early as the first
half of the 20th century, Nikola Tesla was among the first to conceive of wireless
energy transfer, at a time when using copper cables for transmission was the norm.
Tesla observed that when an electric coil is energized, it generates radiation that
extends into the surrounding space, leading him to consider the possibility of
transmitting information through the air.

Tesla constructed a tower and conducted experiments to test his theories on

information transfer. Although he achieved success in his experiments, they were
not widely accepted due to the lack of mathematical proof for his theories. However,
Tesla's theorems were later used by Maxwell, who created mathematical
relationships between the magnetic and electrical fields around an energised coil.

1.2.2 Working of Antenna

The metal patch is energised and generates a magnetic flux in line with the
Maxwell's equation when an analogue feed is applied to the antenna strip. The
electrical circuit is completed by using the ground. A magnetic field is created
between the two levels of the antenna by the radiation that the patch emits when it
emerges at the ground. The kind and thickness of the dielectric material utilised
determines the amount of radiation produced, and the substrate material is used to
regulate the flux merging into the ground. It emits a field of magnetism, and the
ensuing electric field is orthogonal to the field of magnetism that formed it. This
creates a new field of magnetism, and so on. This is the way electromagnetic waves
go through a particular material.

1.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

Antennas are divided into a variety of categories, which are listed below:

2
 Fig 1.1 Types of Antennas

1.3.1 Based on Radiation:

• Omni-directional antennas: which broadcast and receive essentially in all

directions, are also known as weakly directional antennas.
• Directional antenna: They transmit and receive radiation in a specific
direction and are also known as beam antennas. In order to enhance
electromagnetic interaction in the direction of the station receiving it or to
cover a certain region, directional antennas are used.

1.3.2 Based on Aperture:

• Wire Antennas: This type of antennas is ubiquitous and may be seen on

vehicles, structures, ships, aeroplanes, and more, the general public is
familiar with these sorts of antennas.
• Aperture Antennas: The increasing demand for more sophisticated antenna
designs and higher frequency usage has led to greater recognition of these
antennas compared to their lesser-known past. Due to their simplicity of

3
 mounting aboard spacecraft and aeroplanes, they are more helpful in certain
applications.
• Microstrip Antennas: Government, commercial, and space uses all employ
these antennas. They are made up of a grounded substrate and a metallic
patch. These antennas are mounted on the exterior of high-performance
aircraft.
• Array Antennas: When a single antenna cannot provide the necessary
radiation characteristics, an array, or collection of radiating elements, is
utilised. The positioning of the arrays should result in maximum radiation in
one or more specific directions and minimal radiation in other directions when
the radiation accumulates up.

1.3.3 Based on Polarization:

• Vertically polarised antenna: This type of antenna is said to be linearly

polarised if it transmits and receives in the vertical E direction. An antenna is
referred to as horizontally polarised if it is transmitting or receiving in the
horizontal E direction.
• Circularly polarised antenna: An antenna is said to as circularly polarised if it
can transmit and receive E field vectors in any direction. In today's wireless
landscape, the primary requirement is for antennas to be as compact as
possible. Therefore, microstrip antennas are the most favourable option
among the available antenna structures when considering their application in
WLAN.

1.4 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

1.4.1 Radiation Pattern

Antennas output or reception power is a function of its radial distance and angular
location. However, E-plane or H-plane diagrams, in which one angle is maintained
while the other is modified, are more often employed. These diagrams plot power
versus elevation and azimuth angles in three dimensions. The phrase "radiation
pattern" refers to a visual depiction of how the properties of antenna radiation
change with geographical coordinates. The term "radiation pattern" describes the
directionality of the radio wave intensity coming from the antenna .

4
 Fig: 1.2: Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern of a microstrip patch antenna may be calculated easily, but
precise calculations depend on locating the source of the electric field radiation at
the space between the microstrip element's edge and the ground plane.

1.4.2 Return Loss

When attaching an antenna, return loss is a crucial factor. It's used to explain how
signal sources' input and output work. Impedance matching and the maximum
transfer of power theory are strongly related to return loss. When there is a mismatch
between the generator and the load, not all available power is transferred. The
return loss has an impact on how efficiently energy is transferred from the point of
origin to the antenna.
The return loss, or RL, displays the signal's intensity in relation to the incident signal
in decibels. The amount of power reflected back to the source antenna (Pref) divided
by the power incident on the antenna (Pin) is used to determine the return loss. The
ratio of Pin to Pref needs to be high for efficient power transfer. Standing wave
phenomena or resonances may occur and cause a gain or frequency ripple if the
return loss is low. The return loss, or response of S11 vs frequency, is used to build
microstrip patch antennas. In most real-world circuits, a return loss value of -10 dB
is regarded as adequate.

5
 Fig: 1.3: Return loss plot

1.4.3 Gain
An antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency combine to generate its power gain,
an important performance parameter in electromagnetics. While the gain of a
receiving antenna defines its capacity to convert radio waves coming from a given
direction into electrical power, the gain of a transmitting antenna shows its
effectiveness in converting input power into radio waves travelling in a specific
direction. When no direction is given, "gain" refers to the highest possible value. The
gain as a function of direction is illustrated by the radiation pattern.

Fig: 1.4: Gain plot

6
1.4.4 Directivity

Larger values indicate more focused beams whether expressing directivity as a

regular number that represents the ratio or in dB. An antenna radiating evenly in all
directions would have a directivity of 1 (0 dB). Due to the absence of energy
transmitted in the z-direction, the Hertzian dipole previously described has a

directivity of 1.5 (1.76 dB).

Fig: 1.5: Directivity

Antennas may be used in a broad range of applications depending on their

directivity, such as

• Information is transmitted and received from all directions almost equally by

low-directivity antennas. Due to the changing direction between the
transmitter and receiver in most mobile applications, such antennas prove to
be useful.
• High-directivity antennas must be pointed at another antenna in order to send
and receive information across longer distances. They are applied in long-
term setups like satellite television.

1.4.5 Bandwidth
The frequency range across which an antenna may operate with respectable
performance is referred to as its bandwidth, based on a specific standard. This
range can be calculated by dividing the upper frequency by the lower frequency of
acceptable operation. The frequency difference between the higher and lower

7
frequencies over the centre frequency is used to express bandwidth for narrowband
antennas.
1.4.6 Antenna Efficiency
Antenna efficiency is a simple measurement of how effectively antenna converts its
electrical power feed to it into electromagnetic radiation. It is described as the ratio
of the power that is radiated to the total input power, which includes the power that
is radiated as well as any power that is lost as heat or reflected back to the source.
A perfectly efficient antenna would have an efficiency of 100%, meaning that all of
the input power is converted into radiated power. However, in reality, no antenna
can be perfectly efficient, and some amount of power is always lost due to various
factors such as resistive losses, dielectric losses, and mismatch losses. Antenna
efficiency is an important parameter to consider in antenna design, as higher
efficiency leads to better signal strength, range, and overall performance of the
antenna system.
1.4.7 Polarization
An antenna's polarization refers to the polarization of the wave it transmits or
radiates. If the direction is not specified, the antenna's polarization will align with the
direction of its maximum gain. Generally, a rectangular patch with traditional feeding
will emit a linearly polarized wave.

By implementing certain alterations to the feeding techniques or the patch design,

a rectangular patch antenna can be transformed into a circularly polarized one. The
key benefit of utilizing circular polarization is that the receiver orientation can remain
constant, allowing for reliable signal reception from various transmission axes.
1.4.8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
As electromagnetic waves move through various segments of the antenna system,
they may encounter variations in impedance at different interfaces for instance, from
the source to the antenna, then to free space, through the feed line. The quantity of
the wave's energy that is reflected back to the source, that is governed by the
impedance match, causes a standing wave pattern to appear in the feed line. The
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), which may be measured, measures the
relationship between the wave's greatest and minimum powers. In low-power
applications, a VSWR of 1.5:1 is just slightly acceptable, whereas a VSWR of 1:1 is

8
the ideal result. Improving power transmission across the system by reducing
impedance variations at each interface reduces VSWR.
1.4.9 Axial Ratio (AR)
The quality of circular polarization's wave propagation is largely dependent on the
axial ratio (AR). The axial ratio is determined as the ratio of a polarisation ellipse's
main to minor axis in line with the IEEE standard definition. On the other hand, the
axial ratio pattern illustrates the axial ratio of a wave that an antenna emits over a
section of its radiation pattern. The axial ratio of a wave that is completely circularly
polarised is 1 or 0 dB. The rotational circle of the electric field vector degenerates
into a line, leading to linear polarisation, when the amplitude of the right-hand
circular polarisation (RHCP) components is equal to that of the left-hand circular
polarisation (LHCP) components., and the axial ratio value to approach infinity.

1.4.10 Impedance Matching

Impedance matching involves the design of the antenna's input impedance (Zin) or
matching it with the output impedance of the corresponding RF circuitry, which is
usually 50 Ω. A match is considered perfect when Zin is equal to Zo.

1.5 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

Microstrip patch antennas are extensively utilized in communication systems as a

type of antenna. It is a flat, rectangular or circular-shaped antenna that consists of
a thin conducting patch of metal (usually copper) mounted on a dielectric substrate
(usually made of fiberglass, Teflon or ceramic). A coaxial cable or a microstrip
transmission line connected to a feed point on the patch is commonly used to feed
the patch.

Because of its low profile, simplicity in construction, and ability to be merged with
other electrical parts on a board with printed circuits, micros strip patch antennas
are widely used. They may be applied to many different systems, such as radar
systems, systems for wireless communication, and satellite communication
systems.

The ability to be constructed with a directional radiation pattern, which allows them
to broadcast or receive signals in a specified direction, is one advantage of

9
microstrip patch antennas. This property makes them useful in applications where
directional antennas are needed, such as point-to-point communication links.

one of the main disadvantages of microstrip patch antennas is their low efficiency,
which can be due to various factors such as substrate losses, conductor losses, and
surface waves. Therefore, designers must carefully optimize the design parameters
to achieve the desired performance.

1.5.1 Types of Microstrip Patch Antenna

There are several kinds of microstrip patch antennas, and each one has unique
characteristics. Some of the most typical varieties are listed below:

1. Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna: This is the most basic and commonly
used type of microstrip patch antenna. It consists of a rectangular patch. It
can operate at a wide range of frequencies
2. and has a simple design.
3. Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna: It has a circular metallic. It has a wide
bandwidth and can be used for applications that require circular polarization.
4. Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna: It has a metal triangular patch on it. Its
broad bandwidth makes it suitable for omnidirectional radiation-demanding
applications.
5. Dual-Frequency Microstrip Patch Antenna: It can run on two separate
frequencies thanks to its architecture. It comprises of two rectangular patches
on the same substrate that have different sizes.
6. Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna: It consists of two or more patches stacked
on top of each other on the same substrate. It has a higher gain and can
operate at multiple frequencies.
7. Patch Array Antenna: It consists of multiple patch elements arranged in an
array on the same substrate. It has a high gain and can be used for
applications that require directional radiation patterns.
8. Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna: It has the capacity to instantly alter
either its frequency of operation or radiation pattern. It is used in applications
that require agile and adaptable communication systems.

10
1.5.2 Metamaterial Loaded Antenna

A particular sort of microstrip patch antenna called a metamaterial microstrip

antenna is created utilising meta materials, which are synthetic materials created
to have qualities that do not exist in nature.. Metamaterials can be used to create
microstrip antennas with unique and desirable characteristics that are not possible
with conventional microstrip antennas.

When antennas are embedded with metamaterial, it improves their efficiency and
enables a smaller antenna size compared to those without metamaterial.

Fig: 1.6: Types of metamaterial structures

Metamaterial microstrip antennas can be classified as a subcategory of microstrip

patch antennas, as they share many of the same design principles and operate in
the same frequency range. However, they are distinct from conventional microstrip
antennas in that they incorporate metamaterials into their design.

It is possible to create metamaterial microstrip antennas with characteristics like

negative refractive index, almost zero permittivity, and high-Q resonances., which
can improve their performance in certain applications such as radar, wireless
communication, and sensing. However, the design and fabrication of metamaterial
microstrip antennas can be more complex than conventional microstrip antennas,
and they require careful optimization to achieve the desired performance.

11
 Advantages of using metamaterial:

• Improved Antenna Performance: Enhancing an antenna's radiation pattern,

gain, and bandwidth can increase its performance, which is possible with
the usage of metamaterials.
• Miniaturization: Metamaterials can be designed to have a negative
refractive index, which can allow for the creation of very small antennas that
still have good performance.
• Flexibility: Metamaterials can be designed to have a wide range of
electromagnetic properties, which makes them highly flexible for use in
antenna design.

Disadvantages of using metamaterial:

• Cost: Metamaterials are still relatively expensive to manufacture, which can

make them prohibitively expensive for some applications.
• Complexity: The design of metamaterials is highly complex and requires
specialized expertise in materials science, electromagnetic theory, and
antenna design.
• Sensitivity to environmental factors: Metamaterials can be sensitive to
temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors, which can affect
their electromagnetic properties and therefore, antenna performance.

1.6 WAVEGUIDE FREQUENCY BAND

The frequency bands that a waveguide can transmit depend on its dimensions,
shape, and material properties.

Some common frequency bands used in waveguide communication include:

1. C-band: The 4 to 8 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band is often utilized for

satellite antennas in regions where signal degradation can occur due to
severe weather conditions like heavy rainfall.
2. X-band: This band ranges from 8 to 12 gigahertz (GHz) and is commonly
used for military and commercial radar systems.
3. Ku-band: This band ranges from 12 to 18 GHz and is used for satellite
communication, including TV broadcasting and broadband internet.

12
 4. K-band: This band ranges from 18 to 27 GHz and is used for satellite
communication and radar systems.
5. Ka-band: This band ranges from 26.5 to 40 GHz and is used for satellite
communication, including high-speed data transmission and weather
monitoring.
6. Q-band: This band ranges from 33 to 50 GHz and is used for radar systems
and experimental communication systems.
7. V-band: This band ranges from 40 to 75 GHz and is used for short range
communication, such as WLANs.
8. W-band: This band ranges from 75 to 110 GHz and is used for radar systems,
wireless communication, and remote sensing applications.
9. D-band: This band ranges from 110 to 170 GHz and is used for experimental
communication systems and remote sensing applications.

Choosing the appropriate frequency band depends on the specific usage and the
accessibility of the desired bandwidth. Higher frequency bands generally offer
higher data rates, but their propagation characteristics may be more challenging due
to increased attenuation and scattering.

13
 CHAPTER −2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INFERENCES FROM LITERATURE SURVEY

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2022 by Srabonty Soily at University of
South Alabama. This article presents a Circularly Polarised Microstrip Patches
Antenna for Ka Band Space Communication Based on Double Negative
Metamaterial Superstrate. To produce two distinct CP modes, a rectangular patch
antenna has shorting pins along two perpendicular diagonals. Using a
straightforward coaxial probe-feeding at Ka band, the antenna is energised. A 4 by
4 array of rectangle slotted ring patches with negative dielectric coefficients and
permeable at the Ka band is used as the substrate to improve the performance of
the antenna. The right-hand CP gain is increased by the use of this DNG growth
and increased-based superstrate from 10 dB to 12 dB, yielding an overall height of
the antenna of 0.58 times the empty wavelength. The suggested design is ideal for
satellite applications since it has a minimum axial ratio of 1.5 dB close to the
magnetic repulsion of 28 GHz.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2022 by Abhinav Nirkhe at Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology. In this article, For WiMAX applications, a split
ring resonance antenna is introduced. It makes use of metamaterial technology. The
design is compared with other antenna designs and is specifically tuned to resonate
at 3.4 GHz. Waveguide ports along the x-axis excite the resonator, which comprises
a piece of the ground plane. The proposed metamaterial antenna has dimensions
of 30 x 23 x 1.5 mm3, a relative permittivity of 2.3, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. It
is printed on Rogers 5880RT substrate. The feedline is opposite side of the
substrate from resonator rings and ground frame. To obtain the requisite
metamaterial qualities, a unit cell is proposed. Return loss, gain, permeability,
permittivity, and the values of the E and H plane radiation patterns are all analysed
along with the suggested design.

14
The tittle of the paper published in the year 2021 by Junsa D at Central South
University, Chan. The gain of the microstrip antenna is increased by creating an
antenna with a microstrip patch array using an optimised feed network. In order to
increase the array's gain even further, an open ring array metamaterial is added to
its surface. Compared to the conventional antenna array and individual antenna
element, the growth and increased-loaded antenna array exhibits higher directivity
and gain properties. With the 2x2 antenna array, the antenna gain increases from 4
dB for the antenna element to 7 dB. After the introduction of the metamaterial, the
gain increases to 10.10 dB. The outstanding results of multi-load antennas needed
for 5G connectivity, and other applications are made possible by this technical
advancement.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2021 by Priyal Doshi at Shantilal Shah
Engineering College. This work presents a microstrip antenna with a metamaterial
component. The antenna's size is decreased while other antenna characteristics,
such as efficiency and return loss, are improved by using metamaterial technology.
A CSRR is loaded onto the antenna's radiation patch, producing a multifrequency
response. The antenna's bandwidths are 6.7%, 10.3%, and 8.15%, respectively,
and it works at frequencies of 4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 7 GHz on a Flame Retardant
(FR4) epoxy substrate. HFSS is used to simulated the antenna structure.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2021 by Akash Rawat at Manipal
University Jaipur. This article focuses on the creation and evaluation of a Multiband
Metamaterials are materials loaded Substrate Integrating Waveguide (SIW)
antenna. The suggested antenna employs a ground configuration through a
radiating rectangular patch that faces away from the feed line and a mix of substrate
integrated waveguide and metamaterials to enhance its bandwidth, radiation
pattern, and minimise its size. A complimentary rectangular split ring resonant and
substrate integrated wavelength are used to increase the antenna's directivity, gain,
and bandwidth. The suggested antenna construction has a r=4.4, is composed of
FR-4 epoxy, operates between 6 and 18 GHz, and has a frequency that is resonant
for wireless local area networks and WIMAX.
The tittle of the paper published in the year 2020 by SAMIR SALEM AL-BAWRI at
University Kebangsaan Malaysia,This article introduces a Planar-patterned, single-
layered, 28 GHz millimeter-wave applications, multiple-input multiple-output

15
antenna with metamaterial. The antenna is made up of split square and hexagonal
unit cells that have refractive index characteristics. The properties of the
metamaterial were investigated for wave propagation along the y- and x-axes in the
two primary directions. With a bandwidth of over 6 GHz, The y-axis wave
propagation demonstrated mu-near-zero characteristics, a near-zero refractive
index, and epsilon-near-zero properties. On the other hand, the x-axis wave
propagation from the frequency range of 27 GHz to 28 GHz revealed a broad
negative range of single mu metamaterial. The suggested single antenna, which
works in the (24–30 GHz) frequency range, is made up of three metamaterial unit
cells. Moreover, With only 4 mm between antenna components, the MIMO antenna
offers exceptional separation of over 24 dB. According to the measurements, the
MIMO antenna offers a 6 GHz bandwidth and a 12.4 dB peak gain.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2022 by Tina E. Maurer at University of
Massachusetts Amherst This paper introduces a novel planar Modelling the 2-D
electromagnetic environment with polarisation using a microstrip networks
metamaterial with an uneven grid. The proposed technique is demonstrated using
a Luneburg lens example and its implementation on a PCB is also verified.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2022 by Uday A. Patil at Shivaji
University. This paper investigates a Filled with surrounding metamaterial that
possesses negative permittivity and permeability, the microstrip slot antenna. The
field equations for MASA can be expressed using both analytic and computational
methods when the metamaterial is present. The surrounding meta material functions
as a natural impedance matching network, as shown by the analysis of the electrical
gain, reactance proportion, and reactive energy of the MASA., thereby increasing
the radiated power of the MASA by 73.66 times compared to when it is surrounded
by a dielectric medium. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to justify the
metamaterial's role as a natural impedance matching network.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2020 by Allam M. Ameen at Electronics
Research Institute A novel approach to mitigate mutual coupling between microstrip
patch antennas using metamaterial structure is presented in this study. The
proposed technique employs complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded

16
between the two patches to reduce the coupling. The antenna is intended to function
at a 28 GHz frequency., suitable for 5G and millimeter-wave applications. The
proposed structure exhibits significant improvement in coupling between antennas,
achieving a maximum isolation of 31.7 dB by etching the CSRR on the ground of
the antenna and on a floated ground between the two patches. The distance
between the edges of the patches is 0.4λ0. Using CST software, the suggested
antenna is developed, modelled, constructed, and measured.

The tittle of the paper published in the year 2020 by Tale Saeidi at University
Technology PETRONAS. This article describes a novel, Flexible ultra-wideband
antenna for WBAN and the IoT that is wearable and based on meta materials for
sub-6G band frequencies. The compact antenna includes an L-shaped slot in an
elliptical patch, a stub at the back, and chamfered ground to increase bandwidth
and eliminate stopbands. It is constructed of two layers of denim (10 x 10 mm2) and
felt (10 x15 mm2). In order to increase bandwidth, gain, and directivity, six arrays of
altered grain rice forms are integrated into a Split Ring Resonator to further optimise
the antenna. With a gain and the directivity equal 8 dB and 10 dB, respectively, as
well as an effectiveness of over 80% across its operational frequency range, the
suggested antenna displays a wide bandwidth. Results demonstrate excellent
adherence to the findings of simulations and outperform similar existing antennas in
terms of performance while having a smaller footprint.

2.2 EXISTING METHODOLOGY:

It is suggested to use a c-band skillshot-polarization reconfigurable antenna using

mushroom-type metamaterial loading. The prototype has a profile of 0.06 GHz,
according to simulation and measurement data (where 0 is the working wavelength
in free space). The measurements show an impedance bandwidth that is over
33.2%. The suggested antenna may achieve a compromise between low-profile and
bandwidth on its foundation of quadra-polarization reconfigurability, according to the
findings of simulations and measurements. C band satellite communication can be
employed with the suggested antenna.

17
2.3 DRAWBACK OF EXISTING METHODOLOGY:

Complexity: Penta-polarization reconfigurable antennas are more complex than

traditional antennas. They require additional components such as switches, phase
shifters, and couplers to enable the reconfigurability of the antenna.

Cost: The additional components required to enable reconfigurability can increase

the cost of penta-polarization reconfigurable antennas.

Size: The additional components also increase the size of the antenna, making it
bulkier than traditional antennas.

Power consumption: The additional components require power to operate, which

can increase the power consumption of the antenna.

Performance degradation: The additional components can introduce losses and

reduce the overall efficiency and performance of the antenna.

Overall, while penta-polarization reconfigurable antennas offer some benefits, they

may not be suitable for all applications due to their complexity, cost, size, power
consumption, and potential performance degradation.

2.4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:

Line model Split Ring Resonator (SRR-Metamaterial) is used instead of Cavity

model resonator which means the efficiency and gain factor can be enhanced.

An antenna structure comprising of square-shaped ring patch and inductive parallel

ground, inspired by Meta materials, is utilized for X-band application to achieve
improved results.

18
 CHAPTER 3
AIM AND SCOPE

3.1 AIM
To design a metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna with less return loss, high
gain and directivity for X-band communication.

3.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objective for designing a microstrip patch antenna using metamaterial and
FR4 substrate for X-band application could be to achieve the following:
• Improve antenna performance: The use of metamaterials can help to
improve the antenna's performance in terms of gain, directivity, bandwidth,
and efficiency. The FR4 substrate can provide good mechanical strength,
low-cost, and ease of fabrication.
• Miniaturization: Metamaterials can be used to miniaturize the size of the
antenna while maintaining its performance. This is important for X-band
applications where space is limited.
• Reduction of surface wave losses: Metamaterials can be designed to
reduce surface wave losses, which can improve the antenna's efficiency.
• Wideband operation: Metamaterials can be used to design wideband
antennas that can cover a range of frequencies within the X-band.
• Low profile: The use of metamaterials can help to design low profile
antennas that can be used in applications where height is limited.
• Polarization diversity: Metamaterials can be used to design antennas with
polarization diversity, which can help to mitigate the effects of multipath
fading.
The main objective of designing a microstrip patch antenna using metamaterial and
FR4 substrate for X-band application is to achieve improved performance,
miniaturization, and wideband operation, while maintaining low cost and ease of
fabrication. Simulation of Microstrip patch antenna is done by using simulation
software such as HFSS. Analysis of various characteristics of Microstrip patch
antenna such as Return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Gain,
Radiation pattern are done.

19
3.3 SCOPE OF THE DESIGN
The primary scope is to achieve favourable results in parameters such as
return loss, bandwidth, and gain. By employing a single substrate, the design is
simplified and the cost of fabrication is reduced, ultimately aiming to fulfil the needs
of communication systems.

20
 CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 DESIGN FLOW CHART

START

Design specification is identified by

determining and calculating the dimensions
of the basic patch antenna

Selecting metamaterial structure

Antenna’s geometrical parameter and the

material are properly defined

This simulation is carried out using HFSS

Software

NO
Optimum
Result?
Yes
The fabrication process begins after
the simulation results are optimized

Fabricated antennas are measured

to validate the simulated result.

END

21
4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION

• The project's software component focused on determining the radiation

pattern and return loss curve of a number of straightforward rectangular patch
antennas. The main variables for building a microstrip patch antenna with a
rectangular shape are:
• Frequency of operation (f): The antenna resonance frequencies needs to be
properly chosen.
• Dielectric constant of the substrate (r): The size of the antenna is reduced by
employing a substrate with a high dielectric constant.
• Height of dielectric substrate (h): The microstrip patch antenna must be
lightweight in order to be employed in some applications (like mobile phones),
and in order to do so, the height of the dielectric substrate cannot be greater
than a few millimetres.

This patch's operating frequency was chosen to be 9.5 GHz since it is meant for
wireless communication and satellite communications. Its parameters are

4.2.1 Patch Calculations:

C=3* mm/s h =1.6 mm f = 9.5 GHz

C=Velocity of light

f=Frequency in GHz

h=Thickness of material

r=Dielectric constant of material (FR4)

where r=4.4

𝑓=𝑐/λ (4.1)

λ=31.57 mm

𝜆 2
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = √𝜀 𝑚𝑚 (4.2)
2 𝑟 +1

w=.9.606 mm

𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 =Effective Dielectric Constant

22
 (4.3)

𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 =3.6814

ΔL = Normalized extension in length

(4.4)

ΔL= 0.689 mm

Leff= Effective length

(4.5)

Leff= 8.22 mm

(4.6)

L=6.842 mm

The transmission line model's equations and the previously mentioned parameters
allow us to derive

Length of the patch=6.842 mm

Width of the patch=9.606 mm

4.2.2 Substrate Calculation:

0.0606𝜆
ℎ= mm (4.7)
𝜀reff

h=1.6 mm

Lg = L + 6h (4.8)

Lg =16.442 mm

Wg=W+6h (4.9)

23
Wg=19.2 mm
The substrate calculations values are given as

Length of the substrate=16.442 mm

Width of the substrate=19.2 mm

4.2.3 Feed Line Calculation:

𝜆
𝜆𝑔 = (4.10)
√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝜆𝑔
𝐿𝑓 = (4.11)
4

Lf =4.11 mm

𝑊𝑓 = 𝐿𝑓 ⁄2 (4.12)

Wf=1.4 mm

Length of the feed line=4.11 mm

Width of the feed line=1.4 mm

Table 4.1: Design Specifications

SL No. Description Symbol Unit

1 Patch Length Lp 20mm
2 Patch Width Wp 49mm
3 Ground Length Lg 44mm
4 Ground Width Wg 60mm
5 Feed Line Length Lf 22mm
6 Feed Line Width Wf 4mm
7 Substrate Height H 1.6mm
8 Substrate Length L 60mm
9 Substrate Width W 60mm
10 Substrate Material FR4 epoxy
11 Resonant Frequency 9.5GHz
12 Relative Permittivity εr 4.4

24
4.3 SIMULATION SOFTWARE

4.3.1 INTRODUCTION

High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is a powerful electromagnetic

simulation software tool that is widely used for analysing and designing high-
frequency electronic devices and systems. It is developed by Ansys Inc. and is one
of the most widely used software tools for electromagnetic analysis.

HFSS uses a finite element method to solve Maxwell's equations, which describe
the behaviour of electromagnetic waves in various materials. This makes it a
powerful tool for simulating electromagnetic behaviour in a wide range of devices
and materials.

HFSS is capable of simulating various electromagnetic phenomena, such as wave

propagation, reflection, transmission, scattering, and radiation. It can also simulate
the behaviour of various electromagnetic devices, such as antennas, waveguides,
filters, couplers, and amplifiers. It provides various features such as:

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) for model creation

• Built-in parametric modelling capabilities
• Advanced meshing algorithms to generate high-quality meshes
• Optimization tools for designing and improving device performance
• Time-domain and frequency-domain analysis capabilities
• Integration with other Ansys simulation tools

4.3.2 STEPS TO DESIGN ANTENNA USING HFSS

The general steps to design an antenna in HFSS:

Define the antenna geometry: The first step is to define the physical geometry of the
antenna. This can be done using the 3D modelling tools provided in HFSS. You can
create the antenna by using the built-in 3D primitives or import it from CAD software.

Assign material properties: After defining the antenna geometry, you need to assign
material properties to it. This includes the substrate material, conductor material,
and any other materials that may be used in the antenna.

25
Create a port: You need to define the excitation port where the electromagnetic
signal enters the antenna. This is done by creating a boundary on the antenna
surface and assigning it as a port.

Set simulation settings: Once the antenna geometry is defined, you need to set up
the simulation settings. This includes the frequency range, solver settings, and mesh
settings.

Run the simulation: After setting up the simulation, you can run it to obtain the
results. HFSS provides various simulation types, such as S-parameters, radiation
patterns, and far-field patterns.

Analyse and optimize the antenna: Once the simulation is complete, you need to
analyse the results to determine the antenna performance. Based on the analysis,
you can optimize the antenna geometry and re-run the simulation until the desired
performance is achieved.

Generate reports: Finally, you can generate reports in HFSS to document the
antenna design and simulation results.

It's vital to remember that the individual stages may change based on the needs and
antenna design. However, these fundamental procedures offer an excellent place
to begin when building an antenna in HFSS.

4.3.3 Applications:

HFSS is used in a variety of applications, such as:

• Design and optimization of antennas

• Simulation of radar systems
• Design of microwave and millimetres-wave circuits
• Simulation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and compatibility (EMC)
• Design of RF and microwave filters
• Analysis of scattering and propagation of electromagnetic waves
• Simulation of biomedical devices and sensors

HFSS is a powerful electromagnetic simulation tool that is widely used in various

industries such as telecommunications, aerospace, Defence, and biomedical. Its

26
advanced features and capabilities make it a valuable tool for analysing and
designing high-frequency electronic devices and systems.

4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF FR4 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL

FR4 (Fire Retardant 4) is a common substrate material used in the design of printed
circuit boards (PCBs) and other electronic components. Here are some of the
characteristics of FR4 substrate material:

Dielectric constant: The effectiveness of the antenna is impacted by the FR4

substrate's dielectric constant. The antenna's size will be smaller with a larger
dielectric constant, but its bandwidth and radiation pattern may also be impacted..

Loss tangent: FR4 substrate has a loss tangent that affects the antenna's efficiency
and signal loss. The lower the loss tangent, the better the performance of the
antenna.

Electrical properties: FR4 has good electrical insulation properties, with a low
dielectric constant and low dissipation factor. This makes it suitable for high-
frequency applications.

Thermal properties: FR4 has good thermal stability and can withstand high
temperatures. It has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which makes it suitable
for applications that require stable dimensional stability over a wide temperature
range.
Mechanical properties: FR4 has good mechanical strength and stiffness, making it
suitable for use in applications that require high structural integrity.
Thickness: The radiation pattern and impedance of the antenna are impacted by the
FR4 substrate's thickness. The antenna's bandwidth will expand with a smaller
substrate, but its gain can decrease.

Surface roughness: Particularly at higher frequencies, the performance of the

antenna might be impacted by the FR4 substrate's surface roughness. The
efficiency of the antenna's radiation will increase with a smoother surface.

Thermal stability: The thermal stability of FR4 substrate is important, especially for
antennas that may be subjected to high temperatures during operation. FR4 has
good thermal stability, but other substrates may be better suited for high-
temperature applications.
27
4.5 DEVELOPMENT OF ANTENNA DESIGN
4.5.1 Top View
Meta material inspired array of square shaped ring patch structure is placed
on the top of the FR4 epoxy substrate as shown in Fig 3.1.

Fig: 4.1: Top view of antenna design

4.5.2 Back View

Parallel inductive ground structure is placed on the bottom of the substrate
as shown in Figure 3.2

28
 Fig: 4.2: Back view of antenna design

4.6 ANTENNA FABRICATION

Antenna fabrication is the process of creating an antenna structure from various

materials such as metal, plastics, or composites. Design, material selection,
manufacture, and testing are some of the processes in the procedure.

The design phase involves determining the desired antenna specifications, such as
the operating frequency, gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. Material selection
is also an important step as it affects the performance and durability of the antenna.

In the fabrication process, the antenna structure is created using various techniques
such as cutting, drilling, and bending. The specific technique used will depend on

29
the material and design of the antenna. For example, metal antennas may be
fabricated using machining or stamping, while plastic or composite antennas may
be fabricated using injection modelling or 3D printing.

After fabrication, the antenna is tested to ensure that it meets the desired
specifications. Testing may involve measuring the radiation pattern, gain, and
impedance of the antenna. If the antenna does not meet the desired specifications,
adjustments may need to be made to the design modelling or fabrication process.

30
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 SIMULATION RESULTS:

5.1.1 Return loss

When an electromagnetic signal finds a mismatch between the path of the

transmission line and the load (such as a mobile antenna), return loss—a
measurement of how much power returns back to the source—is used to determine
how much loss has occurred. It is normally measured at the antenna's input port
and is given in decibels (dB).

In antenna simulation, return loss is an important parameter to consider as it helps

to assess the performance of an antenna system. A low return loss implies that
some of the transmitted power is being reflected back to the source, whereas a high
return loss suggests that most of the power is being radiated out into space. which
can result in reduced efficiency and performance.

From the figure it is observed that at 9.92 and 13.49 has a very less return loss of
-21.38 and -36.91 respectively.

Fig: 5.1: Return loss

31
5.1.2 VSWR

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), which describes how well an antenna is
matched to the transmission line or other system components, is a crucial statistic
in antenna modelling. How much energy is reflected back from the antenna as a
result of mismatch is measured using the maximum voltage to minimum voltage
ratio, or VSWR, of the transmission line.

In an ideal scenario, an antenna would have a VSWR of 1:1, which means that all
of the energy from the transmission line is delivered to the antenna and none is
reflected back. However, in practice, there are always some mismatches and
imperfections in the system that cause a certain amount of energy to be reflected
back. A high VSWR indicates that there is a significant mismatch, which can result
in reduced efficiency, increased noise, and other performance issues.

Fig: 5.2: VSWR

32
5.1.3 Smith Chart

The Smith chart is a graphical tool used in antenna simulation and design to analyse
and optimize transmission line and impedance matching networks. It was developed
by Phillip H. Smith in 1939 and has since become a standard tool for RF and
microwave engineers.

The Smith chart is a polar graph that maps the complex reflection coefficient of a
load impedance onto a two-dimensional plane. The centre of the chart represents a
perfect match between the load impedance and the transmission line, while the
outermost circle represents an infinite mismatch. The chart is logarithmic in scale,
allowing engineers to easily analyse and optimize impedance matching networks.

Fig: 5.3: Smith Chart

33
5.1.4 GAIN

In antenna simulation, a The gain of an antenna is shown graphically as a function

of radiation direction and operating frequency in a 3D gain plot. It is a visual depiction
of the antenna's radiation pattern that offers a thorough analysis of its performance
over a spectrum of frequencies.

The 3D gain plot typically shows the gain of the antenna in decibels (dB) on the
vertical axis, the direction of radiation on the horizontal axis, and the frequency of
operation on the third axis. The direction of radiation is usually specified in terms of
the radiation's angular relationship to the antenna's axis or some other reference
direction.

Information on the performance of the antenna may be seen in the 3D gain plot.,
such as its beamwidth, directivity, and sidelobe levels, as well as its frequency
response and bandwidth. By visualizing the antenna's gain in three dimensions,
antenna engineers and researchers can better understand how the antenna
performs in different directions and at different frequencies.

From the below figures it is observed that gain at 9.92 GHz and 13.49 GHz have a
value of 5.5 dB and 6.6 dB respectively.

Fig: 5.4: Gain plot at 9.92 GHz

34
 Fig: 5.5: Gain plot at 13.49 GHz

5.1.5 Directivity

Directivity is a measure of how well an antenna focuses its radiation in a particular

direction. It is a key parameter in antenna simulation results, as it determines the
efficiency and effectiveness of the antenna in transmitting or receiving signals in a
particular direction.

In antenna simulation results, directivity is typically expressed in decibels (dB)

relative to an isotropic radiator (i.e., an idealized point source that radiates equally
in all directions). A higher directivity value indicates that the antenna is more
effective at focusing its radiation in a particular direction, while a lower value
indicates that it is less effective.

Directivity is related to the antenna's radiation pattern, which shows how the antenna
radiates energy into space. The radiation pattern shows the relative strengths and
directions of the antenna's radiated fields, typically plotted in a polar graph. By
combining the radiation pattern over all angles and comparing the total power
emitted in a specific direction to that of an isotropic radiator, the directivity of the
antenna can be determined.

35
From the below figures it is observed that directivity at 9.92 GHz and 13.49 GHz
have a value of 5.7 dB and 8.8 dB respectively.

Fig: 5.6: Directivity at 9.92 GHz

Fig: 5.7: Directivity at 13.49 GHz

36
5.1.6 Radiation pattern

In antenna simulation, The term "radiation pattern" describes the directional

distribution of the electromagnetic waves that the antenna emits. It is a graphical
representation of the relative strength of the electromagnetic fields in different
directions from the antenna.

Radiation pattern is typically represented using a polar plot, with the antenna located
at the origin of the plot. The polar plot shows the strength of the electromagnetic
waves in different directions as a function of angle. The strength of the
electromagnetic waves is usually represented in decibels (dB), and the angle is
usually measured in degrees.

The far-field pattern of radiation and the near-field radiation pattern are the two
primary categories of radiation patterns. The electromagnetic wave pattern at a
distance from the antenna great enough for the waves to be effectively planar is
known as the far-field radiation pattern. The near-field radiation pattern is the pattern
of the electromagnetic waves at a distance close to the antenna, where the waves
are not effectively planar and are influenced by the antenna structure.

Numerous elements, such as the antenna type and the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves, affect an antenna's emission pattern, and the physical
characteristics of the antenna structure. By simulating the radiation pattern of an
antenna, engineers can evaluate the performance of the antenna and optimize its
design for specific applications.

37
[Link] Radiation pattern at 9.93 GHz

Fig: 5.8: rE plot of theta 00 and phi 00 at 9.92 GHz

Fig: 5.9: rE plot of theta 00 and phi 900 at 9.92 GHz

38
 Fig: 5.10: rE plot of theta 300 and phi 300 at 9.92 GHz

[Link] Radiation pattern at 13.49 GHz

Fig: 5.11: rE plot of theta 00 and phi 00 at 13.49 GHz

39
Fig: 5.12: rE plot of theta 00 and phi 900 at 13.49 GHz

Fig: 5.13: rE plot of theta 900 and phi 00 at 13.49 GHz

40
5.2 FABRICATED ANTENNA

Antenna which is fabricated has a dimension of 60mm x 60 mm x 1.6 mm. the

material which is used as a substrate is FR4.

5.2.1 Design View

[Link] Front view

Fig: 5.14: Front View of fabricated antenna

[Link] Back view

Fig: 5.15: Back View of Fabricated Antenna

41
5.2.2 Testing Results

[Link] Return Loss

Fig: 5.16: Return Loss of Fabricated Antenna

[Link] VSWR

Fig: 5.16: VSWR of Fabricated Antenna

42
[Link] Smith Chart

Fig: 5.16: Smith Chart of Fabricated Antenna

43
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The proposed antenna is designed with Meta material inspired array of square
shaped ring patch structure along with parallel inductive ground structure. The
dimensions of 60 mm x 60 mm x 1.6 mm. FR4 epoxy substrate material is used that
reduces the fabrication cost and has a relative permittivity(εr) of 4.4. The proposed
antenna has a midrange of frequency approximately at 11.5 GHz. Below 11.5 GHz
at 9.96 GHz has a narrow bandwidth and above it at 13.49 GHz has a wide
bandwidth. The antenna has better return loss value as -21.38 at 9.96 GHz and -
36.91 at 13.49 GHz. Gain value 5.5 dB at 9.96 GHz and 6.6 GHz at 13.49 GHz.
Directivity at 9.92 GHz and 13.49 GHz have a value of 5.7 dB and 8.8 dB
respectively. The proposed antenna support for a x-band applications and also for
KU band applications. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software
and plotted many parameters like return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna as many applications like communication systems,
especially satellite, radar, and military systems.

44
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