OPHTHALMOLOGY
Chapter-1: Anatomy and Development of Eye
Essay: ---
Short Notes: ---
Short Answers: ---
Chapter-2: Physiology of Eye and Vision
Essay: ---
Short Notes: ---
Short Answers:
1. Color vision tests. (**)
Chapter-3: Optics and Refraction
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Pathological myopia [**just myopia] [recent trends in myopia correction][*fundus features]
(*****)
2. Sturm’s conoid (Pg.25,37)
3. Classification and clinical features of hypermetropia [management, different types] (*****)
4. Astigmatism [types] (**)
5. Contact lenses (pg.45) (***)
6. Presbyopia
Short Answers:
1. 2 surgical techniques to correct myopia
2. Definition of retinoscopy (pg.580)
3. Sturm’s conoid (**)
4. Anisometropia
5. Types of lenses used for correcting astigmatism
6. Changes occurring in eye during accommodation
Chapter-4: Conjunctiva
Essay:
1. Etiology, clinical features and management [*complications] of trachoma. (**)
2. Purulent conjunctivitis.
3. Ulcus Serpens
Short Notes:
1. Etiology, sings and Rx of spring catarrh (****)
2. Pterygium (Rx, recurrent pterygium) (****)
3. Ophthalmia neonatorum [define and Rx/management] (****)
4. Phlyctenular conjunctivitis [etiology, signs, Rx] (**)
5. Causes of blindness. Management of trachoma. [stages of trachoma](** )
6. Follicular conjunctivitis
7. Angular conjunctivitis
8. Pannus (pg. 63)
9. Allergic conjunctivitis
10. Vernal conjumctivitis
11. Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage.
12. Pneumococcal conjunctivitis
Short Answers:
1. Components of SAFE strategy (pg. 478)
2. WHO classification of trachoma
3. 2 D/B pterygium and pseudo-pterygium
4. Spring catarrh
5. Pterygium
Chapter-5: Cornea
Essay:
1. Etiology, clinical features, management [diagnosis and Rx] of hypopyon corneal ulcer. (****)
2. Etiology, clinical features, management of bacterial corneal ulcer. (**)
3. Symptoms, signs and treatment of Herpes simplex keratitis.
Short Notes:
1. Disciform Keratitis
2. Indications of Keratoplasty (**)
3. Clinical features of viral keratitis (**)
4. Clinical features and management of Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
5. Acanthamoeba keratitis (***)
6. Prevention and management of corneal ulcer perforation
7. Clinical features and management of herpes simplex keratitis [geographical ulcer] (**)
8. Keratoconus [management]
9. Fascicular ulcer [management]
10. Keratomycosis (can’t find in Khorana)
11. Fungal keratitis (pg.100-ulcer)[*causes and management] (***)
12. Corneal vascularization
13. Dendritic ulcer
14. Interstitial keratitis (pg. 115)
Short Answers:
1. Indications for keratoplasty [*types] (**)
2. Keratoconus (**)
3. Viral infections of cornea
4. 2 bacteria that can penetrate intact cornea
5. Common fungi producing hypopyon corneal ulcer
6. Hutchinson’s triad- common pattern of presentation for congenital syphilis, and consists of three
phenomena: interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson incisors, and eighth nerve deafness.
7. Common fungi affecting cornea
8. 2 gram negative microorganisms
Chapter-6: Sclera
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Features and management of episcleritis [*nodular](****)
2. Staphyloma (**)
3. Scleritis
Short Answers: ---
Chapter-7: Uveal Tract
Essay:
1. Describe etiology, symptoms, signs and management of acute iridocyclitis. (**)
Short Notes:
1. Causes of variations in IOP in iridocyclitis.
2. Classify uveitis. Management of acute iridocyclitis. [and complications] (***)
3. Iridectomy
4. Keratic precipitates (**)
5. Mechanism of secondary glaucoma in iridocyclitis
6. Iris bombe
7. Ring synechiae
8. Intermediate uveitis
Short Answers:
1. 2 features of granulomatous uveitis.
2. 2 cyloplegic drugs
3. Intra-vitreal drugs in endophthalmitis (pg.169) (**)
4. Rubeosis iridis [*causes] (**)
5. Keratic precipitates (**)
6. 2 D/B granulomatous and non-granulomatous uveitis
7. 2 syndromes associated with uveitis
8. Joint disorder often associated with uveitis
Chapter-8: Lens
Essay:
1. Enumerate the pre-op investigations for cataract surgery
2. Define cataract. Clinical features, diagnosis, management of senile cataract. [*Enumerate
acquired cataracts. Brief note on post-op complications](*** )
3. Causes of painless, progressive loss of vision. Describe signs, symptoms, and management of
mature cataract.
Short Notes:
1. Complicated cataract [causes, clinical appearance, management] (******)
2. After cataract
3. Pseudophakia [*clinical features] (**)
4. Post-op complications of cataract surgery
5. Subluxation of lens
6. Intra-ocular lenses.
7. Brown cataract
8. Lamellar/Zonular cataract
Short Answers:
1. Parameters used to calculate IOP
2. 2 syndromes associated with subluxated lens (**)
3. Phacoemulsification [***advantages](****)
4. After cataract
5. 4 causes of dislocation of lens (**)
6. Probable causes of congenital cataract
7. D/B Cupuliform cataract and Cuneiform cataract
8. Causes of aphakia
9. 2 common types of congenital cataract
10. 2 causes of metabolic cataract
11. 2 materials for making IOL
Chapter-9: Glaucoma
Essay:
1. D/D of RED EYE. Management of Acute congestive attack of angle closure glaucoma. [*manage
acute congestive glaucoma?] [causes for sudden painful loss of vision](*** )
2. Etiology, clinical features, field defects, management of POAG. [causes for gradual loss of vision]
(*****)
3. Clinical features, management of acute congestive glaucoma [Stages. Management of each
stage] (**)
4. Describe symptoms, signs and treatment of buphthalmos.
5. Define Glaucoma. Describe clinical features and management of PACG.
Short Notes:
1. Acute congestive glaucoma [management] (**)
2. Management of acute angle closure glaucoma
3. Lens induced glaucoma (***)
4. Medical management of POAG
5. Clinical features and management of congenital glaucoma
6. Circulation of aqueous humor
7. Management of absolute glaucoma
8. Seidel’s scotoma (pg. 232)
Short Answers:
1. Scotoma and its types
2. Causes of tubular vision (*****)
3. Lens induced glaucoma
4. Various anti-glaucoma drugs [**newer drugs, *POAG] (****)
5. Management of absolute glaucoma
6. 4 field defects in open angle glaucoma
7. 2 anti-glaucoma surgeries
8. Use of Fincham’s test (Pg. 243-figure 9.18)
9. Ocular hypertension
10. Buphthalmos
11. 4 causes of deep anterior chamber
12. Causes of shallow anterior chamber
Chapter-10: Vitreous
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Vitreous hemorrhage
Short Answers: ---
Chapter-11: Retina
Essay:
1. Define, etiology, clinical features and treatment of retinal detachment [causes of sudden loss of
vision](*** )
2. Pathogenesis, classification, clinical features and management of diabetic retinopathy. [*fundus
picture, *3 complications](**** )
3. Describe classification, clinical features of hypertensive retinopathy.
4. D/D for amaurotic cat’s eye reflex. Clinical features, management of Retinoblastoma.
5. Describe the symptoms, signs, and management of retinitis pigmentosa.
Short Notes:
1. CRAO [*fundus picture] (****)
2. Hypertensive retinopathy [*fundus picture] (**)
3. CRVO [fundus findings] (**)
4. Diabetic retinopathy [*management, *fundus picture] (**)
5. Retinitis Pigementosa (**)
6. Classification and etiology of retinal detachment.
Short Answers:
1. 2 causes of defective dark adaptation
2. Fundus in Grade 4 hypertensive retinopathy.
3. 2 absolute indications of enucleation
4. Retinal detachment [*different surgeries, *types] (***)
5. 2 syndromes associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa
6. 2 causes of sudden painless loss of vision
7. Histopathology of retinoblastoma
Chapter-12: Neuro-ophthalmology
Essay:
1. Optic Neuritis (Etiology, classification, clinical features, management)
2. Ocular manifestations of common neurological diseases (pg.329)
Short Notes:
1. Toxic optic neuropathies [*optic neuropathy] (**)
2. Optic atrophy[*types, *primary] (***)
3. Papilloedema [*fundus picture] (***)
4. Night blindness (**) (pgs. 325, 464, 493)
5. Retrobulbar optic neuritis.
Short Answers:
1. 2 drugs causing toxic optic neuropathy [*2 causes] (**)
2. Field defect in occipital lobe infarct
3. 2 causes of night blindness
4. Diagnostic criteria of acute retrobulbar neuritis
5. Argyll-Robertson pupil
6. 4 differences between papilledema and papillitis (***)
7. Characteristics of physiological cup of optic nerve head
Chapter-13: Disorders of Ocular Motility
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Extra-ocular muscles
Short Answers:
2. Classify diplopia, one example for each
3. Grades of binocular single vision (pg.338)
Chapter-14: Eyelids
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Chalazion [causes and investigaitons] (**)
2. Symblepharon
3. Hordeolum Externum [*just hordeolum] (**)
4. Malignant tumors of the eyelids
5. Etiology and complications of blepharoptosis (can’t find in Khorana)
6. Draw C.S of upper lid anatomy (**)
7. Causes, complications and management of ectropion.
8. Blepharitis (**)
9. Lagophthalmos
10. Entropion (**)
Short Answers:
1. Elevators of upper lid and their nerve supply.
2. Entropion [*types, *causes] (**)
3. Blepharitis
4. Hordeolum externum and management
5. Ptosis. 2 types of ptosis? (**)
6. Causes for symblepharon (**)
7. Trichiasis
Chapter-15: Lacrimal Apparatus
Essay:
1. Etiology, clinical features, and treatment of chronic dacryocystitis. (***)
Short Notes:
1. Dry eye
2. Anatomy of lacrimal drainage system
3. Chronic dacryocystitis [management of] (**)
4. Acute dacryocystitis
Short Answers:
1. Layers and functions of tear film (**)
2. Chronic dacryocystitis [*Rx] (**)
Chapter-16: Orbit
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Orbital cellulitis [clinical features and management] (***)
Short Answers:
1. Axial proptosis (pg.405-409)(caused by lesions in the muscle cone- cavernous haemangioma,
optic nerve tumours and thyroid eye disease)
2. 2 causes of B/L proptosis
Chapter-17: Ocular injuries
Essay:
1. Discuss briefly the effects of BLUNT TRAUMA to the eye [*discuss traumatic cataract] (**
2. Discuss the effects of contusion injury of eye.
Short Notes:
1. Sympathetic ophthalmitis [management] (******)
Short Answers:
1. Siderosis bulbi (pg. 438)[*siderosis] (**)
2. Berlin’s edema/ Commotio retinae (pg.434)
3. Chalcosis
4. Vossius ring (pg. 433)
Chapter-18: Ocular Therapeutics, Lasers and Cryotherapy
Essay: ---
Short Notes:
1. Viscoelastics (Pg. 458)
2. Various lasers in ophthalmology (**)
3. Photocoagulation (Pgs. 278, 460)
4. Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgeries.
Short Answers:
1. 2 procedures done using Nd-YAG laser. (**)
2. 2 types of tonometry
Chapter-19: Systemic Ophthalmology
Essay:
Short Notes:
1. Ocular manifestations and management of Vitamin A deficiency (xerophthalhmia)
[*prophylaxis, *WHO Classification] (*****)
2. Fundus picture in AIDS (Pg. 467)
3. Keratomalacia (pg. 464) (**)
Short Answers:
1. Treatment schedule for xerophthalmia
2. Vitamin A prophylaxis (**)
3. 4 signs of thyroid ophthalmopathy
Chapter-20: Community Ophthalmology
Essay:
1. Describe common *causes of blindness. Write briefly about the National Programme for
Control of Blindness.
Short Notes:
1. Vision 2020 [goals] (****)
2. Types of blindness. WHO definition of blindness.
3. Eyebanking.
4. Legal blindness.
5. National Programme for Control of Blindness
6. School screening.
Short Answers:
1. NPCB
2. Legal blindness (**)
3. WHO definition of blindness
4. Curable causes of blindness. Preventable causes of blindness, example?
5. Social blindness
Chapter-X: Unclassifiable:
Essay:
1. Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis.
2. Discuss differential diagnoses of RED EYE
3. A 60 year old male, C/O unilateral sudden loss of vision. How do you investigate?
Short Notes:
1. Leukocoria in children. (*D/D of leukocoria)(** )
2. Cherry-Red spots (causes) (**) (pg. 269, 434, 508)
3. Retinal function tests
4. How will you test pupil? Why is it important? (pg. 504,505)
5. Ocular paracentesis
6. Atropine (***)
7. Indirect ophthalmoscope (pg.598)
Short Answers:
1. 2 causes of Cherry-Red spots (**)
2. Indirect ophthalmoscope [**advantages] (****)
3. 4 mydriatics
4. Anti-metabolites in ophthalmology (**)
5. 2 cycloplegic drugs
6. 2 antiviral drugs
