TOPIC Linear functions 1
1. GRAPHS AND FUNCTIONS
1.1 Linear functions
FORMULA: STRAIGHT LINE FUNCTION
When given the gradient and y-intercept:
y = mx + c
▸ m = gradient
▸ c = y-intercept: Where a function crosses (intercepts) the y-axis.
▸ x-intercept: Where a function crosses (intercepts) the x-axis.
y
x=a
m=0
Horizontal line
y=b (a ; b) p b
g m20
h Point of intersection of f and g
Vertical line f
m = undefined m10
c
y-intercept of f
x
a O x-intercept of g
When given two points A ^ x1 ; y1 h and B ^ x2 ; y2 h :
y -y
m = x2 - x1
2 1
y - y1 = m ^ x - x1 h
Increasing and decreasing functions:
▸ Increasing function: when x is increasing y is also increasing, m 2 0 .
▸ Decreasing function: when x is increasing y is decreasing, m 1 0 .
▸ Horizontal line: A line parallel to the x-axis. y = b; b is the y-intercept.
This is a constant function, m = 0 . The value of y remains the same.
▸ Vertical line: A line parallel to the y-axis. x = a; a is the x-intercept.
m = undefined . The value of x remains the same.
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2 Mathematics P1
EXAMPLE 1 [35]
In the diagram below, f is a horizontal line and h is a vertical line. g and p are
given. h and p intersect at the point G (r ; -3).
y
g
5 f
A B C
p
h F
E
-3 O D x
H 2
G (r ; -3)
0.1 Give the equation of f.
0.2 Give the equation of h.
0.3 Write down the coordinates of A.
0.4 Write down the value of r, the x-coordinate of G.
0.5 Determine the equation of g.
0.6 Write down the coordinates of F.
0.7 Determine the equation of p.
0.8 Determine the coordinates of C.
0.9 Determine the coordinates of E.
0.10 Prove that GE is perpendicular to AE.
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TOPIC Linear functions 3
EXERCISE 1 [18]
In the diagram below, f is a horizontal line and h is a vertical line. g and p are
given. h and g intersect in G (r ; 16). f and p intersect in B (-12 ; t). [18]
y
G (r ; 16)
p
g
F
h
E
A O x
-8
B (-12 ; t) C f -3 D
1. Write down the equations of f and h. (2)
2. Write down the values of r and t. (2)
3. Determine the equation the equation of p. (3)
4. Write down the coordinates of F. (2)
5. Determine the equation of g. (3)
6. Determine the coordinates of D. (2)
7. Determine the coordinates of E. (4)
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4 Mathematics P1
1.2 Hyperbolic functions
FORMULA: HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
A hyperbolic function has the form: f ^ x h = x -
a
p + q ; where a ! 0 , x ! 0 , y ! 0 .
a10 a20
Vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes
y=q
x=p
A hyperbola has two asymptotes: the horizontal asymptote and the vertical
asymptote. An asymptote is a straight line that a curved graph gets closer and closer
to but never touches.
The equations of the asymptotes are:
▸ Horizontal asymptote: y = q
▸ Vertical asymptote: x = p
The the coordinates of the point of intersection of the asymptotes are: ^ p ; q h
A hyperbola has two axes of symmetry which are perpendicular to each other and
intersect at the center of the hyperbola. An axes of symmetry is a line that cuts the
function exactly in half.
y = x+c
Axes of symmetry
^ p ; qh
y =-x+c
The equations of the axes of symmetry are:
▸ y = x + c , where m = 1
▸ y = - x + c , where m = -1
The axes of symmetry intersect at the point of intersection of the asymptotes.
To find the value of c use the coordinates of the point of intersection.
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TOPIC Hyperbolic functions 5
PROCEDURE: HOW TO SKETCH A HYPERBOLA
1. Write down the asymptotes.
2. Draw the asymptotes on the set of axes as dotted lines.
3. Use a to determine the two quadrants where the graph will be drawn.
4. Determine the x-intercepts, let y = 0.
5. Determine the y-intercepts, let x = 0.
6. Plot the points and then draw the graph using free hand.
n Domain and range of a function
☐ Domain
The domain of a function is all the possible x-values that are covered by the function.
To find the domain always study the graph from left to right.
ཷFor a linear function, the range is x ! R .
ཷFor a hyperbola, the range is x ! R, x ! p or (- 3 ; p) or (p ; 3) .
☐ Range
The range of a function is all the possible y-values that are covered by the function.
To find the range always study the graph from bottom to top.
ཷFor a linear function, the range is y ! R .
ཷFor a hyperbola, the range is y ! R, y ! q or (- 3 ; q) or (q ; 3) .
n Translating a function
When given a function f(x), we can either shift the graph of the function along the
x-axis (horizontal shift) or along the y-axis (vertical shift).
☐ Horizontal shift
The graph is either shifted to the left or to the right along the x-axis.
If the graph of f(x) is shifted a units to the right, in place of x place x - a to get the
equation of the new function, h(x).
ཷ h(x) = f(x - a)
If the graph of f(x) is shifted a units to the left, in place of x place x + a to get the
equation of the new function, h(x).
ཷ h(x) = f(x + a)
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6 Mathematics P1
y
7
y = x2
6
y = ] x + 3g2 5 y = ] x - 3g2
4
3
2
1
x
0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
☐ Vertical shift
The graph is either shifted to upwards or downwards along the y-axis.
If the graph of f(x) is shifted to b units upwards, add b to the equation of f(x) to get
the equation of the new function, h(x).
ཷ h(x) = f(x) + b, this is similar to substituting y - b in place of y.
If the graph of f(x) is shifted to b units downwards, subtract b from the equation of
f(x) to get the equation of the new function, h(x).
ཷ h(x) = f(x) - b, this is similar to substituting y + b in place of y.
y
8
y = x2 + 2
7
y = x2
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
y = x2 - 4 -2
-3
y = ] x - 5g2 - 4
-4
-5
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TOPIC Hyperbolic functions 7
n Reflection
☐ Reflecting a graph across the x-axis
In order to reflect a graph across a x-axis, substitute '-y' in place of 'y'. This is because
the sign on y changes but the x-value remains the same.
y
8
7
y = x2 + 2
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
- y = x2 + 2
-5
` y = - x2 - 2
-6
-7
-8
☐ Reflecting a graph across the y-axis
In order to reflect a graph across a y-axis, substitute '-x' in place of 'x'. This is because
the sign on x changes but the y-value remains the same.
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8 Mathematics P1
y
8
7
6
5
4
y = ] x + 2g2 y = ]- x + 2g2
3
y = x2 + 4x + 4 2 y = x2 - 4x + 4
1
x
0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
☐ Reflecting a point across any line
In order to reflect a point across a line, use the equation of the line:
ཷFor the x-coordinate of the reflected point, make x the subject of the formula
and substitute the x-coordinate of the point.
ཷFor the y-coordinate of the reflected point, make y the subject of the formula
and substitute the y-coordinate of the point.
EXERCISE 2 [54]
Given that: f ] xg = x -
1. 3
2 +1 [14]
1.1 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of f. (2)
1.2 Determine coordinates of B, the x-intercept of f. (2)
1.3 Sketch the graph of f in your ANSWER BOOK, clearly showing
the asymptotes and the intercepts with the axes. (3)
1.4 Another function h, is formed by translating f 3 units to the
right and 4 units down. Write down the equation of h. (2)
1.5 Write down the domain of g if g ] xg = f ] x + 1g (3)
1.6 One of the axes of symmetry of f is an increasing function. Write
down the equation of this axis of symmetry. (2)
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TOPIC Hyperbolic functions 9
2. The function defined as f ] xg = a + q has the following properties:
x+p
• The domain is x ! R , x ≠ -2.
• y = x + 6 is an axis of symmetry.
• The function is increasing for all x ! R , x ≠ -2.
Draw a neat sketch graph of this function. Your sketch must include the
asymptotes,if any. [4]
Given that: g ] xg = x +
3. 6
2 -1 [13]
3.1 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of g. (2)
3.2 Calculate the x-intercept of g. (1)
3.3 Calculate the y-intercept of g. (2)
3.4 Sketch the graph of g, clearly showing the asymptotes and the
intercepts with the axes. (3)
3.5 Determine the equation of the line of symmetry that has a
negative gradient, in the form y = . . . . (3)
3.6 6
Determine the value(s) of x for which x + 2 - 1 $ - x - 3. (2)
4. The diagram below shows the graph of h ] xg = a + q . The lines x
x+p
= 3 and y = -2 are asymptotes of h. P(4 ; -4) is a point on h. [10]
O
3 x
-2
P (4 ; -4)
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10 Mathematics P1
4.1 Write down the values of p and q. (2)
4.2 Calculate the value of a. (2)
4.3 Calculate the coordinates of the y-intercept of h. (2)
4.4 If g ] xg = h ] x + 2g , write down the equation of the vertical asymptote
of g. (2)
4.5 If the graph of h is symmetrical about the line y = - x + c ,
determine the value of c. (2)
5.
A sketch of the hyperbola f ] xg = dx -
-x
p , where p and d are constants,
is given below. The dotted lines are the asymptotes. The point A (5 ; 0)
is given on the graph of f. [6]
O 2 A (5 ; 0) x
5.1 Determine the values of d and p. (2)
5.2 3
Show that the equation can be written as y = x - 2 -1 (2)
5.3 Write down the image of A if A if the reflection anout the axis of
symmetry y = x - 3 (2)
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TOPIC Hyperbolic functions 11
6. The graphs of ] xg = 4 + and ] xg =
f x+1 q g mx + c are sketched below.
A is a point of intersection of f and g. Graph g intersects the vertical and
horizontal asymptotes of f on the x and y axes respectively. [14]
y
g
A
f
2
f
O x
6.1 Write down the value of q. (2)
6.2 Determine the equation of g in the form y = … (4)
6.3 Calculate the coordinates of A. (5)
6.4 If the graph of f is shifted two units to the right, determine the
equation of new graph in the form y = ….. (3)
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