_—_ a= | , eeeed atte farrt ae wfre e wn es a ree Tee feck & weet To TTT wT ET cc od, ed, GeO, ted ate are a er seen be aes Sx rte FE Goat MY ene sie atest mages Ct te aM cae aD ots a sctoge set, <4, ETE, FC TT, en rie fies attr ate Zee ard 8 secie7 # fa ed aren & weeme stew oe & fread eon area a tl gre enon yore & ecient & fe waten x ga cs ara Zot TS ETE ate ae, ees (TN) ea 2018 TE WS THAT 16 #129 RUT, 2022 F a en fea soa mee Aa é fe sien erat a efiege Gres wits secien a wt ate 2efara Arch _en ai ee 3 een rn a sector fr ter fen wal, det, ere, aed ote om ee TT gr Fo er a ai ere (at he aN at a 2 Sh ait ot artenge Fem, SAP, GrecTeT, eae ath faa aa ion gee Sa fd of srg seein a see cian ta pie fade ca Ger ate arti ere Te stati QUANTUM SERIES ——— MCA Paeai Master of Computer Appli to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kala University, Uttar Pradesh, Dueknow Mobile) Computing oes For MCA Students of Ser of All MCA Colleges As Zam. Quantum QUANTUM PAGE PVT. LTD. Ghaziabad m New Delhi2 7 sy; Apram Publications? Pal Gait f Quantum Page Pvt.1q, Ave S027, Site 4, Industral fe Bae coinage f >, Wikio Ran) Introduction, Issues in mobile computing Qvervjew of ‘wireless telephony, Cellular concept, GSN a channel structure; Location management HILR-VLR, hierarchical, handoffs; Chafine allegation in cellular systems, CDMA, GPRS, MAC farcellilar system WS A UNIT2 : WIRELESS NETWORKING (2-1 L to°381) Wireless Networking, Wiles: LAN Overview < MAG") fssues, IEEE 802.1)/Bhe Toth, Wireless multiple gece protocols, TCP over wires Wireles aPplicate, Dats broadcasting MobileTP| WAParchitecure foto oT tack, ‘ppligatongnvisanen applications," Sy a et + DATAMANAGEMENT ISSUES \)-1 L to 3-17 L) ata marligement issyeSin migbfle computing, data ep tion for mobile computers, adaptive clustering for mobile Wireless networks; File system, Disconnected operations, A UNIT-4: MOBILE AGENTS COMPUTING (4-1 Lto 4-18 L) Mobile Agents computing, Security and fault tolerance, Transaction processing in mobile computing environment,(-1Lto5221, Pea MAC issues, Routing se Rsting (SR), Destination proc 1, la tg (O5DV?, Dynami ae distant ‘adhoc on demand distance vector peering etn Introduction CONTENTS ' | Part 1 Introduction, Iauesin [Link] 1b le: ‘Mobile Computing {Parbd Overview of Wireless Telephony... 1-5Lto1-0L Part$ : Cellular Concept 1-9L to 1-171. F Part4 + GSM-Air Interface, . © Channel Structure 1-1LQMCASem-4)ee suatcasen = ey masren Hers es ts PART ‘networks and access points. sion, Iesues in Mobile Computing. 1. Context awareness : Leverage user location, time, and device ae) rare ae ase er ein ne word tile Computing and ae give rable ive example. Tame] Mable compstng: as vampyre ern may AY 2 ampere me te whe noma gpl communicate ro 2 Tre oes Communist frm Peng 04 (EE aie tes nn, S 2 Linvenamle i ao Faloweg ete aro fe mabe computing environment Porat Dv area cri acitating age on the go Wireless connectivity: eles on Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular & Alwayson connectivity : Enables real-time communication and tallaboration regardless of location. merits of mobile computis Weis | Discus ewer] Folloragareveriut merit okie ompeting 1 ortho devereeihvet ado alving Sanretn car the anywhere we 2 Acumtiytecompt rite trains separeeaiae Ceci Connectivity « Mobile computa Seeary accuser et Mobi Seg series re tecoming ibipnetng cosolotanwaerant SF Enh rofacy contig ernie Tauriicsctbedoplbeseane pods. ape & Porscatlutlns Hale sppliestone oy leeagt hx icesatngig ey prealandeporencney 1 Ege bis tpicatons proms died wei od Bick acegoFelevant information, om easing efficiency, Qeeta” igo the imitations offsbile sm sputing. 1 Insufficient bandwidth : The channel capecity typically available ‘wat in available in wired Mobile communication can be susceptible to interferences suchas signal Mocking electromagnetic interference, and network congestion. 8 Power consumption : Mobile devices rely on battery power, which canbe chy dept copay when perormig rr neseSe Lao dln Me oo rr crates occa ee a ae eens ccecan = detec eer interices eodingto challenges in Seg? Se eae a enn nil des nth ed eatin he Rg nortsccnrniss otal X Pateoet rn ‘Software jarues: Tis category end 1 Sethe developement, distribution, and maintenance of mobic i oanpeformaace optinisstion, anh Wied hangs obile¢ relay, and pertordanea er interface (UD chillenges involve sponse, and iefrieadly interfaces fe Aw Ye pers cose frig the cle, lpr dts yl evs aplcetonn mobile compusiagitoday! Mobile daviées afe vulnerable to various ain -diits breaches, and phishing 2 Data management: Menaginglarg volumes of data genereted Iya plats presets ongcig challenges Limited resources: Mil devices have constrained processing over memory, an later lif, which ean impact performance 4 Network reliability: Dependence on wireless networks f onset introdaces challenges related to network coveroge, see and reality Bt © Compatibility :Basuring compatibility across diferent devices, ‘ren it an operating systema remains a challenge. ‘3 EBL OCA Sem) FS [rarr-2 1 Overview of Wireless Telephony, Cellular Concept. ny. [STR] Describe the wirelens telept wer C the acl sone with the etronieransmoion stole, far or the information between dst paren 2 Thewirelem telephony isa elephone servic bas obtigsling over radio troquencesnitbow using wires fey “e 4 tinct mail phone, Wireless Leal lp (WD, microwave tatlieandradiobnedvlepboay J. hy? 4. Wirvles communication aystems)providgcnytime, anywhere communication (va) When yoo tak ona wireless pha, i ransmit low energy radio ‘vetlel antenna sige coca you with be lndine or ‘les eatin, you arg Ag (The same antennn ag sedsignas bck to your wise pee HEH) rion faint tare gengratiogS wigeene ‘spews iad oe Beals, af Folie expeution Cenc snags,” A Voces: CF, 1S iPeatares : Supports axilog voice Galle sing analog modulation peal an 2 Technology used : Analog eystams nich as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMES). Applications: Prinaiyfocoed on besic voice communication soot adional data serves 2nd Generation (26) 1 Features: Introduces digital voice calla, enb quality and moe ficient use of petrum 2. Technology used :Digtal nodulation echiques much at GSM (Gietl system for Mobile Communications ad CDMA (Code Division Maliple Aces) Applications: Added BME messaging and bus: date services, Iaving the foundation for mobile deta communication better voice——_ (30: 6. sors nn dia eit nag intern td videocalig Fee mules essing sb Teoknolog wed: Ue packtevitcing technology suc Tosa te Taecmminiaions Sytem (URES) ang asbles mobile internet browsing, multimed ideo streaming, and other advanced dats tants vein: * sgn O00) a GeRTRT compare tree erations of wien telephone ‘tem onthe basic feature technology used andpplications, mi AY Se streaming. _ RETR] ive overview of wireless transmission. i distances ria th we fgoycalciovar cea siecececae i | minaligeetrecrzaea ne te a eran * (RF), microwave, and infrared (IR). SESS ETEOICASem-0) 4 To RF trenamisson, signals are modulated onto radio waves and transmitted through antenna, alowig or lng-range communication. 5 Microwave transmission ute high frequency electromagnetic Wave® ands commonly used for point-to-point communication over shorter distances 46 Tnrarediransnission emplosintared ight to tranamit sigal between Aevieswithinclote proximity. 1. Wireless trantoission hae revolutionized communication, enabling ‘Bolly, eniaity,and connectivity scras: various devices and ystems ‘WaaLGT] Describe various multiplering techniques. awe] fe Matplesing st mechanism in communication tam haere how Meee chan share metum wih mar no intrerence Bicuctow qpectnatigining’ A > 2h” Space Division MaltipesingSD8O) cuir, Oe) Pale) [] Eon opens INR pret neice mages feooeapoe erage rata a cab pd fans ens te dees aes RG as torn Thr chtmsb bys mpd t ro pect 8, areata a eaten peresicierheee 1. In FM the frequency dimension it wubdivided into a number of non-everlaping frequency bandsaes 102, entire frequency band is diviggy = Fi 1 2 Mere ee amid vps regueney band. 4 Tis schene ods andthe channels Ky 4 ia mre each armen Mod cae one in used for raio station Within the samy Tas we reo station bas itgown frequency," "si in amount oft < E f timeslot ett ret pnt, rs noted cA gape = ark ta XZ, iplesiog scheme, @enandel gets nie él gendeérs use the time, ad a channel K, odically, Ex) [Ks] D. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) : 1. Inende division multiplexing, multiple users are allotted different de to acess the same channel 2 CDMisfirtusedin military applications due toitsiteret security features Com KE] Ee) © plements SDM (Spe Drisoh Multiplering) where iter (base station), overscan area called cl 2 Incalluarapatem avaiable iibog) spectrum is partitioned ito discrete channels, which are assigned in groups to geographic cell ‘covering celular geographic wéqice ares (CSA). ‘8. Thedisrete channels are capable of being reused in different calls, writhin th service area, ‘4. Thus, the principle cellular aystem sto divide alarge geographical service area into cella with diameter from 2km to SO km. 5 Eachofthecollsiealoated anumbsr of Radio Frequency (channels. Adjacent clit postion their ransmitersstratgiall to alow multiple transmitters to ute the same radio channel timultaneously while ‘maintaining sufficient separation 1. Toprevent interference, adjacent cells operate on dilferest frequencies, Ioown as frequency reuse.Mobile Computing FEAILONCA Sem) Introduction HOU OACA-bem-4) jethe reuse {Law tramami power and antenna hight ia echoel nates Soot tunes vienly Stan cls Wiha Sores e Seine en ted Pe Si Fa ee eek CT) is omncid via Noble Sotching Centers nse. 10. A caller sytem should provide the capability 4 handoff calls is rope a mabe users move between alt The BBCisremponil for controling itp hae ations within specgrapical aren SSeS Ca ri oes cscs coven Pui itched Teepe Neer P57. ee oa eta i eee emer orca apre pee The stn uw seerltoutnd lls of tameinin Pace sada pl deen deveorcrtantne “= Motil Switching Centr O18): 1 ut tl ptf ie Erelating wing cola alg 4 smc enn Pale Sie pone etek (Snvoraie ah nrineaealinuatt chore EES a Home Lovaton Roger cu fA Pens an er rer resin wt initia tn gener oe fndcurret cation, fn |B Ieis queried by tbe MBC to AStermine cll routing aservice provisioning Y ay Visitor Location ‘secure communication batneen Ub sail device and the networie 4 “Testoros encryption keysand auBentiation algorithms vee to suthentiatesubocnbers during elatration and call wtp Equipment Identity Register (EIR): LTheETRis adatabuse that store information shout motile devices, Including their International Moble Equipment entity (IMED) ombers i Tehelpa prevent the ue of stalen or unauthorised motile device onthe network by identifying and Mocking blaclisted devices,3 ofconrtesnte true hape of cells and other shapes because, ‘he hexagon covers tbe entire epon without overlapping and withequal ares, ‘5 Lfwe una circular patter some gap exit in between adjacent cll ‘onvoid this ap, itis required to overlap but in that cae there of ‘channels alo get overapped ‘res senaia ‘encore Mile Computing Tia LaneAse-4) [Idy] Why did we choose hexagonal shape for calls in cellular Pentre Tarver 1. Hexagonal cella are chosen fr celular phone systems due to their efficiency in coverage and capacty while minimising inerference 2 The hexagonal shape allows for uniform coverage without gaps oF ‘overlaps, ensuring seamleos connectivity fr male wes {° Moreover exagonal cella maximizo the wie of availabe frequency spectrum by minimising the diatance between neighboring cells wile ‘Baotaningeficient paration ovoid iterfereneh 4 This layout reduces the number of required ioe sation compared toother al shaper, optimising network deployment wid eperations cost ny 5 Additionally, hexagonal cells focitae effet handover between ‘adjacent celsas bile userafnoy within the network, enhancing ‘all quality and reliability we 2) en nA S39 aa e. : : & Gistérent frequenele 1 Fo) are sed for ench ONS eae regular pattor over the entire gery ares 7. There ae two pouible made to este minimal interference: one is thee cel cluster and the other ones eeven cll cluster. ‘8 Three cell luster In three cll luster, throe celle combine to forma clster, here three frequencies sre reused and C= 3, nth ‘hexagonal cll All alls within clutter ueedijoint sets of frequencies,Seren el eutr: Say een cl cen e ‘combine to form a cluster, here C= 7, with hexagonal cell SEE Poetics eecace! R 2 This approach involves dividing the overage area into smaller calls, eathaloated a subset of frequencies for communication. 3. Byreusing the same frequeocies in multiple cells the spectral flciocy ofthe system i sigaiianty increased 4 Thisisachieved by crcl corinating the location frequencies to ensure that adjacent celle operate en different frequency channels, 5 This minimizes interference between ther. Mobile Computing EASLAOMCA-Sem-) B. Advantages of frequency reuse : The advantages of frequency umn include 1 Improved spectral efficiency, 2 Increased network capacity, and 4 Bnhanced system performance . Increasing the capacity of the system : 1 By lowing multiple cells to hare the same frequency spect, frequen ruse maximizes the vliaton of valle resources, tnabling more users to communicate simultaneously within the Detmork coverage area. 2 Thinapproach effectively increases the capacfy ofthe system by accommodating larger numberof users and supparing higher Asta rates while aioianing acceptable levelapfeigal quality and network reliability, ay api al ale ma = ent, Ope 1 Calopttig ica ectlgg/ Agia hls tem incor ihe ot yaad ores Ogee cadres agge is pease oat Ca 2 Thlsromestrtnl ggg arp canto nace, Sih ri tncyphentatton antcversgyes O07 2 Brag is citing aos ion oe ofp ac opie nina 4 ifrentteie ero sconmodats lspr aber wee fistoe ve mrpicres tr mongrel inate & eemgee re nel te Be trea ar canny ppp serve een ney tra repomvelrper ea expen calacanbesedtocer reamtararnogong.‘BHT ie handevrant in alle tom yemaanrfan iow] ae - Mies etch acailoy meee 1 a Lathe cellular systems, the ter Seas therm Wao i The device communicates with the nearest base sation to etablish of transferring an ongoing call or data fo hers oa ‘sconnection, and the call is routed to the recipient's device through cee leevnsbia devo to malstain contin commenti celular network. & ‘as they move between different cells within the network, a Bs su fe chan, call mest {andlor ander, oes whan ambi vce moves rom a a ar the coverage area of one base station to another while in an a eet ered scan ragga ive Riau nna bere haadove ae Towa pn lly tut flips th ren =e le rng call lta cro elo mange enone Vetus nd ig termite ea re [opal ingore oy AY «neko ie wong ma {Raemig ets mtteinerpel ge Wi dv ctl ‘mail comanniction sevice performance, Shr hme tor’ covgrany an i When subcriber roams inloanotha¥ operators coverage area, the devceinoectts hota bassttons Alon the subscriber to acca mgbileFervices while being billed by Ahir home never A. a ths f pee 2 GSM employs digital modilation techniques to and data ver the air interface, offering improved call quality and Spectral efficiency 3. Taleo tilizes encryption an authentication mechaniams ta ensure the security end privacy of communication, 4. GSbe standardised specications enable compat ad saree canaectivity between different devices and networks 4 Thecallinthen transmitted from the mobile device to sation ug radio waven, — 5. Furthermore, GSMs efficent use of frequency spectrum and support for various services, sch a Short Neseage Service (SMS) ‘and General Packet Radio Servic (GPRS),and rg interatnea RINE, 2 Fac Mepeaility bebe dierent DESWOPK operatory, a Basbln aabal System for Mobile (GSMO architecturg eon Sa en Oo ane a (ARTO 90212, Marka To on, epi te 0 areitectare th che help of agra. & y Be oer Morne fezonyms’A GSM system conits ey as nda ec pp (5) he pit arto ec eit 4 fess eke ation uf andthe bare sation eb-ysten (BSS) Heetyomtan meets "a as): a many BSSe, exc Gontrolled by» mos, @ Ge ye” Y, ipBents'c, antennas, signal ee tener toe bey gat ism Pitts ten Penerete Vrs sense a, Bane Slaton Contralle B50): B80 aes care o ano fom one BTS to atother and ‘alti appropiate power evel the sia 4% TheBSCaleomaliplxes the radi channels oto the fixed eiork connection a the A interface, 4. Mobie Station 048) Moe ition sbnedon't onticatinof wo ono two sin exeatil {@Bocets Maile Pipe (ME) and Suecribereaiy © Any Scan be ented by DME (international Mobile . nied by IMEI Iternatonl wipeasscranet eco OSM te B. Network and Switching Subreystems (NSD): NSSis eponnle Nero toner win the vader nor, a Sia dferet BSSCtnd therfonons ke ming laalatghete The NSS contains fllovingawieher and dapabanes, “Dd ° af ty Movlderices Switching Cente (MSC) (Ai these performs ths teleptonftwitaling functions of the e ( S ic Its major job is location, registration, handovers, authentication, ‘oun snd handoveeoftalsfo move Som oe MSto another. 2 Home Location Register (LR): i The HLRis database used to stores permanent dat bout tnbecriber oclug esa pro lotion information Sod activity tat The dynamic information such an action area (LA) of MS, MSHN (Mobile Sabciber Hoang Nome) the current ‘VLRand MSC are alo storedin HR. Visitor Location Register (VLR): L ViRisa databe that contains temporary informatio about ruberibers that is needed bythe MSC in order to provide Fervis to visting ruberibera