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Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet for storing and managing data on
remote servers and then access data via the internet.
A cloud can be private or public.
Goal of cloud computing is to provide easy, scalable access to computing resources and IT
services.

Cloud Computing Service provider:

AWS
GCP
Microsoft Azure
IBM etc.
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Who is using cloud computing?
Organizations of every type, size, and industry are using the cloud for a wide variety of use
cases, such as data backup, disaster recovery, email, virtual desktops, software
development and testing, big data analytics, and customer-facing web applications.
For example, healthcare companies are using the cloud to develop more personalized
treatments for patients.
Financial services companies are using the cloud to power real-time fraud detection and
prevention.
And video game makers are using the cloud to deliver online games to millions of players
around the world.
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Cloud Computing Characteristics
Resources Pooling: cloud service provider can share resources among several
clients, providing everyone with a different set of services as per their
requirements.
On-Demand Self-Service
Easy Maintenance
Economical
Work From Any Location
Security
Automation: The ability of cloud computing to automatically install, configure,
and maintain a cloud service.
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Advantages Disadvantages
Backup and Restore data Internet Connectivity

Cost Saving Limited Control

Improved collaboration Security

Low maintenance cost Downtime

Mobility

Unlimited storage capacity

Data security
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1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Contains the basic building blocks for cloud IT.
It typically provides access to networking
features, computers and data storage space.
IaaS gives you the highest level of flexibility and
management control over your IT resources.
Examples: Microsoft Azure, AWS etc.
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Advantages of IaaS
Cost-Effective

Website hosting

Security

Maintenance
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2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Provides a platform and environment to allow
developers to build applications and services
over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the
cloud and accessed by users simply via their
web browser.
PaaS removes the need for you to manage
underlying infrastructure (usually hardware and
operating systems), and allows you to focus on
the deployment and management of your
applications.
Examples: Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google
App Engine etc.
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Advantages of PaaS
Simple and convenient for users

Cost-Effective

Efficiently managing the lifecycle

Efficiency
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3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of
delivering services and applications over the
Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining
software, we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex software
and hardware management.
SaaS offering, you don’t have to think about how
the service is maintained or how the underlying
infrastructure is managed. You only need to
think about how you will use that particular
software.
Examples: Salesforce, Dropbox, Google
Workspace(G Suite) etc.
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Advantages of SaaS
Cost-Effective

Reduced time: Run SaaS apps directly without download and install.

Accessibility: Access app data from anywhere.

Automatic updates

Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.
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Evolution of Cloud Computing
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Evolution of Cloud Computing
Cluster computing(1980):
Cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth.
Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of
the cost was solved to some extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still
pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

Grid computing(1990):
Grid computing means that different systems were placed at entirely different geographical
locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to
different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it
solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the nodes
increased.
The main problem which was encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth
connectivity and with it other network associated issues.
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Evolution of Cloud Computing
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Evolution of Cloud Computing
Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services such as
compute services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which
are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.

Saas
Paas
Iaas

Cloud Computing
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Parallel Computing
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried
out simultaneously.
There are many reasons to use parallel computing, such as save time and money, provide
concurrency, solve larger problems, etc.
Furthermore, parallel computing reduces complexity.
In the real-life example of parallel computing, there are two queues to get a ticket of
anything; if two cashiers are giving tickets to 2 persons simultaneously, it helps to save time
as well as reduce complexity.
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Parallel Computing
Applications of Parallel Computing
Databases and Data mining.
The real-time simulation of systems.
The technologies, such as Networked videos and Multimedia.
Science and Engineering.
Collaborative work environments.
Used by augmented reality, advanced graphics, and virtual reality.
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Parallel Computing
Disadvantages of Parallel Computing
In the case of clusters, better cooling technologies are needed in parallel computing.
It requires the managed algorithms, which could be handled in the parallel mechanism.
The multi-core architectures consume high power consumption.
The parallel computing system needs low coupling and high cohesion, which is difficult to
create.
The code for a parallelism-based program can be done by the most technically skilled and
expert programmers.
Due to synchronization, thread creation, data transfers, and more, the extra cost sometimes
can be quite large.
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Distributed Computing
A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on
multiple computers, but run as a single system.
The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and
connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a
wide area network.
A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as
mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on.
The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer.
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Distributed Computing
Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems
Scalability
The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed.

Redundancy
Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not
stop. Additionally, because many smaller machines can be used, this redundancy does
not need to be prohibitively expensive.
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Distributed Computing Architecture
Divided into two essential concepts —
Software architecture
layered architecture
object-based architecture
data-centered architecture
event-based architecture

System architecture
client-server architecture
peer-to-peer architecture
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Software Architecture
Layered architecture:
Layered architecture provides a modular approach to software.
By separating each component, it is more efficient.
For example, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model uses a layered architecture for
better results.

It is a type of software that separates components

into units.
A request goes from the top down, and the
response goes from the bottom up.
The advantage of layered architecture is that it
keeps things orderly and modifies each layer
independently without affecting the rest of the
system.
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Software Architecture
Data-centered architecture
Data-centered architecture works on a central data repository, either active or passive.
Like most producer-consumer scenarios, the producer (business) produces items to the
common data store, and the consumer (individual) can request data from it.
Sometimes, this central repository can be just a simple database.
All communication between objects happens through a data storage system
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System Architecture
Client-server architecture
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System Architecture
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture
Also called a (P2P) network, works on the concept of no central control in a distributed
system.
A node can either act as a client or server at any given time once it joins the network. A
node that requests something is called a client, and one that provides something is called a
server. In general, each node is called a peer.
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Parallel vs Distributed Computing
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Elasticity in Cloud Computing
Cloud Elasticity is the property of a cloud to grow or shrink capacity for CPU, memory, and
storage resources to adapt to the changing demands of an organization.
Cloud Elasticity can be automatic, without need to perform capacity planning in advance of
the occasion.
Monitoring tools offered by the cloud provider dynamically adjust the resources allocated to
an organization without impacting existing cloud-based operations.
This eliminates the need for IT administration staff to monitor resources.
Cloud Elasticity is often associated with horizontal scaling (scale-out) architecture.
Cloud Elasticity provides businesses and IT organizations the ability to meet any
unexpected jump in demand, without the need to maintain standby equipment to handle
that demand.