DATABASE CREATION AND USE.

Geographic Information System ( GIS ) : This referred to a system for capturing , storing ,

checking , manipulating , analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the

earth . GIS also refers to a powerful set of tools for collecting , storing , retrieving at will ,

transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world.

Data : Refers to raw facts / measurement / observation taken from a certain phenomenon which

has a meaning yet unless it is further evaluated , analyzed and processed.

Entities : refers to features in space which one need to keep record of it . E.g. pillar.

Data model : this is an abstraction of the real world which incorporates only those properties

thought to be relevant to the application at hand . The data model also defines specific group of

entities , their attributes and relationship that exist among them . The data model is independent

of a computer system.

Data Structure : Refers to the logical arrangement of data as used by a system for data

management , a representation of data model in computer form . Database structure is the

collection of record type and field type definition that comprise your database.

Records : is a type of entities or research objects that you wish to capture e.g. person.

Fields : are the properties or attributes that describes your record e.g. Age , Height , Gender ,

Sex.

Data classification is the process of organizing data into categories for it most effective and

efficient use.
Database: it is an organized , integrated collection of non - redundant data stored so as to be

capable of use by relevant application with the data being accessed by different logical paths.

Database Management System ( DBMS ):- . This comprise of a set of program or logical

function which are used in manipulating and maintaining of data in a database . It normally

contains routines for data input , verification storage and retrieval.

Computer Aided Drafting ( CAD ):- This is a graphic or an electronic drafting system used for

the design and drafting of graphic element such as point , lines and polygon . It is not capable of

spatial analysis . Examples are AutoCAD ( Autodesk ) Micro station ( Intergraph ) .

Computer Assisted Mapping ( CAM ):- This refers to the digital compilation and production of

maps especially from hybrid and analytical stereo plotters . It is also referred to as automated

Mapping (AM) . Geo - informatics is a body of knowledge that deals with acquisition ( using

different methods ) processing and management of geo - information . It thus requires / entails

the understanding of concept and use of various data acquisition techniques such as surveying

and geodesy, Photogrammetry , digital image processing remote sensing for acquiring spatial

data as input into a GIS database the processing and management of such data and production of

information from such system.

SOURCE OF DATA AND DATA CAPTURING METHODS

The different sources of data are many. The choice of the source depends on a number of factor

such as available hard and software , manpower , accuracy level , time , purpose etc these source

include the following.

• Scanning

•Hydrograph

•Social survey

● Ground survey and positioning

•Remote sensing

•Digital photogrammetric methods

● Archival sources

Ground survey method provides ground control points for mapping . These method of data

acquisition for digital mapping include traditional land survey method such as traversing ,

triangulation , trilateration , leveling , tachometry , chain survey , plane tabling survey method .

The focus here is the determination of the co - ordinates of points on the earth surface from

which graphic representation in form maps , plans can be produced.

Remote sensing methods : Remotely sensed data acquired through various satellites remain the

dominant data source to digitized mapping in the 21 " century . Remote sensing is the science ,

art and technology of collection , storing , ( processing ) and extracting environmental

information from images of the ground acquired by devices not in direct physical contact with

the features being studied.

Recent trend using satellites based surveying techniques include the global position system

( GPS ) and Doppler.

environment through the process of recording , measuring and analyzing photogrammetry

images . This method is more economical as spatial data acquisition techniques than ground

survey method from aerial photograph object co - ordinate can be derived either through digital

stereoplotter or the analogue types ( being phase out presently ) . The derived co - ordinates are

exported directly into the digital mapping data base system . The attribute information requires

can be determined either through interpretation or through field- checking.

Digitizing is a form of electronic tracing which converts the analogue maps to digital vector

format , here the digitized spatial features registered as series of X.Y coordinates .

Scanning is a technique of analogue data conversion to raster digital format archival source such

as government establishments , research institution , local and international organization etc are

very reliable data source to digital mapping.

Social survey such as opinion polls , and oral interview , structured questionnaire , site visitation

( Ground truthing ) are equally very dependable source to our digital mapping drive.

Archives methods : this is the process of acquiring the existing data previous from past work

done by scholars / researchers for use in the current research proposed .

✔DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Database system is one of the powerful tools for making decision through which items are

selected from a large group . With it , fact could be organized into data fields . Database arose

out of perceived need for organizing large numbers of records . In banks database could be used
in keeping track of customers bank accounts , airline booking agent record and update the

observation of plane seat using database using database in surveying and mapping it could also

be used to keep record of topologic and attribute data.

Specific information could be located on queried form the database with the aid of any family of

Rational Database Management System ( DBMS ) . DBMS is a collection of software for

organizing the information in the database. Typically contains routines for data input ,

verification storage and retrieval .

Conventionally, a DBMS ( e.g. Oracle , dBase , Access etc ) deals with alphanumeric data and

has no capabilities for graphics functions such as display of maps.

They are special software that enables users to create file in the database, manipulate the record

in the file in order to obtain desired information urology and without difficulty.

A database system is essentially a computerized record keeping system. It is an electronic filing

cabinet i.e. a repository for a collection of computerized data files . It is therefore an organized ,

integrated collection of non redundant data stored so as to be capable of use by relevant

application with the data being accessed by different logical paths.

Database system allows (CAPABILITIES)

● Adding file to database and sharing of data.

• Inserting new data into existing files

•Retrieving data

•Updating data into existing one

• Removing existing file from the database

Spatial Data: are data that defines a location . It consists of spatial object made up of points,

lines and polygon , pixels , region , surface , time . It includes the location, shape , size , and

orientation . It includes the coordinates or boundaries to a geographical area. Spatial data set are

primarily defined as those which are directly or indirectly referenced to a location on the earth

surface. It has spatial information in the form of latitude and longitude. Example of spatial data

are cities , river , roads , states , example of spatial properties are extends of a given road ,

boundary of any given country.

Non spatial data : these are data that cannot be related to a location on the surface of the earth .

Non spatial data refers to other attributes associated with the features such as name, length , area ,

volume , population , soil type etc Example are elevation , height , city names , date of birth ,

income , quantity , sales amount etc.

Lists of Some Important Civil Engineering softwares :

1. Autocad

2. Microsoft Office ( Excel , Power Point , Word )

3. Revit

4. STAAD Pro

5. SAP 2000

6. ETABS
7. GeoHECRAS

8. Google Sketchups

9. 3d Home Architect

10 . 3ds Max

11. Bently Road Network

12. recon

13. Revit MEP

14. strap

15. Benteley watergems / sewergems

16. Tekla

17. SAFE

18. 3d Max

19. Prima Vera

20. Take off

21. Lusas Finite Element Analysis System

22. InSINCE is ( Inside Sewer Intelligent Network Computational Engine ). It is better than

SEWERGEMS / SEWERCAD . Visit www.insince.com

1. MS Project 2. Primavera 3. Project Kick Start 4. Smarta

Analysis / Design

1. Staad Pro 2. GTS 3. STRAP 4. Sap 2000 5. Struds 6. ETABS 7. NISA 8. GT Strudl 9. Xsteel

10 . MicroStation 11. Ansys

Modelling

1. ArchiCAD 2. AutoCAD Rivet 3. D Studio MAX 4. PDS 5. PDMS 6. SP 3D 7. Tekla

Structures 8. Photoshop

Water Tanks

1. ESR GSR

Quantity & Estimation

1. QE PRO

Geotechnical

1 . Plaxis 2. Geo

GPS / GIS

1. Are View 2. GeoMatics

Sewer Modelling 1. Kanal ++

Water Distribution Network 1. Aqua ++

1. MXRoads 2. HDM 3. AutoPlotter 4. Heads

Green Buildings

1. Ecotect 2. Visual Doe 3. Energy + 4. IES 5. Dialux

Drafting

1. Vector Works 2. Maya 3. Rhino PSC 4.Autocad

Girder Design

1. MIDAS 2. ADAPT - ABI Offshore

Platform Design

1. SACS

Foundation Design

1. SAFE 2. STAAD Foundation .

For structural analysis

ETABS

STAAD PRO

FOR project planning

Ms project

For 3d modeling of structure / Architecture

3ds max: in this you can design the model of whole city.

Maya.

Some of the most frequently used software by Construction Professional.

Microsoft Office -There is no need to explain the importance of this software . No professional

office career is complete without knowledge of this software . If you want to be good engineer

this is most important software . It is used for making reports , presentations and for billing

purpose.

AutoCAD and 3D Max- The most popular software in civil engineering world designed by Auto

- desk 2D and 3D design , drafting , modeling , architectural drawing etc. can be created by this

software . This is the most powerful resource to express your imagination to write down , to

draw or to plot them.

Primavera and Microsoft Project - It is used as a Project Management tool for Planning and

Scheduling of the projects . Effectively manage time , costs , resources , contracts , and changes

in a single solution.

Etabs - It is used for Structural drawing and analysis . From the start of design conception

through the production of schematic drawings , Etabs integrate every aspect of the engineering

design process.
Stadd. pro - It is a 3D structural analysis and engineering design software.

SAP 2000 - It's a most popular structural analysis and design software in the civil engineering

world . Ideal for design and analysis for any type of structure.

MATLAB and PTC MathCAD - It is used for numerical analysis and mathematical operations.

Arc GIS and Geo Media Professional - It is used for geology and geoinformatics.

Most important software that every Civil engineers should know:

Autocad : it's use for making plans of any construction like making plans of building , bridge ,

dam etc.

Excel : execution , surveying , planning , contracts , budgeting , designing , quality control ,

quantity estimation , you name it . Everyone uses MS Excel. All sort of calculation are done on

it . It's easier to interpret the data or modify it as per need in Excel.

For geotechnical work

Geo studio : used for analysing slope stability , ground water seepage , stress deformations.

Geo5 used for Excavation design , Shallow foundation and deep foundation design , stability

analysis , settlement analysis.

FLAC3D : advanced geotechnical analysis of soil , rock , and structural support in three

dimensions.

Structural Analysis and Design : STAAD Pro , ETABS , SAP 2000 etc.

Numerical Analysis and mathematical operations : MATLAB , Mathematica , PTC Mathcad etc.
Simulations and Finite Element Analysis : ANSYS , ABAQUS etc.

Project Management : Primavera , MS Project

Geoinformatics : Arc GIS , GeoMedia Professional AUTOCAD Civil 3D ( different from

AUTOCAD ) is another very useful software.

GIS Application in Civil Engineering

i. Transportation

ii. Watershed Analysis

iii. Environmental Impact Assessment.

iv. Remote Sensing

v. Urban development

vi. Risk Management / Risk Analysis and emergency planning and Response

vii. Landfill Site Selection.

viii. Mineral Mapping

ix. Pollution Monitoring

x. Natural Hazard Assessment

xi. Resource Management

xii . Military
xiii . Real Estate Planning : Location drive the real estate industry . It is not just about finding

any site but finding the best site . Real estate companies count on GIS technology to deliver the

result they need . By analysing data around location aerial photographs , traffic counts , shopping

center usage , merchandise potential data , and competetive influence they can find properties to

match exacting specifications.

GIS helps the real estateindustry to analyze , report , map , and model the merits of one site or

location over another . For identifying the best fit for new commercial development or matching

a home buyers's decision criteria to managing a property portfolio , GIS delivers the answer

needed to make the best choice in real estate.

xiv . Traffic Engineering and Mass Transits System : Public transits is key to meeting

transportation challenges presented by rapidly growing cities , rising fuel prices , budget

constraints , and global environmental issues . Traffic engineering uses engineering techniques to

achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods such as road geometry , sidewalks ,

and crosswalks , segregated cycle facilities , shared lane marking , traffic signs , road surface

markings and traffic light.

XV . Highways and Railways

xvi . Aviation : area where GIS applied for are ; capital planning , Land Acquisition , Security

and Risk Assessment , Flight path Management , Airport Layout planning , Capacity planning ,

Pavement Management , Parking Management, Lighting Management , Noise Monitoring and

Modeling . Environmental Assessment.

xvii . Pipeline Layout

xix . Hydrology and Reservoir Planning

XX . Water supply and Sewers Systems

xxi . Geotechnical Engineering

xxii . Oil and Refinery

xxiii . Power Transmission.

Xxxiv . Port Management