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Introduction to Internet of Things

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Z WAVE

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• The Z-Wave protocol was developed by Zensys, a

Danish company based in Copenhagen, in 1999

• In 1999 Zensys introduced a consumer light-

control system, which evolved into Z-Wave as a
proprietary system on a chip (SoC) home
automation protocol on an unlicensed frequency
band in the 900 MHz range

• 700 series chip was released in 2019, with the

ability to communicate up to 100 meters directly
from point-to-point, or 800 meters across an entire
Z-Wave network, an extended battery life of up to
10 years, and comes with S2 and SmartStart
technology.

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INTRODUCTION

✓ As of June 2022, there are over 4,000 Z-Wave certified interoperable

products.
✓ Zwave (or Z wave or Z‐wave) is a protocol for communication
among devices used for home automation.
✓ It uses RF for signaling and control.
✓ Operating frequency is 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz
in Europe.
✓ Mesh network topology is the main mode of operation, and
can support 232 nodes in a network.
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

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ZWAVE GLOBAL OPERATING

FREQUENCY

Frequency in MHz Used in

865.2 India
868.1 Malaysia
868.42 ; 869.85 Europe
868.4 China, Korea
869.0 Russia
908.4 ; 916.0 USA
915.0 ‐ 926.0 Israel
919.8 Hong Kong
921.4 ; 919.8 Australia, New Zealand
922.0 ‐ 926.0 Japan
Source: “Z‐Wave”, Wikipedia (Online)

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✓ Zwave utilizes GFSK modulation and Manchester channel

encoding.
✓ A central network controller device sets‐up and manages a
Zwave network.
✓ Each logical Zwave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and
multiple node IDs for the devices in it.
✓ Nodes with different Home IDs cannot communicate with
each other.
✓ Network ID length=4 Bytes, Node ID length=1 Byte.
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

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GFSK

✓ Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying.

✓ Baseband pulses are passed through a Gaussian filter prior to
modulation.
✓ Filtering operation smoothens the pulses consisting of
streams of ‐1 and 1, and is known as Pulse shaping.
✓ Pulse shaping limits the modulated spectrum width.

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Z-WAVE MAC LAYER

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✓ Its wireless mesh networking technology enables any node to

talk to adjacent nodes directly or indirectly, controlling any
additional nodes.
✓ Uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary
controller.
✓ Devices communicate with one another when in range.
✓ When devices are not in range, messages are routed though
different nodes to bypass obstructions created by household
appliances or layout.
✓ This process of bypassing radio dead‐spots is done using a message
called Healing.
✓ As Zwave uses a source routed static network, mobile devices are
excluded from the network and only static devices are considered.
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

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❑ A device must be "included" to the Z-Wave

network before it can be controlled via Z-
Wave.
❑ This process (also known as "pairing" and
"adding") is usually achieved by pressing a
sequence of buttons on the controller and
on the device being added to the network.
❑ This sequence only needs to be performed
once, after which the device is always
recognized by the controller
❑ The controller learns the signal strength
between the devices during the inclusion
process and will utilize this information
when calculating routes.
❑ In the event that devices have been moved
and the previously stored signal strength is
wrong, the controller may issue a new route
resolution through one or more explore
frames.

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ZWAVE VS. ZIGBEE

Zwave Zigbee

✓ User friendly and provides a ✓ Requires so little power that

simple system that users can set devices can last up to seven years
up themselves. on one set of batteries.
✓ Ideal for someone with a basic ✓ Ideal for technology experts who
understanding of technology who want a system they can customize
wants to keep their home with their preferences and install
automation secure, efficient, themselves.
simple to use, and easy to
maintain.
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016

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ZWAVE VS. ZIGBEE

Zwave Zigbee

✓ Expensive. ✓ Cheaper than Zwave.

✓ Nine out of ten leading ✓ ZigBee Alliance consists of
security and communication nearly 400 member
companies in the U.S. use Z‐ organizations that use,
Wave in their smart home develop, and improve
solutions ZigBee’s open‐standard
wireless connection
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016

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WIRELESS HART

• Wireless HART is the latest release of Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol.
• HART standard was developed for networked smart field devices
• The wireless protocol makes the implementation of HART cheaper and easier
• HART encompasses the most number of field devices incorporated in any field network.
• Wireless HART enables device placements more accessible and cheaper such as the top of a reaction
tank, inside a pipe, or at widely separated warehouses.
• Main difference between wired and unwired versions is in the physical, data link and network layers.
• Wired HART lacks a network layer.

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HART PHYSICAL LAYER HART DATA LINK LAYER

• Collision free and deterministic communication achieved
by means of super‐frames and TDMA.
• Derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
• Super‐frames consist of grouped 10ms wide timeslots.
• It operates only in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
• Super‐frames control the timing of transmission to ensure
• Employs and exploits 15 channels of the band to increase collision free and reliable communication.
reliability.
• This layer incorporates channel hopping and channel
blacklisting to increase reliability and security.
• Channel blacklisting identifies channels consistently
affected by interference and removes them from use.

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HART NETWORK TRANSPORT LAYERS

• Cooperatively handle various types of traffic, routing, session creation, and security.
• Wireless HART relies on Mesh networking for its communication, and each device is
primed to forward packets from every other devices.
• Each device is armed with an updated network graph (i.e., updated topology) to handle
routing.
• Network layer (HART)=Network Transport Session layers

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APPLICATION LAYER

• Handles communication between gateways and devices via a series of command and
response messages
• Responsible for extracting commands from a message, executing it and generating
responses.
• This layer is seamless and does not differentiate between wireless and wired versions of
HART.

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HART CONGESTION CONTROL

• Restricted to 2.4Ghz ISM band with channel 26 removed, due to its restricted usage in certain
areas.
• Interference‐prone channels avoided by using channel switching post every transmission.
• Transmissionssynchronizedusing10msslots.

• During each slot, all available channels can be utilized by the various nodes in the network
allowing for the propagation of 15 packets through the network at a time, which also minimizes
the risk of collisions.

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WIRELESS HART
NETWORK MANAGER
• The network manager supervises each node in the network and guides them on when
and where to send packets.
• Allows for collision‐free and timely delivery of packets between a source and destination.
• The network manager updates information about neighbors, signal strength and
information needing delivery or receipt
• Decides who will send, who will listen, and at what frequency is each time‐slot.
• Handles code‐based network security and prevents unauthorized nodes from joining the
network.

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WIRELESSHART
VS. ZIGBEE
• A Wireless HART node hops after every message changing channels every time it sends a
packet. ZigBee does not feature hopping at all, and only hops when the entire network
hops
• At the MAC layer, Wireless HART utilizes time division multiple access ( TDMA ),
allotting individual time slots for each transmission.
• ZigBee applies carrier sense multiple access with collision detection CSMA/CD

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• Wireless HART represents a true mesh network , where each node is capable of serving
as a router so that, if one node goes down, another can replace it, ensuring packet
delivery.
• ZigBee utilizes a tree topology, which makes nodes along the trunk critical.
• Wireless HART devices are all back compatible allowing for the integration of legacy
devices as well as new ones.
• ZigBee devices share the same basis for their physical layers, but ZigBee, ZigBee Pro,
ZigBee RF4CE, and ZigBee IP are otherwise incompatible with each other

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OVERVIEW OF DASH7 PROTOCOL

• DASH7 is a low-power, long-range wireless communication protocol designed for IoT (Internet of Things) applications.
• It operates in the sub-1 GHz ISM band and is known for its ultra-low power consumption, long-range communication, and fast
data exchange.
• DASH7 is ideal for asset tracking, smart cities, industrial automation, and logistics due to its bi-directional communication and
wake-on-demand capability.
• Key Features of DASH7:
Operates in 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz frequency bands (sub-GHz).
Supports multi-kilometer range with low power consumption.
Provides bidirectional, multi-hop, and broadcast communication.
Uses wake-on-demand instead of continuous listening to save energy.
Higher data rates (9.6 - 166.7 kbps) compared to LoRa and Sigfox.

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• The DASH7 Alliance Protocol (D7AP) is an

open standard designed for low-power, bi-
directional wireless communication, primarily
operating in the sub-GHz ISM bands.
• It is tailored for sensor-actuator applications,
enabling efficient and secure data exchange in
various IoT deployments.
• Central to D7AP is the Application Layer
Protocol (ALP), which defines a set of
commands facilitating interaction between
devices.

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• Physical Layer (PHY) • Data Link Layer (DLL)

• Function: Handles wireless transmission and reception of data. • Function: Manages medium access, error detection, and secure data
Based on ISO 18000-7 and IEEE 802.15.4 standards. transmission.
Operates in sub-GHz bands (433 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz).
Uses Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) or Gaussian Frequency • Channel Access:
Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation.
• Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
Supports adaptive data rates (9.6 kbps – 166.7 kbps).
(CSMA/CA) to avoid conflicts.
Provides multi-kilometer range with minimal power
consumption. • Implements Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) to optimize transmission power
and efficiency.
• Key Feature: Optimized for low-power, long-range communication
with minimal interference. • Supports AES-128 encryption for secure communication.

• Manages device authentication and key management.

• Implements cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for error detection.

• Uses Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) for retransmissions.

• Key Feature: Ensures reliable, collision-free, and secure data

transmission

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• Network Layer (NWK) • Transport Layer (TL)

• Function: Handles routing, addressing, and multi-hop • function: Manages end-to-end communication, session
communication. management, and error handling.

• Network Topology: • Message Reliability:

• Supports Star, Tree, and Mesh topologies. • Uses acknowledgments (ACKs) to confirm message delivery.

• Uses multi-hop communication to extend range. • Supports fragmentation and reassembly for large messages.

• Addressing Modes: • Session Management:

• Unicast (device-to-device).Multicast (group of devices).Broadcast (all • Ensures secure, ordered, and complete data transfer.
devices in range).
• Key Feature: Provides reliable communication with minimal
• Wake-on-Demand (WoD): overhead.

• Devices stay in sleep mode until queried.

• Reduces energy consumption compared to continuous listening.

• Key Feature: Supports scalable, efficient, and low-power

networking

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• Application Layer (APL)

• Function: Defines the commands, data formats, and services used by DASH7-enabled IoT devices.
• Device Communication:
• Defines DASH7 commands for configuration, control, and data retrieval.
• Manages sensor readings, actuator control, and event triggers.
• Interfacing with Cloud & IoT Platforms:
• Data can be forwarded to IoT gateways, SCADA, or cloud servers.
• Supports integration with MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP protocols.
• Key Feature: Provides application-specific services and seamless cloud integration.

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• Key Features of DASH7 ALP Commands:

• File-Based Data Management: Employs a file system abstraction, where data is organized into
files. ALP commands are used to read from, write to, and manage these files, allowing
structured data handling.
• Asynchronous Communication: DASH7's primary communication method is command-
response, eliminating the need for periodic network handshakes or synchronization. This
design conserves energy and reduces network overhead.
• Security and Access Control: ALP commands support authentication and encryption
mechanisms, ensuring secure data transmission and access control within the network.

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DASH7 ALP COMMANDS

1. File Operations: 3. Security Commands:

1. Read File: Retrieve data from a specified file on a 1. Authenticate: Verify the identity of a device before
device. permitting access to resources.
2. Write File: Store data into a specified file. 2. Encrypt/Decrypt: Apply encryption to data being
3. Create File: Initialize a new file within the device's file transmitted or decrypt received data to maintain
system. confidentiality.
4. Delete File: Remove an existing file from the system. 4. System Commands:
2. Session and Network Management: 1. Status Check: Query a device for its current status
or operational metrics.
1. Forward: Relay a message to another device,
facilitating multi-hop communication. 2. Execute: Run a predefined script or command on the
target device.
2. Access Profile: Define communication parameters
such as scan periods and channel settings to optimize
network performance. dash7-alliance.org

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HOW DASH7 WORKS?

• Wake-On-Demand:
• Devices remain in sleep mode until a query is received.
• Saves energy compared to continuous listening like LoRa or Zigbee.

• Query-Based Communication: (Push/Pull)

• A central gateway sends queries to devices.
• Devices respond only if relevant, reducing unnecessary transmissions.

• Fast Data Transfer:

• DASH7 supports higher data rates (166.7 kbps) than LoRa/Sigfox.
• Ideal for applications needing frequent updates.

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THREAD

▪ Thread is built upon the IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard;

it is used for extremely low power consumption and low latency deployments.
▪ Unlike Zigbee, Thread can extend direct Internet connectivity to the devices it is
connected with.
▪ Thread removes the need for a cell phone or a proprietary gateway to be in the range of
devices for accessing the Internet.
▪ It is specially designed for IoT with the need for interoperability, security, power, and
architecture addressed in a single radio platform

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