Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu /~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Organelles (cont.)
Vacuoles
• a. Large, water-filled spaces
(cell sap)
• b. Can take up over 90% of cell
volume
c.Surrounded by tonoplast (a
single membrane)
• d. Functions:
– 1) Storage of
red/blue
anthocyanins, acids,
salts, wastes
– 2) Maintain cell
pressure (turgor
pressure)—wilting
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell walls in plant cells, prokaryotic cells,
fungi
1.Plants
▪ Cell walls of cellulose
2.Fungi
▪ Cell walls of chitin
3.Function: support, protection
4.NOTE: Animal cells do not have cell walls!
Cytoskeleton
1.Network of protein fibers to which organelles and
even enzymes are attached
• Microfilaments Intermed. Fil. Microtubules
• Cytoskeleton functions
1.Cell shape
2.Organization of cellular structures
3.Cell movement
▪ Caused by assembly, disassembly and sliding of
the filaments
4.Organelle movement
▪ Ex: Endocytosis
▪ Movement of membrane from ER to Golgi
apparatus, etc…
5.Cell division
• Cilia and flagella are protein microtubule
extensions of the plasma membrane
1.Cilia: short and numerous
2.Examples: within oviducts to move eggs, filter-
feeding in invertebrates, movement of particles out
of respiratory system
• Flagella: longer and fewer
