Name: Class:

Grade (11)
Chemistry work sheet
Chapter 8: Covalent bond

Supervisor: Ahmed ELhussiney teacher: Ahmed Magdi

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Section 8.1 The Covalent Bond
In your textbook, read about the nature of covalent bonds.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

covalent bond molecule sigma bond exothermic pi bond

When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms that results is called
a(n) (1) _____________________
Covalent bond . When such an attachment is formed, bond dissociation energy is
released, and the process is (2) ______________________.
Exotherfmic When two or more atoms bond by means of
electron sharing, the resulting particle is called a(n) (3) _____________________.
Molecule If the electrons shared
are centered between the two atoms, the attachment is called a(n) (4) ____________________.
Sigma If the
sharing involves the overlap of parallel orbitals, the attachment is called a(n) (5) _____________________.
Pi bond

In your textbook, read about single and multiple bonds and bond strength.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
6. In what form do elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?
a. as single atoms c. as molecules containing three atoms
b. as molecules containing two atoms d. as molecules containing four atoms
7. How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
a. none b. one c. two d. four
8. Bond length is the distance between
a. two molecules of the same substance. c. the nuclei of two attached atoms.
b. the electrons in two attached atoms. d. the orbitals of two attached atoms.
9. Which of the following relationships relating to bond length is generally correct?
a. the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond
b. the shorter the bond, the weaker the bond
c. the shorter the bond, the fewer the electrons in it
d. the shorter the bond, the lower the bond dissociation energy

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Section 8.2 Naming Molecules
In your textbook, read about how binary compounds and acids are named from their formulas.
For each statement below, write true or false.
_____________________ 1. Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a nonmetal.
_______________________ 2. The second element in the formula of a binary compound is named using the
suffix -ite.
_______________________ 3. The prefix tetra- indicates three atoms.
________________________4. The prefix hexa- indicates six atoms.
________________________5. In naming the first element in a formula, the prefix mono- is not used.
________________________6. For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the prefix
hydro-.
________________________7. An oxyacid contains only two elements.
_______________________ 8. If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in -ate, the acid name contains the
suffix -ous.

Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B.

Column A Column B

______ 9. CO
a. hydrobromic acid
______ 10. CO2
b. dinitrogen tetroxide
______ 11. H2CO3
c. carbon monoxide
______ 12. NH3
d. nitrous acid
______ 13. N2O4
e. ammonia
______ 14. HNO2
f. nitric acid
______ 15. HNO3
g. carbonic acid
______ 16. HBr
h. bromic acid
______ 17. HBrO3
i. carbon dioxide

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Section 8.3 Molecular Structures
In your textbook, read about Lewis structures.
For each statement below, write true or false.
_______________________ 1. A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
_______________________ 2. The central atom in a molecule is the one with the highest electron affinity.
_______________________ 3. In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
_______________________ 4. The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of electrons.
_______________________ 5. To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a positive ion, you
should add the ion charge to the total number of valence electrons of the atoms
present.
_______________________ 6. The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the bonded
atoms.
_______________________ 7. Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a
molecule.
_______________________ 8. Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.
_______________________ 9. The carbon dioxide molecule contains two double bonds.
_______________________ 10. All electrons in an atom are available for bonding.
_______________________ 11. In the sulfate ion (SO42), 32 electrons are available for bonding.
_______________________ 12. When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains ten pairs of bonding
electrons.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B

_________ 13. Odd number of valence electrons a. O3

_________ 14. Fewer than 8 electrons around an atom b. BF3
_________ 15. More than 8 electrons around central atom c. NO
_________ 16. More than one valid Lewis structure d. SF6

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Section 8.4 Molecular Shape
In your textbook, read about the VSEPR model.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
1. The VSEPR model is used mainly to
a. determine molecular shape. c. determine ionic charge.
b. write resonance structures. d. measure intermolecular distances.
2. The bond angle is the angle between
a. the sigma and pi bonds in a double bond. c. two terminal atoms and the central atom.
b. the nucleus and the bonding electrons. d. the orbitals of a bonding atom.
3. The VSEPR model is based on the idea that
a. there is always an octet of electrons around an atom in a molecule.
b. electrons are attracted to the nucleus.
c. molecules repel one another.
d. shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other as much as possible.
4. The shape of a molecule whose central atom has four pairs of bonding electrons is
a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.
5. The shape of a molecule that has two covalent single bonds and no lone pairs on the central atom is
a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.
6. The shape of a molecule that has three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the central atom is
a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.

In your textbook, read about hybridization.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

carbon hybridization sp3 identical methane

The formation of new orbitals from a combination or rearrangement of valence electrons is called
(7) ________________________. The orbitals that are produced in this way are
(8) ________________________ to one another. An example of an element that commonly undergoes
such formation is (9) ____________________ . When this atom combines its three p orbitals and its one s
orbital, the orbitals that result are called (10) ____________________ orbitals. An example of a molecule
that has this type of orbital is (11) ___________________.

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Section 8.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
In your textbook, read about electronegativity.
Use the table of electronegativities below to answer the following questions.

1. What is the meaning of the term electronegativity?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which element has the highest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the highest overall electronegativities?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which element has the lowest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What general trend in electronegativity do you note going down a group? Across a period?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How are the electronegativity values used to determine the type of bond that exists
between two atoms?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

In your textbook, read about the properties of covalent compounds.

For each statement below, write true or false.
_______________________ 6. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances.
_______________________ 7. In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules
tends to be strong.
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Using the table of electronegativities on the preceding page, circle the letter of the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
8. Unequal sharing of electrons between two bonded atoms always indicates
a. a nonpolar covalent bond. c. a polar covalent bond.
b. an ionic bond. d. a polar molecule.
9. When electronegativities of two bonded atoms differ greatly, the bond is
a. polar covalent. b. coordinate covalent. c. polar covalent. d. ionic.
10. What is the electronegativity difference that usually is the dividing line between covalent and ionic
bonds?
a. 1.0 b. 1.7 c. 2.7 d. 4.0
11. The symbol   is placed next to which of the following?
a. the less electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond c. a positive ion
b. the more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond d. the nucleus
12. A nonpolar covalent bond is one in which
a. electrons are transferred. c. electrons are shared equally.
b. electrons are shared unequally. d. both electrons are provided by the same atom.
13. Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds
a. are always polar. c. are always ionic.
b. may or may not be polar. d. are always nonpolar.
14. What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is polar or not?
a. temperature b. its geometry c. its physical state d. its mass
15. Which of the following correctly describes the compound water, H 2O?
a. ionic c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
16. Which of the following correctly describes the compound carbon tetrachloride, CCl4?
a. ionic c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
17. A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is
a. nonpolar because it is linear.
b. polar because it is linear.
c. nonpolar because there is no electronegativity difference.
d. polar because there is an electronegativity difference and the molecule is trigonal pyramidal.

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Test yourself

Choose the correct word for each sentence.

a. structural formula b. molecule c. VSEPR model d. coordinate covalent bond e. hybridization

f. oxyacid g. electronegativity h. sigma bond i. polar covalent j. pi bond

k. covalent bond l. resonance m. endothermic n. exothermic

______1.The tendency of an atom in a compound to attract electrons

______2.A kind of bond in which there is unequal sharing of electrons
______3.Any bond in which there is electron sharing
______4.The particle formed when two or more atoms bond covalently
______5.Reactions that occur when more energy is released forming new bonds than is required to break bonds in the
initial reactants
______6.A kind of bond in which electrons are shared in an area centered between the two atoms
______7.A kind of bond formed by overlap of parallel orbitals
______8.Any acidic compound that contains oxygen
______9.A model that shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule
______10.Reactions that occur when more energy is required to break existing bonds in reactants than is released when
new bonds form in the product molecules
______11.A condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule
______12.A kind of bond in which one of the atoms provides both electrons for sharing
______13.A model used to determine molecular shape
______14.The combining of orbitals in an atom to form new, identical orbitals

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Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In the formation of a covalent bond, electrons are
a. shared. b. lost. c. gained. d. transferred.
2. Which of the following elements normally exists in the form of diatomic molecules?
a. helium b. argon c. iron d. nitrogen
3. Four electrons are shared in a
a. single covalent bond. c. triple covalent bond.
b. double covalent bond. d. quadruple covalent bond.
4. Which of the following molecules contains only sigma bonds?
a. methane b. oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen
5. Which of the following molecules contains a triple bond?
a. methane b. oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen
6. How many pi bonds are there in a triple bond?
a. none b. one c. two d. three
7. Which of the following molecules would be expected to have the greatest bond dissociation energy?
a. F2 b. O2 c. N2 d. Cl2

In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false, change the
italicized term to make it true.
___________________ 8. In a chemical name, the prefix used to indicate the presence of
two atoms of a given kind is bi-.
___________________ 9. The prefix hydro- is used in naming binary acids.
___________________ 10. The oxyacid suffix for an acid that contains an anion ending
in -ate is -ic.
___________________ 11. In Lewis structures, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
___________________ 12. In the carbon dioxide molecule, the central atom is a carbon atom.
___________________ 13. In the compound BH3, the boron atom has more than an octet of
electrons.
___________________ 14. The VSEPR model is based on the idea that in a molecule, nuclei
repel each other as much as possible.

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The diagram below represents different hybridizations of the orbitals of three carbon
atoms, labeled X, Y, and Z. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

1. Write the electron configuration of an unbonded carbon atom (atomic number 6) before hybridization occurs.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Look at carbon atom X in the diagram. What is the symbol for the hybrid orbitals formed by carbon
atom X? How many of them are there in that atom?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Does carbon atom X have any unhybridized orbitals? If so, tell how many and write the symbol for
them.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. To how many other atoms would carbon atom X be attached? What types of bonds— single, double,
or triple—would they be? State whether each attachment would involve sigma bonds, pi bonds, or
both.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What would be the shape of the molecule formed by carbon atom X when it bonds in that way?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Suppose that the attachments in that molecule are to atoms of the same kind with an electronegativity
greater than that of carbon. Would each bond be polar or nonpolar? Would the molecule as a whole
be polar or nonpolar? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Look at carbon atom Y in the diagram. What is the symbol for the hybrid orbitals formed by carbon
atom Y? How many of them are there in that atom?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

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1 A molecule is formed when two or more atoms form a covalent bond. According to this definition, which of these is
NOT a molecule?
A NaCl
B H2
C HCl
D NH3

Use the table below to answer question 2.

2 The table shows some of the prefixes used to name binary covalent compounds. What name would be given to the
compound PBr5?
A Phosphorus tetrabromide
B Monophosphorus pentabromide
C Phosphorus pentabromide
D Phosphorus hexabromide

3 In the polyatomic ion NH4, the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between nitrogen and hydrogen involves
_________.
A hydrogen transferring a pair of electrons to nitrogen
B nitrogen transferring a pair of electrons to hydrogen
C hydrogen donating a pair of electrons to be shared with nitrogen
D nitrogen donating a pair of electrons to be shared with hydrogen

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4 When hydrogen and fluorine combine, a polar covalent bond is formed. Which of these formulas is the best way to
express this relationship?
A
B
C

5 At room temperature, iodine (I2) is a solid and bromine (Br2) is a liquid. These molecules have different melting
points because of stronger _________.
A covalent bonds in iodine
B covalent bonds in bromine
C intermolecular forces in iodine
D intermolecular forces in bromine

Use the diagram below to answer

question 6.

6The diagram shows the electron configuration of a carbon atom and the rearrangement of electrons to form four new
identical orbitals in a hybridized carbon atom. This type of hybrid orbital is called an _________.
A s2 orbital
B sp orbital
C sp2 orbital
D sp3 orbital

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7 Which of these is the chemical formula for sulfurous acid?
A H 2S
B H2SO3
C H2SO4
D H 2S 2

8 The bond that holds two fluorine atoms together in an F 2 molecule would be classified as nonpolar covalent because
_________.
A both atoms are different and the difference in electronegativity is large
B both atoms are different and the difference in electronegativity is zero
C both atoms are the same and the difference in electronegativity is large
D both atoms are the same and the difference in electronegativity is zero

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