🧪 1.
Scientific Investigation
✅ Variables:
Independent Variable – What you change
Dependent Variable – What you measure
Control Variables – What you keep the same
✅ Graph Rules:
X-axis: Independent Variable
Y-axis: Dependent Variable
Label axes with units
Use a line of best fit for continuous data
✅ Fair Test: Keep only one variable changed at a time!
2. States of Matter & Changes
State Shape Volume Particle Movement
Solid Fixed Fixed Vibrate in place
Liqui Takes shape of container Fixed Move past each other
d
Gas No fixed shape No fixed volume Move freely
✅ Changes of State
Melting (Solid → Liquid)
Boiling/Evaporation (Liquid → Gas)
Condensation (Gas → Liquid)
Freezing (Liquid → Solid)
Sublimation (Solid → Gas directly)
🩸 3. Cells & Life Processes
Animal Cell
🧬 Nucleus – Controls cell activities
💧 Cytoplasm – Site of chemical reactions
🧱 Cell Membrane – Controls what enters/leaves
🔋 Mitochondria – Energy production
Plant Cell (Extra Parts)
🟢 Chloroplast – Photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)
📦 Vacuole – Stores water & nutrients
🛑 Cell Wall – Provides support & structure
✅ Life Processes (MRS GREN)
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
🌿 4. Photosynthesis & Respiration
✅ Photosynthesis Equation:
☀️Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
(CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂) [with sunlight & chlorophyll]
✅ Respiration Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
(C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP)
⚡ 5. Energy & Forces
Types of Energy
Kinetic (Moving objects)
Potential (Stored energy)
Thermal (Heat)
Chemical (Food, fuel, batteries)
Light (Sun, bulbs)
Sound (Vibrations)
Electrical (Flow of charges)
✅ Energy is always conserved! (Total Energy Before = Total Energy After)
Forces
Friction: Opposes motion
Gravity: Pulls objects down (9.8 m/s² on Earth)
Air Resistance: Slows down falling objects
Upthrust: Makes objects float in water
✅ Speed Formula:
🚗 Speed = Distance ÷ Time
📏 (m/s = meters ÷ seconds)
🔬 6. Acids, Bases & Reactions
✅ pH Scale (0-14)
Acidic (pH 1-6) – e.g., Vinegar, Lemon Juice
Neutral (pH 7) – Water
Alkaline (pH 8-14) – e.g., Soap, Baking Soda
✅ Indicators
Litmus Paper:
o Red in acid
o Blue in alkali
Universal Indicator: Full pH color scale
✅ Neutralization Reaction:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
✅ Common Chemical Reactions
Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Rusting: Iron + Oxygen + Water → Rust (Iron Oxide)
⚡ 7. Electricity & Magnetism
✅ Circuit Symbols:
🔋 Battery – 🔲|🔲
💡 Bulb – ⭕
🔄 Switch – /
✅ Ohm’s Law:
⚡ Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R)
✅ Magnetism:
Like poles repel, opposite poles attract
Electromagnets – Made by coiling wire around iron & passing current
🌎 8. Environment & Adaptation
✅ Food Chain Order:
☀️Sun → Producer → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer
✅ Adaptations
Structural: Thick fur, sharp claws
Behavioral: Migration, hibernation
Physiological: Camouflage, venom production
✅ Human Impact
Deforestation → Habitat loss
Pollution → Harm to wildlife
Climate Change → Rising temperatures
⚛️2. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table
✅ Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Location
Proton +1 Nucleus
Neutron 0 Nucleus
Electro -1 Electron Shells
n
✅ Periodic Table Basics
Groups (Vertical) – Elements in the same group have similar properties
Periods (Horizontal) – Number of electron shells
✅ Key Groups:
Group 1 (Alkali Metals): Highly reactive (e.g., Sodium, Potassium)
Group 7 (Halogens): React with metals to form salts (e.g., Fluorine, Chlorine)
Group 8 (Noble Gases): Unreactive, full outer shell (e.g., Helium, Neon)
✅ Electron Configuration Example
Sodium (Na) → 2,8,1
Oxygen (O) → 2,6
🌱 4. Photosynthesis & Respiration (Extra Details!)
✅ Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis
☀️Light Intensity – More light = Faster photosynthesis
🌡 Temperature – Too high = Enzymes denature
💨 CO₂ Concentration – More CO₂ = Faster photosynthesis
✅ Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
Type Equation Energy Where?
Output
Aerobic Glucose + Oxygen → CO₂ + Water + High energy All cells
Energy (ATP)
Anaerobic Glucose → Lactic Acid + Little Energy Less energy Muscles (during
exercise)
🦴 5. Human Body Systems (More Details!)
✅ Respiratory System
Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts → Lungs expand → Air enters
Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes → Lungs contract → Air leaves
Alveoli: Gas exchange happens here (O₂ in, CO₂ out)
✅ Circulatory System
💖 Heart Chambers:
Right Atrium & Right Ventricle – Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left Atrium & Left Ventricle – Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
✅ Digestive System Enzymes
Enzyme Substrat Product Where Found
e
Amylase Starch Simple Sugars Mouth, Small Intestine
Protease Protein Amino Acids Stomach, Small Intestine
Lipase Fats Fatty Acids + Glycerol Pancreas, Small Intestine
⚡ 7. Electricity & Magnetism (More Details!)
✅ Charge Rules:
Like charges repel
Opposite charges attract
✅ Series vs Parallel Circuits
Feature Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
Current Same everywhere Splits across branches
Voltage Shared between components Same across branches
Bulb Everything stops Other bulbs still work
Breaks?
✅ Magnetism
Permanent Magnets – Always magnetic
Electromagnets – Need electricity to work
Ways to Increase Electromagnet Strength:
o More coils
o Stronger current
o Iron core
🌍 8. Environment & Adaptation (More Details!)
✅ Adaptation Examples
Camel – Hump stores fat, long eyelashes protect from sand
Polar Bear – Thick fur, white color for camouflage
Cactus – Stores water, spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss
✅ Carbon Cycle (Basics)
Plants absorb CO₂ during photosynthesis
Animals eat plants & release CO₂ when breathing
Decomposers break down dead organisms & release CO₂
✅ Pollution Types & Effects
Air Pollution (CO₂, SO₂) → Acid Rain, Global Warming
Water Pollution (Oil, Plastic) → Harm to aquatic life
Deforestation → Loss of oxygen & habitats
⚛️2. Atoms, Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
✅ Particle Model
Element – One type of atom (e.g., Oxygen, O₂)
Compound – Two or more atoms chemically combined (e.g., Water, H₂O)
Mixture – Different substances mixed but not chemically combined (e.g., Air)
✅ Separating Mixtures
Filtration – Separates insoluble solids from liquids (e.g., sand & water)
Evaporation – Removes liquid to leave dissolved solid behind (e.g., salt from saltwater)
Distillation – Separates liquids with different boiling points (e.g., pure water from
seawater)
Chromatography – Separates colors in ink or dyes
3. Heat Transfer
✅ 3 Types of Heat Transfer
1️⃣Conduction – Heat travels through solids (metals are good conductors)
2️⃣Convection – Heat transfer in liquids & gases (hot rises, cold sinks)
3️⃣Radiation – Heat travels in waves (no medium needed, e.g., Sun’s heat reaching Earth)
✅ Good Conductors & Insulators
Good Conductors: Metals like copper, aluminum
Good Insulators: Wood, plastic, wool, air
✅ Real-Life Examples
Metal spoon in hot tea – Conduction
Hot air balloon rising – Convection
Sun warming the Earth – Radiation
🔬 4. Digestion & Enzymes
✅ Major Organs & Their Functions
Mouth – Chews food & mixes with saliva
Esophagus – Moves food to stomach
Stomach – Acid breaks down food & enzymes digest proteins
Small Intestine – Nutrients absorbed into the blood
Large Intestine – Water absorbed, waste forms
⚡ 6. Electricity (More Details!)
✅ Circuit Rules
Series Circuit: If one component breaks, everything stops
Parallel Circuit: If one component breaks, others still work
✅ Current, Voltage & Resistance
Current (I) – Flow of electrons (measured in Amperes, A)
Voltage (V) – Electrical push (measured in Volts, V)
Resistance (R) – Opposes current (measured in Ohms, Ω)
🚀 Ways to Make Electromagnets Stronger:
Increase the number of coils
Increase current
Use an iron core
🌎 7. Ecosystems & Food Webs
✅ Trophic Levels
1️⃣Producers – Plants (make their own food)
2️⃣Primary Consumers – Herbivores
3️⃣Secondary Consumers – Carnivores
4️⃣Tertiary Consumers – Top predators
✅ Energy Transfer
Only 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to another
Energy lost as heat, movement, respiration, waste
✅ Nitrogen Cycle (Basics)
Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia
Nitrification: Ammonia → Nitrates (usable by plants)
Denitrification: Bacteria convert nitrates back to nitrogen gas
🔥 8. Human Body Systems (Extra Details!)
✅ Respiratory System
Oxygen goes in (Inhalation) → Lungs → Blood → Cells
Carbon dioxide goes out (Exhalation)
Alveoli (Air Sacs) – Site of gas exchange
✅ Circulatory System
Heart pumps blood
Arteries – Carry oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins – Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels for gas exchange
✅ Excretory System
Kidneys filter blood → Remove urea, excess water → Urine forms
Liver breaks down toxins
