PETROLOGY:
Occurence,Properties,
and Distribution
Types of Rock
Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock
Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are formed by hot
magma that has cooled and
solidified over time.
Igneous Rock
Occurence:
Igneous rocks can occur in two ways,
either as an intrusive rocks or
extrusive rocks.
Igneous Rock
Intrusive rocks:
Intrusive igneous rocks, also known as plutonic rocks,
solidify beneath/within the Earth or the Earth’s crust.
Extrusive rocks:
Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic
rocks, solidify on the surface of the Earth.
Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
The type of igneous rock texture that a rock
has can be used to determine a number of
things about the rock, including its cooling
history, composition, and origin.
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
6 Main Types of Igneous
Rock Textures
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Phaneritic Texture
igneous rocks that have visible crystals, seen with
the naked eye. These crystals are typically
interlocking or tightly packed together and have
irregular shapes.
Igneous Rock
Granite
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Aphanitic Texture
igneous rocks that have very small crystals that
cannot be seen with the naked eye or even with a
hand lens. These crystals are typically less than
0.5 millimeters in size.
Igneous Rock
Basalt
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Glassy or VitreousTexture
Glassy texture is most common in volcanic rocks,
wherein when the magma erupts onto the surface of
the Earth, the rapid cooling of the lava prevents the
atoms in the rock from arranging themselves into a
crystalline structure, resulting in the formation of
glass.
Igneous Rock
Obsidian
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Porphyritic Texture
rocks with some larger crystals (phenocrysts)
imbedded within a mass of fine-grained rock.
Igneous Rock
Andesite Porphyry
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Vesicular Texture
a volcanic rock texture characterized by small
cavities or holes called vesicles. Vesicles can range
in size from less than 1 millimeter to several
centimeters. They can be spherical, elongated, or
irregular in shape.
Igneous Rock
Scoria Scoria
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Pyroclastic Texture
fragments of igneous rock of various sizes and
shapes. Formed from the compaction and
cementation of volcanic ash and other pyroclastic
materials ejected during explosive volcanic
eruptions.
Igneous Rock
Tuff
Igneous Rock
Properties: TEXTURE
Pegmatitic Texture
characterized by extremely large crystals, some of
which can be several feet in diameter. This texture
is common in intrusive igneous rocks that form from
the crystallization of highly volatile magmas.
Igneous Rock
Andesite Porphyry
Igneous Rock
Properties: COMPOSITION
Igneous rocks are mostly made of the most common
elements found in the Earth’s crust such as Oxygen
(0), Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Calcium
(Ca), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), and Potassium
(K), respectively.
Igneous Rock
Properties: COMPOSITION
Mostly, all igneous rocks are silicates meaning
that their two most common elements are silicon
and oxygen. Composition of igneous rocks is
expressed as weight percent silica, which ranges
from about 45 to 78 weight percent silica.
Igneous Rock
Properties: COMPOSITION
Two major division of igneous rocks based on
composition:
Malfic - high in magnesium and iron but low in silica
Felsic -high in silica but low in magnesium and iron
Igneous Rock
Malfic Intermediate Felsic
45-52 weight 52-66 weight > 66 weight
percenr silica percent silica percent silica
Intrusive
Gabbro Diorite Granite
(Plutonic)
Extrusive
Basalt Andesite Rhyolite
(Volcanic)
Igneous Rock
Properties: COMPOSITION
Ultramafic
less silica with more magnesium and iron than
mafic rocks
Ex: Plutonic rocks such as dunite, peridotite, and
pyroxenite
Igneous Rock
Properties: Lack of Foliation and Stratification
Unlike metamorphic and sedimentary rocks,
igneous rocks typically lack layering or foliation
(parallel arrangement of minerals).
Igneous Rock
Properties: Resistance to Chemical Weathering
Igneous rocks are generally less susceptible to
chemical weathering because their minerals are
tightly packed thus, water doesn't easily
penetrate them.
Igneous Rock
Properties: No Fossil Deposits
Igneous rocks typically do not contain fossil
remains because the high temperatures during
their formation would destroy any organic
material such as plants or animals.
Igneous Rock
Distribution:
The theory of plate tectonic supports the
distribution and abundance of igneous rocks. Their
distribution can be seen aligned along the faults of
different plates which converge and diverge with
each other, which leads to formation of magma
which then turns into igneous rocks.
Igneous Rock
Plates Diverge
Igneous Rock
Plate Converges
Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock
Distribution:
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Basaltic rocks form as magma
rises and cools at these spreading centers.
Volcanic Arcs: Arcs are associated with
subduction zones, where andesites and rhyolites
are common.
Hot Spots: The Hawaiian Islands, where basaltic
lava flows are typical, are an example of a hot
spot.
Continental Crust: This is where granite and other
plutonic rocks form.
Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock Is formed
when sediment is compressed in
layered and hardened.
Sedimentary Rock
Rocks made of lithified sediment.
This sediment originates from
fragments of pre-existing rocks,
minerals precipitated from solutions,
or the remains of organisms.
Sedimentary Rock
Occurrence:
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and
cementation of sediment.
Sedimentary rocks formed through, weathering,
Erosion, Deposition and Lithification.
Sedimentary Rock
Weathering:
The process begins with the breakdown of
existing rocks (igneous, metamorphic, or even
other sedimentary rocks) at Earth's surface.
This breakdown can be physical or chemical.
Sedimentary Rock
Erosion:
These particles are then transported by agents like
water (rivers, oceans), wind, or ice. The size of the
particle affects how far it can be carried. Larger
particles (boulders, cobbles) require higher energy to
move, while finer particles (clay, silt) can be carried
long distances by even slow-moving water.
Sedimentary Rock
Deposition:
Each rock that is moving or transported must
come to a stop. These sediments settle and
accumulate in layers.
Sedimentary Rock
Lithification:
Dissolved minerals precipitate between the
sediment grains, cementing them together. This
process, known as lithification, transforms the
loose sediment into solid rock.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks:
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks:
These rocks are formed from
fragments (clasts) of pre-
existing rocks that have been
weathered, transported, and
deposited.
Examples: coal, some limestones.
Classification of
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks:
Types of Sedimentary Rocks:
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
These rocks form from minerals
that precipitate out of water.
Examples: limestone, rock salt,
chert.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks:
Organic Sedimentary Rocks:
These rocks are formed from the
remains of living organisms. When
the organism dies, the remains
can accumulate to become
sediment or sedimentary rock.
Properties of Sedimentary Rocks:
Grain size
Grain shape (rounded, angular etc.)
Sorting
Porosity
Hardness
Sedimentary Rock
Distribution:
Sedimentary rocks are incredibly prevalent on Earth's surface, covering
approximately 75% of the land area.
Global Distribution of Sedimentary Rocks:
Tectonic Activity
In river valleys and deltas
In deserts and dry lake beds
In mountain ranges and foothills
Metamorphic Rock
Rocks that have undergone
changes in mineral composition
and structure due to high
temperatures and pressures.
Metamorphic Rock
Occurence:
existing rocks are subjected to high
temperatures and pressures, causing changes
in their mineral composition and structure.
This process is called "Metamorphism".
Types of Metamorphism:
Contact metamorphism:
This is metamorphism produced
by intrusion of magma. Heat and
fluids from the crystallizing
magma cause chemical and
mineralogical changes in the
rocks being intruded.
Types of Metamorphism:
Regional metamorphism:
This is metamorphism associated
with mountain building, that is,
localized accelerated heat flow
and folding and faulting of rocks.
It occurs over areas of hundreds
of square kilometers and is found
on all continents
Types of Metamorphism:
Dynamic metamorphism:
Metamorphism that occurs due to
mechanical deformation, such as
faulting, folding, or shearing,
resulting in the alteration of the
mineral composition and
structure of rocks under high-
stress conditions.
Types of Metamorphic Rock
Foliated Non-Foliated
"foliated" refers to the does not exhibit a layered or
presence of a layered or banded structure.
banded structure, which is a examples: marble, quarzite,
characteristic feature of these hornfels
rocks.
examples: slate, schist, gneiss
Metamorphic Rock
Properties:
Foliation Texture
Hardness and Mineralogy
Resistance Fissility
Impermiability Ductile deformation
Metamorphic Rock
Geographic Distribution:
Mountain Belts
Tectonic Boundaries
Deep Crust
Comparative Analysis
Sedimentary Rock
Igneous Rock Metamorphic Rock
Importance in Geology and Construction
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks play a crucial role in
geology, providing insights into Earth's formation, tectonic activity, and
past environments. They help geologists understand the planet's
structure and the processes that shape it over time.
In construction, these rocks are essential materials due to their
strength, durability, and versatility. From granite and basalt in roads
and monuments to limestone and marble in buildings and sculptures, their
unique properties make them indispensable in infrastructure
development.
Similarities among the Three Rocks
NATURAL FORMATION - all are products of Earth’s geological
processes
MINERAL COMPOSITION - common minerals like quartz, feldspar, and
mica can be present in all types
PART OF THE ROCK CYCLE - each rock can transform into one another
overtime
HUMAN APPLICATION - frequently used in construction, sculpture, and
manufacturing
Capacitors - the most common usage of mica
CONNECTIONS THROUGH
THE ROCK CYCLE
R CC
YY
O
CC
C LL
K EE
Igneous to Sedimentary
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. Over time, weathering and erosion
break these rocks into smaller particles. These
sediments are transported by wind, water, or ice and
eventually settle in layers
Sedimentary to Metamorphic
Sedimentary rocks can transform into metamorphic rocks
through heat and pressure over long periods. When sedimentary
rocks like limestone are buried deep within the Earth's crust,
they experience intense pressure and high temperatures. This
causes their minerals to recrystallize without melting, forming
metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic to Igneous
Metamorphic rocks can transform into igneous rocks
through melting. When a metamorphic rock is subjected
to extreme heat, often due to magma or tectonic
activity, it melts into molten rock (magma). As the
magma cools and solidifies, it forms an igneous rock.
ECONOMIC AND PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
Igneous Rocks - durable, used for monuments,
countertops, and road construction
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial For Road Construction
Sedimentary rocks - Cement production and Water filtration
Cement Sediment Filter
Metamorphic rocks - Sculptures, Buildings, and Roofing
Materials
The Parthenon (Greece) Phyllite
Venus de Milo
