ASSIGNMENT: - 01

Name:- Santhosh m

Reg no: - U03EH22S0046

1. NETWORK STANDARDS IN MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

In mobile applications, the most prominent standards are primarily related to cellular
network technologies like GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access), which define how mobile devices connect to networks, with
current generations including 3G, 4G (LTE), and the latest 5G, each offering varying speeds
and capabilities depending on the standard used; alongside these, protocols like TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are also crucial for data
transmission within mobile apps, ensuring reliable and efficient communication between
devices.

Key points about network standards in mobile applications:

 Cellular network standards:
 GSM: Widely used globally, especially in Europe, Asia, and Africa, relying on SIM
cards for network access.
 CDMA: More common in North America, utilizing a code-based system for signal
identification.
 3G (UMTS): Third-generation mobile network offering faster data speeds than earlier
standards.
 4G (LTE): Significant improvement in data speeds compared to 3G
 5G: Latest generation with significantly higher speeds and lower latency.

2. CDMA

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is basically a channel access method and is
also an example of multiple access. Multiple access basically means that information by several
transmitters can be sent simultaneously onto a single communication channel.

There are multiple users which are provided or assigned variant CDMA codes and thus the users
can access the entire band of frequencies or the whole bandwidth. This method does not limit
the frequency range of the user. Hence, with the help of CDMA, multiple users can share a band
of frequencies without any kind of undue interference between them. CDMA makes the use of
spectrum technology along with analogue to digital conversion (ADC). It is thus used by various
radio communication technologies. Mainly, it is used for mobile communication.

CDMA technology has been in use for a long time. In 1935, the first time this subject was
published by Dmitry Ageev. CDMA also came in use during the time of World War-II to stop the
efforts of jamming transmissions. Thus, it made its application in the military field and was used
in anti-jamming, ranging, etc. It was used in 1957 by Leonid Kupriyanov ich while he was making
a model of automatic wearable mobile phone.
Characteristics of CDMA

 It allows more users to connect at a given time and thus provides improved data and voice
communication capacity.

 A full spectrum is used by all the channels in CDMA.

 CDMA systems make the use of power control to eliminate the interference and noise and to
thus improve the network quality.

 CDMA encodes the user transmissions into distinct and unique codes in order to secure its
signals.

 In CDMA systems all the cells can thus use the same frequency.

 CDMA systems have a soft capacity. Thus, there is no particular limit to the number of users
in a CDMA system but with increase in the number of users the performance degrades.

3. TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a digital modulation technique used in digital cellular
telephone and mobile radio communication. TDMA is one of two ways to divide the limited
spectrum available over a radio frequency (RF) cellular channel.

In simplest terms, TDMA enables multiple users to share the same frequency by dividing each
cellular channel into different time slots. In effect, a single frequency supports multiple and
simultaneous data channels. So, with a two-time slot TDMA, two users can share the same
frequency. With a three-time slot TDMA, three users can share the same frequency and so on.

How does TDMA work?

In TDMA, users transmit in rapid succession, each using their own time slot. This shuttling
process is so fast each user thinks they occupy the same RF channel at the same time. By
allocating a discrete amount of bandwidth to each user, TDMA increases the amount of data that
can be carried over the channel, while enabling simultaneous conversations.

In North America, a variant of TDMA called North American TDMA is used. Almost all 2G cellular
systems use TDMA, including the following:

 Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service

 Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)

 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

 Integrated Digital Enhanced Network

TDMA is also used in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, a standard used to create
cordless telephone systems in Europe, Australia, South America and Asia.
The Advantages of TDMA: -

TDMA divides RF into time slots that are allocated to multiple users. So, the available channel
bandwidth is used by every user and sequentially time-shared. Users take turns in using the channel
in an efficient and timely manner. So, compared to analogy systems, TDMA improves spectrum
efficiency.

All users are assigned nonoverlapping time slots to use the channel turn by turn. This avoids
inversible interference, an unwanted phenomenon wherein one symbol interferes with subsequent
symbols to distort the signal -- decreasing communication reliability. As a result, a guard band of
unused frequencies is not required between adjacent channels. TDMA also permits flexible rates,
where multiple time slots can be assigned dynamically to a user.

Furthermore, since transmission is noncontinuous -- although it appears so to each user -- the

transmitter can be turned off when not in use. This results in low battery consumption compared to
FDMA.

All these advantages make TDMA highly suitable for advanced mobile phone systems.

4. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

FDMA is a type of channelization protocol. This bandwidth is divided into various frequency
bands. Each station is allocated a band to send data, and that band is reserved for the station for
all the time.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Techniques

1. Multi-channel-per-carrier (MCPC) transmission

2. Single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission

Multi-Channel-Per-Carrier Transmission
 Analog multiplexing is used at earth station in the early stages of communication, this helps
in combining large numbers of telephone channels into a single baseband signal and thus
modulating into a single RF carrier.

 Using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) telephone signals can be combined in a group
of channels, this is done by shifting the baseband frequency to a higher frequency.

 Up to 1800 telephone channels in a satellite are multiplexed using the FDM, thus making
wide baseband that occupies bandwidth of 8 MHz

 The wide baseband signals are then modulated onto the RF carrier using FM i.e. Frequency
Modulation.

 Different RF carrier for each earth station is used for frequency modulations.

 A common transponder for transmission has been shared from various earth stations for the
FDM-FM-RF. This technique is called as FDM-FM-FDMA.
Single-Channel-Per Carrier Transmission
 When a single signal on a carrier has been sent via the earth station, this FDMA access
technique is called as “Single-channel-per carrier (SCPC) transmission”.

 Hence if a system in which large number of small earth station are used, for example mobile
telephones, which access via a single transponder using FDMA is called a Single-channel-per
carrier Frequency division multiple access scheme (SCPC-FDMA).

 The SCPC systems can be reconfigurable, this depends on the traffic condition, which is been
accumulated to that system, thus making it compatible with the demand assignment
systems.

5. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution)

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) provides a higher rate of data transmission
than normal GSM. It uses a backward-compatible extension of GSM of digital mobile
technology. EDGE has a pre-3G radio technology and uses part of ITU’s 3G definition.
It can work on any network deployed with GPRS (with necessary upgrades).

Features
 It provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS
 It is standardized by 3GPP.
 EDGE is used for any packet switched application, like an Internet connection.
 EDGE delivers higher bitrates per radio channel and it increase the capacity and
performance.

Advantage
 It has higher speed.
 It is an “always-on” connection
 It is more reliable and efficient
 It is cost efficient

Disadvantage
 It consumes more battery.
 hardware needs upgradation.

6. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

It is a digital mobile network commonly utilized by mobile phone users around the
world. It is the most popular of the three digital wireless telephony systems (TDMA,
GSM, and CDMA) and uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA. It uses 4 different
frequency bands 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz GSM converts and
compresses data before sending it along a channel with two other streams of user
data, each with its time slot.
 GSM have 4 different sizes of cells

 Macro: In this size of the cell, a Base Station antenna is installed.

 Micro: In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.
 Pico: Small cells’ diameter of a few meters.
 Umbrella: It covers the shadowed (Fills the gaps between cells) regions.

Features of GSM

 Supports international roaming

 Clear voice clarity
 Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
 Spectral / frequency efficiency
 Low powered handheld devices.
 Ease of accessing network

Applications of GSM

 Mobile Telephony
 VoIP Integration
 SMS (Short Message Service)
 Mobile Banking
 Smart Home Systems
 Surveillance Systems