Prof. Harish G.
Narula
SharpwelTutorials
Circuits
Chapter 2. AC
a What are the advantages ofAC signalover DC signal
Ants Advantages DC signal.
is and cheaper compared to the
S a n g 1C Sgnal ata longdistanoe easy
DC signal.
ACsignaliscomparativelysaler to handle than cquivalent
Some devices that work on Faraday's law require AC signal.
and AC
QExplain with examples steadystate DC, pulsating DC,
ns
Stcady state DC signal is one which has constant magnitude.
Pulsating DC
It is a signal which has the same polarity throughout
but varying magnitude.
A
Alternating signal (AC signal
sigral whose polarity 2ltemales
tisa
at regular interval. zareseh
of sinusoidal AC signal
Q Give the mathematical expression
Ans
e sin (ot+
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Prof. Harish G. Narula
Ihere, Em is the peak value or maximum value of the signal,
p h a s e angel
and ot is the time angle
o isthe
te with diagram and mathematical representation the leading and
a Explain lagging signal
Ans:
Case I :
m/2
e E sin (6 + T/2) 3/2
Tt/2
Leading
Case I1:
Em
3T2 27 5/2
Tl2
e =E sin (0-2)
Lagging
Q. Define Waveform
time angle on X-
of an electrical quantity on y-axis with time or
Ans: It is a graphical representation
axis.
Q. Define cycle
be said as one set of all positive
signal. For an AC signal, it can
Ans: It is one repeat of repetitive
a
and negative value.
Q. Define Time Period(T)
signal.
required for one cycle of repetitive
a
Ans: It is the time
Q. Define Frequency (in Hz)
Ans: It is the number of cycles in 1 second.
Q. Define Amplitude
peak value obtained by signal.
a
Ans: It is the maximum or
Define R.M.S. value and give its mathematicalexpression
when tlowing
1s that steady state equivalent DC which
amount of time produces
rOugh given circuit for a given
a
AC signal when flowing
the energy as produce by the
Same
rough the same circuit for the same amount of timne
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Narula
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R
TRY n
mathematical expression
Define Average value and give its
DC which when flowing
a given circuit for a iven
Ans: It is defined as that steady state equivalent the AC signal when flowing through tho
amount of charge as produced by
amount
of times produces the same
Same circuit for some amount of tme.
Q. Define Form factor
value of a given signal,
Ans: It is the ratio of rms value to average
ms value
K Averagevalue
Q. Define Peak factor
Ans: It is the ratio of peak value to RMS value of a given signal,
Peak value
Kp Rms value
Q. Give the RMS value, average value, form factor and peak
factor of sinusoidal waveform
Ans
V0.637V
V0.707 V
Rms value 0.707- 1.11
Form factor (K) Avg. value 0.637
Peak
Rms 0707 1414
Peak factor (K)
Q. Where is the leading phasor to be drawn, clockwise or anti-clockwise
Ans: Aleading signal (i.e. with +ve phase angle)istaken anti-clockwise
a. Where is a lagging phasor to be drawn, leading or lagging?
Ans: A lagging signal (i.e., with -ve phase angle) is taken clock-wise
Q. What is taken as reference for drawing the phasor diagram in series connection?
Ans: For a series circuit, current is considered as reference and the voltage phasors are plotted
Q. What is taken as reference for drawing the phasor diagram in parallel connection?
Ans: For a parallel circuit, voltage is considered as reference and current phasors are plotted
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Prof. Harish G. Narula
0. Write the current equation of a resistor
Vm Sin ot
Sin ot
Ans:iR R
where,
Q.
Derive the expression of power for a resistor
Ans: avg
-
LJ (1-cos 29) de
sin20
P VI
=r R=
Q. What is the phase angle between the voltage and current of a resistor
Ans: It is the angle between the voltage and current or angle of opposition.
= 0
Q. Derive the expression for current of an inductor
Ans: V
[Link] - dt
i I sin
(ot-
where,
m
@L
Q. Prove that the power consumed by an inductor is zero
Ans:
v-i=Vm Sin 6 I, sin
-Vm In Sin 6- cos 6=-VmI,
3T/2
Pas sin 28 d8
3_ T/2
37U/2
s i n 20 de
TU2
cos 20 2Tx2
-1--D)-0
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Hence. FPoner consumed by a pure înductor is zero.
Q. What is the phase angle and power factor of a pure inductor
Ans Phase angle: lt is the angle between the voltage and current or angle of opposition.
90
Power factor: It is the cosine of the phase angle
cas cos 900 (lagging
Q. Derive the expression of current of a capacitor
Ans:
-c
i-C V. sin ot)= V Co (cos at)
oC
swhere
oC
a. Prove that the power consumed by a pure capacitor is zero
Ans: Pvi-V. sin 8 - 1, sin(0-
VIsin - cos 6- (sin 20)
sin 29-d8
Ps
- --0
Hence, Power consumed by a pure capacitor is zero.
a What is the phase angle and power factor of a pure capacitor
Ans: Phase angle (Angle of opposition) :
t is the angle between the voltage and current or angle of opposition.
90
Power factor:
It is the cosine of the phase angle
cos 0 (leading)
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Prof. Harish G. Narula
triangle of R-L circuit
the voitage
[Link]
Ans
Voltage triangle
= VR+jV
Va
circuit
impedance triangle of R-L
Q. Draw the
Ans:
Impedancetriangle:
= ZL
Z
VRxu
= R+jX
a
of R-L circuit
Q. Draw the power triangle
Ans: S P+0 2tan(
P+jQQ
S= V I
(Apparent Power)
Q=I'X =VI sin
(Reactive/Quadrature Power)
P I'R=VI cos
(Active/Consumed I Absorbed power)
Q. Draw the voltage triangle of R-C circuit
Ans:
Voltage Triangle
V VR-iVc
Vv+v4-tanv (
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Q Draw the impedance triangleof R-C circuit
Ans:
Impedance Triangle :
Z -R-j
a Draw the power triangle of RCcircuit
Ans
Power Triangle: P 1R=V cos
S =P-
Q==n sin
s-z-v
a Draw the voltage, impedance and powertriang'e of R-L-C circuit with X, > X
Ans
Case I:>
Veltage Triangle:
-Vc
Impedance Triangie :
Z -R-j-N
3 Pewer Triange: s=iz
= VI
s-P- (Units VA) a=TX-Xx
=VIsin
-VP-g (Units: VA)
P I'B
=VIooso
(Units: )
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Draw and explain voltage, impedance and power triangle for a R-L-C series circuit with X <X
Ans:
<X¢
Case II: N
1 Voltage Triangle:
V V-i(V-VJ
Vc-VL
Impedance triangle :
2
z R-j-X)
-VR-N-u
Power triangle s-12 Q=1-Xk
S =P-jQ = isn
P-IR
=VIcos
Q Explain the significance of the terms in admittance and impedence
Ans:
Admitance (
ReactancS Susesg
Resistance Conduciane
Z R -G
+vendicates Inductve
endcalss Cace
L-veindicate Ihducive
L-veindicate capactve
eof
Rhase angle Scear aantancs
Scalar impedance
Derive the expression for resonance frequency in R-CSenes ireut
Ans:
Derivation for Resonance Frequency
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2GL2nfC
4 T LC
or LC
Q. Derive the expression for side frequencies in RLC resonant circuit
Ans:
Atf and f
Atf
Dividing Equation (i) by )
VR
L/EVZ
Z 2R
R+X= 2R
R-X
Case ): X +R
XX =#R
oLCR
o LC-1 =to CR
By formula of quadratic equation,
But and hence we R
ignoreAT2
be negative
gnoring negative value of @,. Since frequency cannot
Lower half power frequency
Upper half power frequency
02
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Prof. Harish G. Narula
6-4L
o Prove that the resonant frequency is geometric mean of the side frequencies
Ans:
R =tX = Xu-Xa -Xa-Xu
Xu-Xa Xa-X
1
oC OL
@L+oL
oC o,C
9Ao
L (os)
-
O,0 C
(o,0) LC
@ is the geometric mean of o, and o.
Q. Define bandwidth and give its expression
Ans:
The range of frequencies for which the power is between P, and P/2 is calledband with, and is given
by Ao or Af
AoO,=0
and A = f-f
Ao = O+21
and Af2L
.Define Quality factor and give the expression for the same
Ans:
Quality factor is defined the voltage magnification property of series R-L-C
as
resonance circuit, i.e. the
altio ofthe voltage across capacitor or inductor to the total voltage at
resonance.
Q.F.
Q.F. 1,R1R
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OCR R
(R/L) Ao
[Link] Ao
Also, Q.F, R
R
OF-VE
Q. What is the codition for resonance for the following circuit
Ans:
R| LI1 C:
Phasor diagram
i.e. the condition of resonance is XLo Xco- Hence ILolco» hence, Io=IRo
Q. What is the codition for resonance for the following circuit
Ans:
R-C Il with L:
Phasor diagram
l sin co
Co Cos Co
1.C. the condition of resonance
ILo Ico sin co
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or
co Cos co
O. What is the codition for resonance for the
following circuit
Ans:
R-L||R-C:
ww
Vo'o
Losin L
Condition ofresonance
ILo sin do Icosin dco OR
lLo cos
L+ Ico cos
[Link] is the codition for resonance for the following circuit
Ans
R-L-C I| R-L-C
L C
L2 C2
Volo lL Sin 9Lo
-0
Condition of resonance:
Lo sin dLo = Icosin dco OR
l o ocos dotleycos
What is the condition for resonance for the following circuit
R-L I| Pure C
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www08O-
Vo o
Phasor Diagram:
COs 9LO
eLo Vo
Lsin PLo
. Condition for resonance is
co Lo Sin oLo
*Lo
Impedence of
R-L circuit
Q. Compare series and parallel resonance
Ans:
Sr. No. Series Resonance Parallel Resonance
1. Impedance is minimum Z,-R.
Impedance is maximum Z, CR
Current is maximum , Current is minimum
Z(LCR)
. It is called as Acceptor circuit. It is called as Rejector circuit
4. Q factor is voltage magnification property. Q factor is current magnification property
5. Resonont frequency
Resonont frequency
fo2LC
Condition of resonance: Condition of resonance
XXco cu sin dLo
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