> Geo- matic en Eaath Measurement | Fon DAMENTAL _OF SURVEYING 3— p> Seaveying is the ant of detomining nelative position points on, above on below the earth guntace and Depres= ting it numenically and on phically 1 S Agna — Kanpur = 160 Ka ea nelative meoas with nespect to Something > To locate a point information cuch as honizentel distance vertical distance, honizental angle used 4! vertical angle can ke 2 #/|OBRECTIVE OF SURVEYING :- > Lt is done to collect olata fon estimation wonk > To loyout structure on the gnound > To detenmine nelatiye position #| GRAPNCAL METHOD OF REPRESENTATION t > Map on Plan — I> Plan is a lange scale representation — > Mop "small " -aepresent ation an 0 graph Can be _ | dove _loy Contoun on pot (evel ee Contour gives loeten nepresesitation of onea - _ In spot level height of important place is only monked: —#) Basic DEFINATION 3— - ~ 7 — ~ a | Shape of Eonth 8 d __|a) Obelate sphenoid 3 _ | 2 This name is given becouse eanth is flat af poles > Polan diameter is 43:S Km smatter than the equitonial - diameten - b> Elllpsoid + in > Eanth is termed as ellipsoid as the c/s on eqasator is not cinculan bat elliptical in shape - ia ©) Ovaleids _ _ > This name is given because southenn hemisphene is heavier than the Nonthem hemisphen 2 d>) Geo an As we con observe there is no mathematical geame- -- try which completely defines the shape of eonth So -- Oo new nome js given to the shap: af _eanth ,)-e, —| Geoid- aa > Greoid concides mean sea level on moct of +he — — ploces - a —_| _ DS This a curve Surface ponallel to the spheni cal cunface of eorth: Hence @veny point is equi- distaxt Eros the centre of the eonth- —=> Level eunface is considenck in geodetic surveying 2 Honizontal Plane % > Tt is a tangential plane to the level sunface- > Honizontal Plane is L to plumb line: 4») Great Cincle _|>> All longitudes one great efrcle - I> T+ is the imaai cincle Passing through the centne WAAginon; of the corth and culling the eanth into two equal — halves - > Equator is the only latitude which is a great cinele- > Circles other than [atitude and (ongid-ude can be great cincle| Greadefic Suey 6)| Stherical Angle % - i > Th gag le Loma the tangents ot the point of jntercece tion? da the anc Ca, | 72 > TRO" < “@+4b-te < S46" p> Anea of spherical triangle is almaye less than QAn* . | D| Sphenical ems % —_——————— EF i > Tt is the ois of value from 130 for summation of spherical angle + 4 > S phenical trignomet sy can lee considered only if phoi_ cal axis is 1 second minimum - i > Fon spherical x of 1 second wihimun oneg is (ASS - Kin>CLASSIFICATION oF SURVEYING ¢ Surveying be classi fiedk on vaniou |_os_applicetion, instrument usd, eumatene consideration | etes — — T) Based upon _C vnvatune Geodetic Sue; Plain Suey _ - = PP Cunvatune of eaxth' is not [> Curvature of comth is contiderd — Considered 7 > Done fon small onea + Th js | Done fom large onea: Tt pe not vey occunate tone accunate > Anea less than (48-5 kn*|—> Anea greater than on equal to IQS-S km? —|P Plane trignametry is considered |» Sphenical trigonometry is Considened - a wae > Plawe line one parallel [> Plumb Ime one non-panalle! and Gem coinciding - _ [> Bone by local engineer [> Done by Survey of India 7 yer Note:— For an anc length of 18-5 km, Cond length is small by S32 cm. > 18S ke _ UN yn 7 - TS S=TS2 > ROB RR a D Posed upon Application OQ) Topographic Sunye: ey > Tt is used to neprecent man made and natural — features on tHe contr gurface - 7 > Seale used is 4% 2000 t 1 1,00,000 _Engineering Survey > Used fan £499: Wonk such a8 dam, bridge, hightay _g railway [ding won Kk , scale odop tet 1s 1150 fo Ik 200 5. Bridge, scale adepted 1s 112500 40 ! fj Highway,» tin taso te 1% so.000 J] Cadasteral Sure rae = - > Used to represent +he property bouncan ae | > Scale 4: l000 40 415000 n= A) Hydrographic Suey ¢ - I > Survey clone fan water bedies such as lake , bo a river, gulf He 2) Astronomical Suwey : > Suey dowe with the help of astronomical objects ~~ to detewmine time and location yo £) Greqlogical Suey % > Th is done to obtain infonmation about different -~ strata Clayers) of eanth sunface- fon the seanch of -- natural resources a stoument 1 TE) Based on ®) Chain Survey * ie > Simplest type of swwey nod Vee > Chain and pag, is used ~ > Only linean meacunement is done. ea | [> Compass Sewey? ' 3 Done with the help of compass , > Linear measwemtet is done with chain on tope- SD Aasulor a “ Compass| heodolite and levelling staff. [eS Levelling eran - > Tt is the survey in which vertical positio ion ts defoninel wont a Fixed datum an Bruch mark > Bone with the hep of auto -level dum py level, d> Plane table Suwey + _ => Collection of dota 4 its representation is clon Simulfanequsly. a e) Theadolite Suey + > THis the type of Survey in which vertical angle and honizontal angle is measured with the help of theodolite & distance is measere) with tope - £) Tacheometnic Sunve >This the type of survey in which vertical and honizontal dictance is measured optically with the help of inctnument 7 Q> Photognametnic Surveys > Ty this Suey we take overlaping photos fon dato interpretation: => Done when onea is inaceessible- \ \30/10/2023 #| PRINCIPLE OF SORVEYING [Working rom hole to pari? I> According to this principle if we finst do the Senvey wonk of the whole project with mone accuracy and | thes do the port wonk pith less accunacy- > Whole te pont acalited the eron and donot cause | accumulation of owon Whereas pant to whole pill glob. alise the enon and — Cavse accumulation of ermnon- _-- > tihole 7 PHA - ie pat Ff / ——— i D| Locating a point atleast with two measurement % a r? It is considered +o locat the point _uniguel Cw c i 7 ™, W = : > a f.. > be A 8 A Soa ce Linan _ Meagureinent” Angulan Meatirenen? Linear Measunemert « SCALE ® q —_P Nuvereal scale and 9710 phical scale, —__ © Graphical Scale s— is the scale drawn on the wa, 7 | such that distance on wap drawn represents Some —| distance On ground + — This ecole donot change shen map shrinks. a —] Special types of graphical scale is clioganal scale: Tas _caale help to measure upto 3 dimention 1 da 10s, Loos i=Youva PP Numenical Scale iS _mepnes ent Q@ Engg. Scale > used with unit —> Q@ Representative Facton > unitles —> 1: Lo0__ ia RR fons i~ : Lem § Low Comat Lem i tke” {nom Engg: Scale to RF a ten = dew dee LX to00% 100 cm > Lt Lange Scale and Small Scale:- Wher something j ; drown on a lange scale if is visible on the drawing sheet on lange size A Representative Seale with a smaller cenominaton is a lorge scale. 4 4 smal 7 © tems Ike —— > “Toooee Ss ‘Scale @ tens 00m ——-> a \oeae - Tooee Seale — Q>| which of the following is longest scale ? 4 Q@ lem i asom ——> = i @ ters gscocm ——y 2 : - ee ® I* 100, ge, 008 = Vo000 00° {Q< Li loo ————> 14 1 100 ——— _[Netes- Numerical Scale oets changed when map “1 _shaink: ANetes— Shrunle scale Shunk Facfon is always lees than 1: i is smaller than oniginal scale Plan of a onca long mons measures Lem = 1om - Det shywal< WS Con wine uch that a line oniginally 10cm _~ nly: Tf the oniginal scale was 4 Shrinkage Facton, Shrinkage scale _- s-F.2_¥ ue 0-95 L rm to SG: Sfx OS = osx 1 z Yooo . a ne Ey Co nnn oo (OSCE 7Th Map is not comecled fon chaimkage, Mrarund Bi [ and, Connect Dic Shown Facton CSF). _Y x 1000 1000 Squaring looth the sides GDBX GDh: MD. HD SF SF. TH i ee T= Cubing both the sides ep cps ch = MD L MD MD SF SF SF Qd| Tin the patvious question the dist: measured b/w point A & B is 100 Km, what is the correct distance Solwi~ Ske 7 a > ~ 102 2 198-26 ku OrasA_previous ayuestion i$ 100 Kent Libet —— “los oe on _ on => CAs + = LlO» FOZ kw* C ee 4 ecole Jepart Mismeading of Seale % sian! wren ! £ 1: g000 T 176000 C= ¢ ¢ + > wy) a Connect Distance on growd= S000% 4 Measured = G000xa 1 1 Coos 1 cD: Boooxe 3000 : nD G000x x Gooe : + = Represerlative Focton of Conong Scale Repreientotive Packn of Conneel Seale Ss cD. RF. of Wrong MoD RoE. of Connectfren 9 Measured Anca ex a Map 1s 160 Ke* + TF way —_}later found aunveyon used a scale of Lin 6000 instead of | in F000. Cal. Comect Area _ ae Selni- oo MN - ae ooo \ x tbo _ - \ j — 7 \ 3000 2284-44 Kut OSE OF VERNIER SCALE 3- Vennien is a device used fon meaturing the reading wd port of the Smallest reading of the which is fnrodional main Scaleyie, it neduce > Reoding with Vennien scale: (Main Scale reading) + Creat Cuit X Vernion Katel neading ) least count Dintct VERNIER t-where, V2 Vernier scale S= Main Cada | ANE Lone monk length ave Crdye m Being Leger NCR Cast counts ~ vf walle [| Geing s-[ I cre GD pyBWNC/A023 QS| Arco measured from a map is 172 kw t+ The scale wri Hey - | OW map is tin 8000 which wos wmisnead as lin 6000 Later it was found a line originally having length of loc, is mow Sem on the map+ Find the connec anea on the round 7 Soln:~ MiA-= LFQ kat ores WD Comet Bs = lin 2000 cb Wrong RFs lin Gove = 4S . 645 10 cS ca. [ 6000 )x ire zoso = 305-28 kunt sort. Chusidering Shrinkage. Sf oo Aclual GA. . 305.78 (o-4s)* = 338. 81 ket (or) CA, MA > 172. tao-se@ Kt ee es eatI] cue ded into 1080 ponts. On vennien scale is €o- a Q>| Main Plate of a theodo lit wnben of divisions | GO dévision of yennien scale coincides with S4 division of ie main scale Del the least cou Seln.> Least count: s ~ SS — : - K \ zs -— oe _vetnion. . PERE 5 2 0'20 . OO%RSY iia 60 LZ Zz ie SPECIAL Ty PES oF VERNER - WD] Retrograde Vernier $= ___|2 in" divisions of the vennien scale MH G1) division of main > _Nerncen dtvisions and main scale divisions incnease in — opposite durection- a leas} Counts Difference b/w % and Vv 5 7 wo Least count of vanver we Leah tout oP main ecale : wees | being seller - { mx ve (nede$ _ | ye (rex s a- [= 2)| Double Vewier:— _ AP Grradmation on the main Scale ihenaies in one dictection only it is called dinect vennien on single venicr- 7 > Tf neading on Main le increase on beth the dinection- Id ic called double vernienr- Exterded Vernier 1— > Wl divisions of venien scalef Qn-!) divisions of main Seale v Py oy DF Count ia or 2 16 7 T _— la3s4scee4 24567 24 [o 6 z nd MAIN SCALE as @ anne ee taas- Ge) ”Fe PRECISION AND ACCURACY t— p> Pnecisiont- Degnee of fineness and cone taken during taking a physical meaStunement > Accunacy t— A value is contidered Jo be accunate when it 18s close to tnue value + Note: Te plot on drow a plan accuracy neayd- also depends upon scale of a plan- > Limit of Human eye to draw min upto 0-25 mm fs Exanple © 1+ 1000 *. Q:RS mm 1 0-2Sx 1000 RS 06 mm 250 cm S hecuracy reqd- on Cield of CMon aS cm Me Aces y Example @___1: 10000 7 O25 um + ORS 10000 | 2500 wa 250 cm = ~~ e ~—__| Less accurate)sone discripensies Caused due to _misundustanding ond poon judgement + ov oved _precedunc. Conrclessness | stake Con only oe connected if di | tt can be avoided | oy adopt! ing Concful > Enon: This ane discnpensics other than mistake Ennons Measured Value — True Value a] = ea cay | E=M=T[ > Ennon con be of two typest- _ LD Random evron on Compensating Enron ot Accidental Fron 1 fempertot vem > Sign of this ennon is not fixed. It con be G)ve on ©) ve- : Magnitude of such exnorn is veny Small: Frequency of such ovion is very longe No mathematical correction is neguinedl: _ Proportional +o Y~ Condin root) of Length of Line, aac i) Cums lative Ennon- on Systematic v197 > This + of erron follow mathematical on physical taw-— > Tt is cummulotive in notune. a > We ned toa ly mathematical so liction- - > Pro pontional to rath of line CoRRECTION !— — > Tt is same jn magnitude as exon bat opposite in sign: L, | eames, & Value ~ Measured volee 2 - (Heasuned value — True value +4? Moin punpose of Surveying is_to plot a mop: I> Map is plotted on honizontal plane — => So distance b/w +wo point on map is beni zontal projection of the distance on the sloping _gnound —p Chain is used fon linear measurement: _l5 Ty Inean measurement, Total distance = we | |e Be METHODS OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT 2~ Dinect Method Cchain ontope) Optical Method C Tacheometny) Electronic Distance Measunement ( EDME > Electronic Distance Measwement Dnetrument) > Different instrument's s- a> Geodimeten LY Disto meten c) Meko meter A) Tellulometen @) Total Station CHAIN SORVEYING +— = mo. of arrows with the follower x 1 ehain Length T Te plot a map we ee off set from the survey lines > OFFSET i= one lotenal 1 distance measured froma 1 Supvey line too point, yuere fon which information - is collected +I> OBLIQVE OFF F#E| BASIC DEFINIT TION S 3 D| Main Station t= is a point where two sides of A ve, This station defines loo dony of sunvey anea _ DI Main Suey Linet—- is the fine joining the main station, A Ex*- AB, BC CD Da | E FE 7 2 Db > Le Cc 3)| Tie stedions on Subsidew Stations — The stations on main Survey ling. Ex. EF Gy 7 4) | Auxiliony Survey line on Subsidery suey line 1 : son Tie suvey Li 4 > Line joining the subsideny stations > Ext EF, Gu a [> “They neduces the length of offset. i + S| Base Line i 2 The Longest Line in the sunvey wont generally passing > Hough the cevitne of the project: > Ex. BD 6)| Cheek Line on Proof Line :— [> Tt is used +0 check the accnaey of the sewey work: >WELL DEFINED TRIANGLE ~ 7 -of Chain Sunvey onto it divided lato triangle. > bohile adopting, the intemal angle of a triangle trimngle nanges from 30° fo 120°. Such triangle is ' domed as well defined _ => Most ideal A langle - 5 —— is equilateral triangle» - —. | This is considered so that point of intersection is —__ Clean kh isible on +he map a - ——t Thar t | [ O22 : EQquiPMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEYING %~ ‘ YD] Chain s- > Types® . a) Revenue chain (33 ft Long, 16 Links ) I) Guten chain (66 Ft- Leng, [00 Links) ©) Enginening chain Cioo ft: Long, 100 Links) d) Met nic chain {20m loo Links 2 Bom long, 1S0 Links — Notes— 1 mile = 80 Gunter chain dame: tox (Gunter chain)” __~_ 2) Tape 2- “ => Types» = _ a) Linen tape Cloth tope) + Net vey accurate. Deesnot — remain straight dusing strong winds -- i) Metallic tape Chinen tape ++ Brass @ Copperwined? —_— Mosnish is applied - Mone accunate than the linen _~ a tope- _ os _—_— c) Invan Tape, C64% steel and 36% nickel) + Thermal expansion co-eff is very Small: Hence vey accurate - = aaTt is very soft and bate in natune _d) Stainless steel tope Cwmade of starmless steel) _ I> Wooden pieces used fon manking a definite port on the ground manently 6) temponanil 4) | Attno iw 4 _ _ _ a —> Geneally mode _up of stainless steel - > Used to count no. of chain: >No. of anows with the follower represents no- of chain used - S>| Ranging Rod + I> This uses to locate intermediate point along ao straight line - This process of measoning in sfnaight line is called TOHGING - 6)| Offset Rod s- [> Tt is a ranging rod with a slot wade on 90° [> Tt is used to establish 1 offset to the senvey tine. D| Gwss Staff ¢- _4 > tis ued fon establishing Loffset wint- cunvey line ——1 ft] a VZZ Ne NI