Generating Functions Solutions

solve this whole questoin

Let's solve each part of question 8, which asks for a closed formula for the sequence determined by
the generating function.

a) (3x − 4)3

Expand using binomial theorem:

3 3
3 3
(3x − 4) = ∑ ( )(3x)k (−4)3−k = ∑ ( )3k xk (−4)3−k
3
​ ​ ​

k k
k=0 k=0

So the sequence an is:

​

(n3 )3n (−4)3−n

an = {
​ for n = 0, 1, 2, 3
0 otherwise
​ ​ ​

b) (x3 + 1)3
Use binomial expansion again:

3 3
3 3
(x + 1) = ∑ ( )(x3 )k = ∑ ( )x3k
3 3
​ ​ ​ ​

k k
k=0 k=0

Sequence an is:
​

3
an = {
(n/3 ) if n ≡ 0 mod 3, 0 ≤ n ≤ 9
​

0 otherwise
​ ​ ​

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 1
c) 1−5x ​

Standard geometric series:

∞ ∞
∑(5x) = ∑ 5n xn
​
n
​

n=0 n=0

So, the sequence is:

an = 5n
​

x3
d) 1+3x ​

We rewrite:
∞ ∞
x3 1
= x3 ⋅ = x3 ⋅ ∑(−3x)n = ∑(−3)n xn+3
1 + 3x 1 + 3x
​ ​ ​ ​

n=0 n=0

So,

an = {
(−3)n−3 for n ≥ 3
0 otherwise
​ ​ ​

e) x2 + 3x + 7 + 1
1−x2
​

First part: finite polynomial.

Second part:
∞
1
= ∑ x2n
1 − x2
​ ​

n=0

Combine:

a0 = 1,
​ a1 = 3,
​ a2 = 7 + 1 = 8,
​ a4 = 1,
​ a6 = 1,
​ …

General:

⎧7 n = 0
3 n=1
an = ⎨8 n = 2
​ ​ ​ ​

1 if n ≥ 0 and n even, n ∈
/ {0, 2}
⎩0 otherwise

x4
f) 1−x 4 ​ − x3 − x2 − x − 1

The first part:

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 ∞
x4
= ∑ x4n
1 − x4
​ ​

n=1

So the sequence:

an = 1 for n = 4, 8, 12, …
​

Subtract 1 at degrees 0,1,2,3

So:

⎧−1 n = 0, 1, 2, 3
an = ⎨1 n ≡ 0 mod 4, n ≥ 4
⎩
​ ​ ​ ​

0 otherwise

2
x
g) (1−x) 2 ​

We know:
∞
1
= ∑(n + 1)xn
(1 − x)2
​ ​

n=0

Multiply by x2 :
∞ ∞
x2
= ∑(n + 1)xn+2 = ∑(n − 1)xn
(1 − x)2
​ ​ ​

n=0 n=2

So,

an = {
n − 1 for n ≥ 2
0 otherwise
​ ​ ​

h) 2e2x

We know:
∞ ∞
(2x)n 2 n xn
e 2x
=∑ =∑ ​ ​ ​

n=0
n! n=0
n!

Multiply by 2:
∞
2n+1 n
2e 2x
=∑ ​ x ​

n!
n=0

So,

2n+1
an = ​ ​

n!
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