GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

“DESIGNING AND MAINTENANCE OF GREENBELT ZONE”

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
SHIVAM UMESH DESHMUKH (G.L.)
MD HASHIR JAWED PARVEZ
PARIMAL PRAKASH HIWRALE
RUSHIKESH VINAYAK SHINDE
TEJASWINI DEVENDRA METANGE
AADESH MANOHAR RATHOD

Under the guidance of

MRS.R.M.BHANGALE MADAM
M.E. (ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING)
Civil Engineering Department
Academic Year 2021-2022

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

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 GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the project report entitled
“DESIGNING AND MAINTENANCE OF GREENBELT ZONE”
Is Bonafied work of

SHIVAM UMESH DESHMUKH (G.L.)

MD HASHIR JAWED PARVEZ
PARIMAL PRAKASH HIWRALE
RUSHIKESH VINAYAK SHINDE
TEJASWINI DEVENDRA METANGE
AADESH MANOHAR RATHOD

Who carried the project under my supervision in partial the requirement for the
award of the diploma in civil engineering of
FULFILLMENT OF
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, WASHIM

MR.N.S.VIDYASAGAR MRS.R.M.BHANGLE
HEAD OF DEPT. GUIDE
Civil Engineering Dept. Civil Engineering Dept.

DR. B. G. GAWALWAD
PRINCIPAL

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us pleasure bringing out the project on “DESIGNING AND

MAINTENANCE OF GREENBELT ZONE” Greatly affect this opportunities to
convey our heartiest thanks and express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide,
PROF. BHANGALE MADAM, for her valuable guidance, inspiration,
suggestion and constant encouragement throughout our project work.

With profound sense of gratitude and humbleness to our head of

department MR.N.S.VIDYASAGAR and Principal DR. B. G. GAWALWAD for
his valuable suggestions, Who provide us relative information for project last but
not the least we wish to express thanks to all our supporting staff and friends who
helps the criticism and made our team able to make better project.

Thank you...
Students Project
Diploma in Civil Engineering

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 INDEX
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT 05

2. INTRODUCTION 06

3. LITERATURE REVIEW 56

4. METHODOLOGY AND 58
OBSERVATION

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 73

6. SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY 75

7. CONCLUSION 76

8. REFERENCE 77

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 CHAPTER-01
ABSTRACT
Greenbelts have tremendous potential for reducing air pollution and
noise pollution, improving micrometeorology, and providing avenues for
wastewater disposal. But these gains, and more, can be achieved only if the
greenbelts are designed scientifically, taking into consideration the airshed, the
air quality, the terrain, the agro climatology, and the aesthetics.

The prosperity and economic growth of a country depends, to a large

extent, on its forest wealth. The forest is an important natural resource for any
country and deforestation retards a country's development. As per National Forest
Policy, 1988 the national goal is to have a minimum of one-third of the total land
area of the country under forest / tree cover. In hills and in mountainous regions,
it should be aimed to maintain two-third of the area under forest/tree cover in
order to prevent erosion, land degradation etc., and to ensure the stability of
fragile eco-system. Green belt development is beneficial in several ways leading
in conservation of biodiversity, retention of soil moisture, reduction in
atmospheric pollution, recharge of ground water, improving aesthetics of local
environment and maintaining pleasant atmosphere of the region.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEFCC)

insisted to develop green belt for new and existing projects proposing expansion
and modernisation in their respective Environmental Clearance (EC), in order to
minimize the impacts due to air pollution and noise pollution in the environment.
The MoEFCC has issued the standard Terms of Reference (ToR) for the list of 39
projects or activities for preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
report. For most of the projects or activities the green belt area suggested is 33%
of total land area, width of the 3 tier green belt is varying from 15m to 100m
depending on the type of project, density of the green belt is in the range 1500 to
2500 plants per ha, the green belt species suggested is native species.

In this paper the approaches which would lead to rational and

effective design of greenbelts have been described.

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 CHAPTER-02
INTRODUCTION
Green belts are a buffer between towns, and between town and
countryside. The green belt designation is a planning tool and the aim of green
belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open;
however, there is not necessarily a right of access there. There are 14 green belts
in England and 1 in Wales.

A green belt is a policy and land-use zone designation used in land-

use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or
agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts
are greenways or green wedges, which have a linear character and may run
through an urban area instead of around it. In essence, a green belt is an invisible
line designating a border around a certain area, preventing development of the
area and allowing wildlife to return and be established.

A large number of gaseous and particulate air pollutants are emitted in the
air environment. The physical and chemical properties and effects of these
pollutants vary a great deal individually and synergistically. The nature and
quantum of pollutant depends on the type of industry and the kind of raw material
and energy used in its operation.

The tolerantlopment of greenbelts, by using pollution plants, can add

significantly towards air quality improvement. This involves selecting suitable
plant species, determining climatic and adaphic parameters, studying wind and
temperature profi of pollutants to be ameliorated, and general landscape of the
locality. The design of the greenbelt and its composition may vary from place to
place and industry to industry. Only the greenbelts designed on the basis of site
geography, ecology, meteorology, and industry can achieve the objective of
significant pollution control.

The planning of greenbelts, also involves facets of bioaesthetics.

Accordingly the selection of plant species may involve plant characteristics,
tolerance, canopy structure, foliage form, height of plant and its overall flowering
and production ptential. This involves careful scrutiny of plants in nature as well
as in horticultural conditions, in order to assess their suitability and performance
in a stressed ecological situation of polluted environment.

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 Plantations also generate recurring hidden profits in terms of better
health and happiness of its workers which in turn leads to better harmony and
increased production vis-a-vis profit in quantified figures.

The physical state of pollutants may be particulate or gaseous. The

particulate ones may be either settleable or suspended (SPM). In either case, they
may eventually fall out of surfaces of materials, plants and animals. The gaseous
pollutants may also get absorbed on surfaces. The effect of a pollutant on the
impinging surface is a function of the degree of toxicity of the pollutant.

The pollutants thus falling out may remain suspended for some time
in the airshed. But they would eventually get deposited either as wet deposition or
dry deposition on surfaces of vegetation, soil, water, buildings, roads etc. They
may also be deposited on outer surfaces of animal bodies or inhaled into their
lungs.

The effect of the pollutants, either adsorbed on the surface or absorbed

inside the system of plants and animals, or of inanimate objects, depends on the
characteristics of the impinging surface and the chemistry of the pollutant. In case
of plants all those external and internal factors which affect the stomatal aperture
also affect the level of pollution interacting with the plants (William, 1990).

The control of air pollutants can only be affected at the emission

source. Once a pollutant enters into the air environment, it's effect can only be
reduced through detoxification, oxidation, or absorption/adsorption on to
surfaces.

Several methods have been developed to evaluate the suitability of

plants for using them for the purpose mentioned above. Biomonitoring of air
pollutants through the use of plants, microbes and animals has now become a
standard procedure in the study of air pollution ecology (Varshney, 1992).

The acute effect of an air pollutant on a plant can be easily seen as

chlorotic or necrotic foliar injury but the chronic effects can be identified only
with the help of microscopic examination and physiological experimentation.
These changes are manifested quickly in the pollutant-sensitive species; this in
turn helps in the identification of pollutants in the field. The less sensitive or
tolerant plants are able to withstand pollution for longer times. They have the
capacity to detoxify the pollutants and use them as a raw material in their metallic
processes or just accumulate them in their system hirshney, 1992).

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 According to Innes (Baby 1996) tree barriers between Industrial and
residential areas can reduce air pollution considerably. A plantation of 30m depth
gives almost complete dust interception and significant reduction in gaseous
pollutant concentrations. Even a single row of trees can reduce pollution levels
markedly if it is planted on green verges with or without an underlay of shrubs.
One row can lead to 25 per cent reduction of dust concentration observed in
treelined streets. Free circulation of air within the canopy of a tree barrier also
helps to promote the filtering of pollutants. The noise is significantly reduced by
tree barriers of less than 30 m depth and the cosmetic and psychological benefits
of plantings are considerable. (Chaudhuri, 1993).

Innes further states, "planting techniques such as contouring can help

to reduce the impact of pollution on the area surrounding each source. The
landscape architect can thus assist local planning authorities and industry by
slitoulating lands coping schemes around industrial and residential sites that will
help to ameliorate the lvel of air pollution. Grass swards absorb twice as much of
some pollutants as does bare soil. The scavenging effect increases with the
inclusion of shrubs and trees. Thus, the average concentration of a pollutant in the
atmosphere declines with increasing proportions of well planted open space in
industrial and urban areas".

Green belt is plantation of trees for reducing the pollution as they

absorb both gaseous and particulate pollutant, thus removing them from
atmosphere. Green plants form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and
forming sinks for pollutants, it improves the aesthetic value of local environment.
Green belts are planned open spaces safeguarded from developmental activities
such as construction of buildings, factories, any other infrastructural activities;
these areas are used only for growing vegetation cover. Green belts in and around
urban and industrial areas are important for maintaining ecological health of the
region. Though there is no exclusive green belt development policy in India,
however on basis of other environmental policies and acts there are certain
restrictions and prohibitions on new projects or activities or on the expansion or
modernization of existing projects or activities based on their potential
environmental impacts as indicated in the schedule to the EIA Notification issued
in 1994 and revised in 2006, being undertake in any part of India, unless prior EC
has been accorded in accordance with the objectives of National Environmental
Policy. As per Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 [FCA] and Forest Conservation
Rules, 2003 (Guidelines & Clarifications) one of the condition stipulated by
MoEFCC while according prior approval (stage I / Stage II) for non-forest use of

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forest land under FCA, 1980 for industrial projects is that the user agency has to
maintain green belt (33%) within the allotted area as per the directions of the
concerned Divisional Forest Officer. All mining projects, including cluster mines,
are required to have a 7.5m wide peripheral safety zone within the mining lease
area, properly demarcated with boundary pillars with differential global
positioning system (DGPS) coordinates inscribed on them and to be maintained
as effective green belt.

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 Objectives of Greenbelt Zone Design

Green belt (GB) development envisages a multiplicity of objectives

ranging from the microlevel air pollution abatement to enhancement of socio
economic value of the region. Some of the objetives are listed below:

1. The prime objectives of GINs attenuation of air and noise pollution. A GB

can cashion accidental release/ explosion, minimising the risk to a
considerable level. The accidental release are mostly at ground levels for
example Bhopal tragedy and the episode which occurred at Shriram Mills,
New Delhi. In such situations GBs can significantly reduce further
dispersion of pollutants.
2. GBS help in soil protection and erosion losses, enhance the aesthetic value
and beauty of the landscapes. Some of the waste water generated in an
industry can be best utilised for GB maintenance after due treatment for
converting them to manure (Thakre, 1994).
3. Development of GB can help generate employment and thus involve the
mass participation in environmental protection.
4. GBs can help in the detection of fugitive release of pollutants into the
environment (using sensitive plant species).
5. GBS can significantly effect noise pollution control.
6. GBS enable significant wastewater reuse.
7. GBs balance the ambient oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
8. GBS mitigate fugitive emisions including malodours.
9. GBS enable extensive Optimum use of waste lands and help in
environmental conservation.

Adverse Impacts
 Impacts of permitted rural activities such as noise, visual amenity or odor
from these uses will be avoided, remedied or mitigated on the adjoining
Urban Land and Environmentally Sensitive Areas with regulations.
 Significant natural features, landscape amenities and natural resources
must be protected from adverse impacts arising from of rural
developments, though appropriate land management measures
 Development for intensive livestock operations (camel, beef, sheep, goats
and poultry) production must be undertaken on sites large enough to buffer
adjoining land uses from odour emissions within the boundaries of the
farm property.

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  The management and disposal of solid and liquid wastes generated on
farms and primary industry processing premises must be appropriate to the
nature and scale of the use and the potential adverse impact on adjoining
properties

Activities
 Permitted land uses include rural activities, those associated with the
achievement of the National Food Security program, and National
Significant Projects.
 Some uses that have a need to be isolated from other sensitive uses may be
appropriate provided they are suitably buffered. Such uses also serve to
strengthen the Greenbelt by providing an alternative economic land use to
urban encroachment.
 The establishment of passive recreation and small-scale tourism facilities
in suitable locations is permitted only where they do not compromise the
intent of the zone, and in a manner that minimizes land use conflicts.
 The scale and appearance of buildings associated with permitted uses
within the Greenbelt Zone must be in keeping with the primary purpose
and the overall landscape character of the zone.
 Urban development is limited to ancillary activities for permitted uses to
ensure that the Greenbelt is not compromised.
 Temporary accommodation for workers in the form of purpose-built
residential facilities may be permitted as conditional uses on suitable sites
and which comply with the site layout and amenity requirements of the
MME’s Worker Accommodation Planning Regulations.

Objectives & Policies

Policy 7.1.1
To provide for residential and ancillary activities that maintain and
enhance the character and amenity values of the Greenbelt Residential Zone,
while avoiding or mitigating natural hazards.

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Policy 7.1.2
Identify areas that are suitable for Greenbelt Residential purposes, that
are in close proximity to an urban settlement, have capacity for reticulated
infrastructure or managed servicing onsite, have the ability to connect to the
existing urban area; with the expectation that significant natural hazards will be
avoided and the potential effects of natural hazards managed to a degree that
reflects the risk.

Policy 7.1.3
Provide for a range of activities within the Greenbelt Residential Zone
to enable sufficient flexibility for residential living and other compatible activities
that are consistent with the character and amenity values for the area.

Policy 7.1.4
Maintain overall low density of development in the Greenbelt
Residential Zone with large section sizes, sufficient to accommodate a standard
contemporary house and a large area of open space for amenity and/or productive
purposes except as provided for in Policy 7.1.13.

Policy 7.1.5
Maintain a high quality and open streetscape.

Policy 7.1.6
Maintain the residential character and high standards of building
quality and appearance in the Greenbelt Residential areas.

Policy 7.1.7
Maintain low overall building height with exceptions for necessary
community facilities and utility services where such height would not adversely
affect local environmental amenities.

Policy 7.1.8
Maximise opportunities for sunlight access to buildings and private
areas of open space; and minimise shading of private open space and buildings
caused by structures on adjacent sites.

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Policy 7.1.9
Maximise opportunities for the creation of private outdoor spaces on
greenbelt residential properties, to maintain and enhance amenity values.

Policy 7.1.10
Minimise the amount of signage present in the landscape of the
Greenbelt Residential Zone, so as not to detract from the character or visual
amenity of the area.

Policy 7.1.11
Maintain overall quiet daytime and night-time noise conditions in the
Greenbelt Residential Zone with few extraordinary loud noise events and
minimal noise nuisance to residents.

Policy 7.1.12
Ensure that subdivided sections have sufficient area, shape, and access
suitable to maintain the character, scale and intensity of development in the
Greenbelt Residential Zone, including recognising the different servicing
capacity in different locations.

Policy 7.1.13
 Provide for subdivision within the Greenbelt Residential (Foxton Beach
North Overlay) Zone in a manner that:
 ensures that subdivided sections have sufficient area shape, and access
suitable to maintain the character, scale, and intensity of development in
the Greenbelt Residential (Foxton Beach North Overlay) Zone and shall be
generally in accordance with the Foxton Beach North Overlay Design
Guide contained in Schedule 14;
 enables the number and sizes of residential sections created by subdivision
to be varied in response to the amount of open space retained within the
development, on the basis that more open space supports a higher number
of smaller sections; and
 identifies, through a site-specific assessment undertaken by a suitably
qualified and experienced geomorphological expert, any significant hazard
to the sections that may arise from sand inundation and/or dune movement
inside or outside the Greenbelt Residential (Foxton Beach North Overlay)

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 Zone, and avoids or mitigates that hazard and its effects. Avoidance or
mitigation may include on-site and/or off-site measures;
 ensures roading networks for each stage of development are designed to be
sufficient for roading and network utility demands of the ultimate
development.

Policy 7.1.14
Maintain residential environments that are safe from traffic hazards
and have a high quality of streetscape amenity including managing the location
and design of street lighting to a level appropriate for the Greenbelt Residential
Zone.

Policy 7.1.15
Ensure that all activities involving delivery and collection of wastes
and goods and materials are provided with easily-accessible spaces for vehicle
loading and unloading clear of conflict with pedestrian and vehicle users of
public roads.

Policy 7.1.16
Ensure that any storage of goods, materials, or waste products is
contained within individual sites; is maintained in a tidy manner without causing
litter to spill beyond the site; and without detracting from the visual amenities of
the environment.

Policy 7.1.17
Where no reticulated servicing is available, ensure that all activities
within the Greenbelt Residential Zone dispose of wastes in a manner that avoids,
remedies or mitigates adverse effects.

Policy 7.1.18
Require any activity which does not comply with minimum
environmental standards to be considered as an application for resource consent
in terms of the policies and criteria of this plan and the effects on the
environment.

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Policy 7.1.19
Ensure that subdivided sections in the Greenbelt Residential Waitarere
Rise overlay have sufficient area, shape, and access suitable to maintain the
character, scale, intensity, and amenity of the Waitarere Rise subdivision
development, including recognising that the original subdivision predated the
introduction of the Greenbelt Residential zone and that the development is
serviced by a reticulated pressurised grey water system.

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 Factors Design Influencing Greenbelt

Greenbelt Development Mainly Relies Upon:-

 Nature and length of pollution

 Assimilative ability of the ecosystem.
 Climatic characteristics.
 Soil and water integrity.
 For Optimization of Width of Green Belt,

The Main Consideration Are:-

 Length and canopy region of trees.

 Contrary wind velocity and way
 Distance from area of sources of adulterant
 Pollutant attention
 Essence of pollutants
 Dry residue momentum of plants
 Geography and quantity of land available.

 Factors Affecting Product Design – The Take-Away

The world now is full of opinions and it is very difficult to satisfy all
these opinions. Like how any new invention that gets appreciation, also counts
criticism along the way. No product is going to make everyone happy, some
people may praise the design part and other group doesn’t care at all. This
challenging opportunity has drawn the attention of many creative geeks to land
their careers in Product Designing as there is always a scope of creativity.
Understanding the emotions of the end-user is an important aspect of a Product
Designer. Getting the feedbacks and improvising the nooks and corners of the
design gives out a highly impressive outcome. Since the design forms the index
of the product before formulating the strategies it is important to have a look at
the factors affecting product design.

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  Factors Affecting & Influencing Product Design
This column narrates the detailed descriptions on the factors affecting
product design, let’s get a deep understanding.

1. Customer Requirements:
One of the important aspects is to meet and satisfy customer
requirements. Since the end-users are the ones who leverage the product and so
it’s a designer duty to get the requirements from the client before formulating the
prototype and conceptualizing the idealogy. To fit in all possible variations &
conditions, the designed product needs to be streamlined in a way it draws
attention and convinces the targeted audience. Also, the designer should be able
to eradicate the use of high-end technologies if it creates a negative feeling or
unlike emotions to the client.

2. Functionality:
Meeting the purpose for which the product is designed gives away
great customer satisfaction. The designed product should be functionally
commanding and should be extensively meeting the end goal. Functionality is
one such factor influencing product design, and again it’s the designers’
responsibility to maintain the coordination between the look and the way it needs
to work.

3. Cost:
A product designer must balance the top-notch appeal and the cost-
effectiveness together. Saying so, the cost comes next in the list of factors
affecting product design. Acquiring all the required essentials in the allocated
budget marks the designer’s name everywhere. This is one big pressure that a
designer holds before crafting the creative outlet. Thus, the cost stays as a valid
factor in determining the high quality in a great functional product.

4. Materials;
Having adequate knowledge of the material before designing a
product is essential. The designer must be updated and well renewed with all the
new materials & technologies existing in the market. The quality material
preferred while producing a product gives major impacts on the design part. In
order to impress the audience and to create the desired product, the designer must
be aware of the availability of new and better materials.

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5. Durability:
In addition to effective product design, product protection is also very
essential and that should be as environment-specific protection. If your product is
going to be used in an industrial setup then it must follow the IP (Ingress
Protection) that is considered to prevent from falling quickly due to water and
dust. Therefore, power tools must be resistant to dust and particles, some may
even need to be water-resistant. And, if the products are intended to be used
outdoors for a longer time then it should ensure that they are well sealed and have
a quality finish to prevent degradation. This also marks as important factors
affecting product design and determining its durability.

6. Shapes:
Acquiring the desired shape & size end up in determining the
technology that the product needs to build. Also, customers welcome a product if
it follows the current trend & fashion. So all these factors need to be considered
while designing the product.

7. Culture:
If a product is targeted only to a particular culture and state, then this
needs to be kept in mind while designing that as a certain culture may accept
your design while others may find it offensive. For the long-lasting capabilities, it
is important to consider the environmental factor as well.

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  Guidelines For Developing Greenbelts

Green vegetation cover is beneficial in many ways leading to

conservation of biodiversity, retention of soil moisture, recharge of ground water
and maintaining pleasant micro climate of the region. In addition, vegetation
cover can also absorb pollutants from the environment and helps in effective
pollution control. Green belts are planned open spaces safeguarded from
developmental activities such as construction of buildings, factories, dams, etc.
Safeguarded in the sense that no infrastructural development will be allowed on
such designated areas and these areas will only be used for growing vegetation
cover on it. Green belts in and around urban and industrial areas are important to
the ecological health of any given region. Know more about Green belts and its
importance from here.
In history, there are very few records of green belts. One of the
important examples is of Queen Elizabeth I of England. She had banned new
buildings in a three mile wide belt around the City of London in 1580 [Reference:
Halliday, Stephen (2004). Underground to Everywhere. Sutton Publishing
Limited. p. 118]. In very recent time, the green belt policy was pioneered in the
United Kingdom in the 1930s. Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) and
various other organizations have helped to spread awareness about Green belts in
United Kingdom . The objective of Green belt varies from country to country and
region to region. The common objectives are to protect natural environments such
as biodiversity, etc, to improve air quality of the region, pollution control, to
maintain micro climate of the region, etc. Green Belt Development is an
important tool that aims at overall improvement in the environmental conditions
of the region.
Plants grown in such a way as to function as pollutant sinks are
referred to as green belts. Green belts are an effective tool in mitigating air
pollution as they form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming
sinks for pollutants. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, absorb pollutants
on their surface, thus effectively reduce their concentrations in the ambient air.
Apart from functioning as pollutant sinks, green belts provide other benefits like
aesthetic improvement and providing possible habitats for birds and animals, thus
re creating hospitable nature in an otherwise drab urban- Industrial scene. An
important aspect of a green belt that is to be considered is that the plants
constituting green belts are living organisms with limits to their tolerance towards
air pollutants. Thus green belt is effective as pollution sink only within the
tolerance limits of constituent plants.

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  Regulations or environmental law for Green Belts
Development in India

Environmental protection has been considered as an important domain

for industrial and other developmental activities in India. Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MoEF) has taken several policy initiatives and promoted
integration of environmental concerns in developmental projects. One such
initiative is the notification on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of
developmental projects issued in 1994 and further revised notification in year
2006 under the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. EIA is now
mandatory for 40 categories for developmental projects (Know more about EIA
notifications from here). EIA Guidance Manual for building, construction,
townships and area development projects proactively talks about the importance
of green belts in such projects. Environmental Guidelines for Industries
developed by MoEF, suggest that the industries must care about the surrounding
environment and minimize the adverse impacts of industrial operations in the
immediate neighborhood as well as distant places.
Therefore, these guidelines mandate project owners to maintain the
certain distances by the industries from the areas like ecologically sensitive areas,
Coastal areas, Flood Plain of the Riverine Systems, Transport/Communication
System and Major settlements. In addition, these guidelines also mandate that
economic and social factors have to be recognized and assessed while citing
industry. Following are the key points that all industries need to follow while
moving ahead with the establishment of manufacturing/processing unit in certain
areas. These are;

1. No forest land shall be converted into non-forest activity for the

sustenance of the industry (Reference: Forest Conservation Act, 1980).
2. No prime agricultural land shall be converted into industrial site.
3. Within the acquired site the industry must locate itself at the lowest
location to remain obscured from general sight.
4. Land acquired shall be sufficiently large to provide space for
appropriate treatment of waste water still left for treatment after maximum
possible reuse and recycle. Reclaimed (treated) wastewater shall be used to raise
green belt and to create water body for aesthetics, recreation and if possible for
aquaculture. The green belt shall be 1/2 km wide around the battery limit of the
industry. For industry having odour problem it shall be a kilometre wide.

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 5. The green belt between two adjoining large scale industries shall be
one kilometre.
6. Enough space should be provided for storage of solid wastes so that
these could be available for possible reuse.
7. Lay out and form of the industry that may come up in the area must
conform to the landscape of the area without affecting the scenic features of that
place.
8. Associated township of the industry must be created at a space
having physiographic barrier between the industry and the township.
9. Each industry is required to maintain three ambient air quality
measuring stations within 120 degree angle between stations.

Environment Management Plan (EMP) prepared by MoEF mandates

that community buildings and townships should build 1-1.5 kilometre of
greenbelt. This is suggested to restrict air and noise pollution in the vicinity. As
per the National Forest Policy, 1988 (NFP), It is necessary to encourage the
planting of trees alongside of roads, railway lines, rivers and streams and canals,
and on other unutilized lands under State/corporate, institutional or private
ownership. NFP give emphasis on the green belt development. It says – Green
belts should be raised in urban/industrial areas as well as in arid tracts. Such a
programme will help to check erosion and desertification as well as improve the
microclimate (Reference). As per the stipulations of MoEF, Jharkhand State
Pollution Control Board has mandated that green belt is to be provided all around
the power station boundary by planting trees and the total green area including
landscaping area will be 1/3rd (About 33%) of the plant area.
Under the purview of other regulations such as Environmental
Guidelines for Industries, Environment Management Plan, National Forest
Policy, Forest Conservation Act, etc; certain percentage of land designated for
green belts is recommended for different categories of industrial projects.
Expansion of agricultural, urban and industrial activities are causing additional
burden on natural resources. Industrial development is causing severe health
hazards due the exceeded level of pollution. Green belt not only restrict
environmental pollution but it helps to maintain the ecological balance of the
region. Jharkhand State Pollution Control board has issued direction that all
Industrial sectors will submit affidavit with commitment that they will plant 100
trees in their premises and shall maintain them. This is also one of the main
conditions of CTE and CTO issued by the Board.

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  Selection of Species

While making choice of plant species for cultivation in green belts,

weightage has to be given to the nutritional supply (soil characteristics),
availability of water and pollution load. Preference should be given to the species
endemic to the area suitable to local conditions. Table: Rainfall and temperature
conditions in different agro climatic zones of Bihar.

For absorption of gases

1. Longer duration of foliage
2. Freely exposed foliage, through
a. Adequate height of crown
b. Openness of foliage in canopy
c. Big leaves (Long and broad laminar surfaces)
d. Large number of stomatal apertures
e. Stomata well exposed (in level with the general epidermal surface.

For removal of suspended particulate matter

1. Height and spread of crown
2. Leaves supported on firm petioles,
3. Abundance of surfaces on bark and foliage, through
a.Roughness of bark,
b.Epidermal outgrowths on petioles.
c.Abundance of axillary hairs,
d. Hairs or scales on laminar surfaces.
e. Stomata protected (by wax, arches/rings, hairs, etc.)

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 Species of plants have been studied for their relative sensitivities
towards different air pollutants. Thus, we recognize species sensitive to SO2,
species sensitive to O3, or sensitive to HF, etc. In terms of tolerances however, it
is difficult to identify species that are selectively tolerant to pollutant species. An
industrial or environment normally consists of several pollutants rather than a
single pollutant. Pollution sinks hence, aim at cultivating plants that are tolerant
to air pollutants in general, rather than tolerant to SO2, to HF, or to O3 etc.
Scattering of a few known sensitive plants. (Including selectively sensitive
species) within a green belt however, do carry out an important function of
indicating the presence of pollutants which the tolerant would not indicate.
For the development of greenbelt, plants having simple big leaves and
native species are preferred to the plants. The plants are suitable for greenbelt
development based on gaseous exchange capacity of foliage which is ascertained
by the following characteristics:
- The plant should be fast growing.
- It should have thick canopy cover.
- It should be perennial and evergreen.
- It should have large leaf area index.
- It should be indigenous.
- It should be efficient in absorbing pollutants without significant effects on
plant growth.
The objectives of the industrial greenbelt are to improve the
microenvironment. The success depends on the type of land available and
selection of suitable tree species for pollution control. Selection of tree species
for industrial areas is influenced by the nature of industry. The objective should
be to ensure a green cover tolerating pollutant gases and solid particulates present

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 23

in the atmosphere. It is also advisable to select suitable tree species and adopt
simple techniques which require minimum investment and care.

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  Plantation technique
A standard horticultural practice involves planting of saplings inpits of
1ft. x1ft.x 1ft.The pits are then filled with earth, sand silt and manure in pre-
determined proportions and are watered liberally. For areas where the soil
conditions are poor and the substratum is hard and rocky, as in the districts of
Gaya, Nawada, etc., pits of 2ft. x 2ft. x 2ft. with 4cft. of external soil and 2 cft. of
compost is recommended. The growing plants are then cared for the first three
years, or for at least two years (for tall plants) with tending operations like
howing, weeding, watering and most importantly through protection from stray
animals and pests. Nutrients in pits are occasionally supplemented.

Bihar is a highly populous state with a maximum population density

in the country. Space is a big constraint for plantation activities. So, whatever
space is available especially in an industrial premises it should be utilized
properly. In an industrial unit space for plantation is usually available at the
periphery or through the carriage way.

If less space is available at the periphery of the unit, one row of long
trees and one row of shrub should be planted. Accordingly, if more space is
available a row of tall trees followed by shorter trees and shrubs is recommended.
If sufficient space is available a row of tall trees followed by a row each of
medium trees, small trees and shrub should be planted. The space on the sides of
carriage way or internal roads should also be utilized for plantation. For these
areas also a row of shrubs followed by a row each of small trees and/ or large
trees depending upon the space available should be planted.

The choice of plants for roadside (and traffic island) plantations may
be for containment of pollution and for formation of a screen between traffic and
roads side residences. This choice of plants should include shrubs of height 1 to
1.5 meter and tree of 3 to 5 meter height. The intermixing of trees and shrubs
should be such that the foliage area density in vertical is almost uniform. Option
of Vertical Gardening, wherever possible may also be explored.

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 Shrubs and trees should be planted in encircling rows around the
project site. The short trees (10 m height) will be planted in the outer row (away
from plant side).

Some of guidelines to be considered are:

a. Planting of trees in each row will be in staggered orientation.

b. In the front row, shrubs will be grown.

c. Since the trunks of the tall trees are generally devoid of foliage, it will
be useful to have shrubs in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.

d. The spacing between the trees will be maintained slightly less than the
normal spaces, so that the trees may grow vertically and slightly increase the
effective height of the green belt.

e. Providing the Greenbelt in at least 33% area of the total project area
with various species.

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Recommendation of plant species for constitution of Green Belt

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Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 28
Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 29
  Importance of green cover around polluting industries
Trees, shrubs and other vegetation can absorb certain air pollutants if they
are within tolerable limits. This concept is utilized in developing strips of
vegetation or commonly known as green belt development. Green belts should be
developed especially around sources of pollution to be more effective. The design
and nature of green belts will vary according to the place and the type of industry.

Some of the factors which influence the design of green belts are-

 Climatic factors such as wind velocity, temperature, rainfall, sunlight,

humidity etc.

 Assimilation capacity of the ecosystem.

 Height and canopy of trees.

 Size of land available.

 Distance from source.

 Soil and Water quality.

 Nature and extent of pollutants.

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  Development of green belt
Most of the anthropogenic activities generate pollution in one or other
types and of different magnitude, for which all the organisms are exposed. In
such cases the green belts will be effective in controlling the pollution. Leaves
with their vast area in a tree crown, sorbs pollutants on their surface, thus
affectively reduce their concentrations in ambient air. Often the sorbed pollutants
are incorporated in metabolic stream and thus the air is purified. Plants grown in
such a way as the function as pollutant sinks are collectively referred as green
belts. As per guidelines for development of greenbelts, CPCB (Programme
objective series – PROBES/75/1999-2000) there are two types of approaches for
designing green belts viz. 1) source oriented and 2) receptor oriented. Both these
approaches have their own advantages and limitations.

Source oriented approach is advantageous where a single industry is

situated and the pollutants emitted by the same are sought to be contained. The
receptor oriented approach is desirable in urban / industrial complexes with
multiple sources of pollution are present along with human settlements in
between. Generally it is stated that tolerant species should be planted in green
belts, but it is very difficult to state confidently about several other aspects about
the green belts viz. bio-geographic regions, soil quality, distance between species,
width and height with reference to pollution source, ideal density of plants, etc.
While making choice of plant species for cultivation in green belts, weightage has
to be given to the natural factor of bio-climate, authorities responsible for
plantation should make adequate provisions for watering and protection of the
saplings. For effective removal of pollutants following measures has to be
adopted.

 See that the plants grow under conditions of adequate nutritional supply
(for health and vigour of growth)

 Absence of water stress (to maintain openness of stomatal apertures and

form of epidermal structures)

 Plants are well exposed to atmospheric conditions of light and breeze

(i.e. away from engineering structures hindering free flow of air) to maintain free
interaction with gases.

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 Characters of plants necessary for effecting absorption of pollutant gases
and removal of dust particles are given Table 2.
Table 2. Characters of plants

The plant foliage plays a major role in absorbing the air pollutant
efficiently, due to the favourable light conditions near the canopy surface of the
plant. The rate of the pollutant removal is found to increase linearly as the
concentration of the pollutant increased over the ranges of concentration that are
encountered in ambient air and which are low enough not to cause stomatal
closure. Within their limits of tolerance, plants absorb air pollutants and to that
extent remove the same from ambient air. The solubilities of pollutant gases in
water are listed in in Table 3.
Table 3. Solubilities of pollutant gases in water

The plant uptake of air pollutants appeared to follow the following

order (Hill and Chamberlain, 1974). HF>SO2 > Cl > NO2 > O3 > PAN > NO >
CO The design of the green belt and its composition may vary from place to
place and industry to industry. Just putting some trees around an industry may not
serve the purpose of green belt.

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 The development of green belt by using pollution tolerant plants for
air quality improvement involves selecting suitable plants species, determining
climatic conditions, nature of pollutants to be ameliorated and general landscape
of the locality. The width of the green belt varies based on the type /category of
industry (R.B.Gupta, et al. 2008) as given in Table 4. The CPCB in its book titled
Guidelines for developing greenbelts – PROBES/75/1999-2000 has given a
comprehensive list of plants recommended for green belts in the country (India),
the country is divided into six agro-climatic zones and their subzones. The list
consists of latin and common names of plants, natural order to which they belong
and number of relevant characteristic features, viz. tolerance or otherwise towards
air pollution, habit, growth rate, flowering phenology, crown shape and
approximate surface area, etc.
Table 4. Width of the green belt based on industry type

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  Designing of Greenbelt
Designing of a GB is a very specialized task. It needs careful
consideration of the local agro-climatic conditions, source and type of pollutants,
and selection of right types of tree species. Planning is to be done in such a way
that GB is developed within a short period and remains effective over the years.

The effectiveness of a GB for interception and retention of atmospheric

particles depends on several factors viz. shape, size, wetness, surface texture and
nature (Solubility and insolubility) of the particles/ pollutants as well as
intercepting plant parts (Ingold, 1971). Damp surface of the plants enhances
pollutant removal rate by 10% because under such conditions stem, branches,
twigs and leaves are engaged in absorption p process. Light has also got a
pronounced effect in foliar removal of pollutpats by influencing physiological
activities and stomatal opening (Mansfield, 1973; smith, 1981). Under urban
environment, moisture restricts absorption of gaseous pollutants by limiting
stomatal opening (Ahmad et al, 1991). A reduction of overall dust fall up to 42%
by conifers in urban areas of temperate zone has been reported.The project site
region is wrapped with sheetrock. Formulating the greenbelt in this program
desires scientific strategy. As far as feasible, the following actions will be deemed
in the green belt improvement program.

All around the area, a green belt of 3 m width will be formulated as a

bio- fence and bio-defense. An impression of surface rock’s existence, tubes up to
2m depth will be dug out all around the area. They will be replenished with
topsoil from the building site up to a depth of 1.75m vacating a gap of about
0.25m for beneficial watering and manuring.

It is not feasible for a tube, stab holes of 9 inches diameter and 10 Ft

(3m) depth will be plugged, replenished with a variety of lawn soil,
vermicompost, and sand in comparable percentages. Saplings risen in poly
pouches will be transplanted. Rapidly evolving, evergreen or semi-evergreen tree
saplings will be seeded to formulate a thick green belt. Saplings are readily
accessible from the local greenhouses, and the plants are well modified to the
regional agro environment.

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  Criteria for Greenbelt Development
The Government of India has given rise to it mandatory to retain
greenbelts around the new and occurring industries. However, no specific criteria
respecting the width of the green belt and pollution probable action have been
promulgated so far. The category of industries as per the worldwide laws relies
on the following aspects:-

 Region of an industrial network

 Entire work-force
 Circumstance and length from city center housing region
 Transport facilities expected
 Raw substances and products to be transported and produced
 Danger generated air pollution noise threats.

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  Attributes Important In Greenbelt Design
A greenbelt should be so existed that its perimeter coincides with
where the ultimate ground degree attention of the air pollution began. This area
does not start shortly from the juncture at which the adulterant are discharged
from the pile (chimney) but rather happens some extent away; the duration
relying on the temperature of occurring gases, their consistencies, and the
meteorological situation. The greenbelt should be more vast in the way where the
wind velocities and regularities are elevated.

Distance Considerations
The national conference made the suggestion on an industrial area. The length
between and industry and the encircling areas are as follows.

 There should be an importance of at least 25km between the pollution

emitting industry and the ecologically or otherwise sensitive regions.
 The distance between industries and the high-tide cable of seaside regions
should be at least 500m.

Land Availability and Greenbelt

Land availability becomes a substantial limitation in greenbelt
improvement around a source of pollution. The references can be the degree, line,
or area, and in every case, the standards for greenbelt improvement will vary
relying on the source stability. Quantitative examination for the land regulation
for green belt growth has to be on a standardized and scientific purpose so that
the anxious authorities can be persuaded. At the same time, outstanding returns
may be attained through the improvement actions.

Selection Criteria of Trees For Green Belt

The efficacy of a greenbelt relies on assigning the tree variety best
fitted to comprehend the pollutants. An excellent tree for farming in the greenbelt
should have the following characters:-

 The rapidly growth rate for rapid improvement of roof.

 Powerful branches for reliable roof.
 Huge leaf size for more outstanding retention of adulterant.
 Lush greenery for decent trapping of pollutants.

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  Planting and Management of the Greenbelt
Healthy saplings having 1 m height should be selected for plating in
the green belt in order to avoid mortality. Pits measuring 1mx 1m x 1m are to be
dug up at desired points in triangular pattern. For planting tall shrubs and dwarf
trees 4.5m spacing between plants and rows is sufficient while medium and tall
trees in middle and rear rows are to be planted 6-7m and 8-10m apart respectively
depending upon the space available. Close planting is recommended for
accommodating more number of trees per unit area resulting in more leaf surface.
scavated soil should be sun dried thoroughly and to be mixed with F.Y.M, in 2:1
ratio alongwith BHC (10% dust) @ 50 gm/pit for controlling soil borne insects
and pests. Planting of sapling should be done during monsoon.

Replanting should be done without delay if there is casualty. Proper

care and maintenance of the saplings at the initial stage for 2-3 years is essential.
It helps quick development of canopy which is very much required for the green
belt (Roy and Sharma, 1997).

Close planting with three tier system keeping dwarf trees with round
canopy exposed to the source of emission followed by medium and tall trees with
cylindrical canopy is ideal design for the industrial area because all plants are
exposed to the pollutants (Anonymous 1976, Sharma et al., 1994). This helps to
divert the emissions upward as plants act as a physical barrier.

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  Forestry Management Plan
A forest thrives under constant and consistent professional
management. From initial establishment and seeking approval from the Forest
Service, through to silvicultural maintenance with thinning and harvesting, to
clear fell or continuous cover forestry, Green Belt's expert foresters are located
nationally to support your forest activities.
Green Belt has developed a Four Year Forestry Management Contract
which is specifically designed for farmers. The company will undertake to
establish a forest for the farmer utilizing the grant paid by the Forest Service. The
Four Year Forestry Management Contract relieves you of all the risks in
establishing your plantation and leaves you free to concentrate on your main
farming activities.
The forest is maintained in optimal condition thus ensuring the plantation
reaches the approved standard required to attract the appropriate grant.

Farmers who plant in association with Green Belt have the convenience and
security which this contract offers. The contract includes:

 Fencing of the planted area

 Preparation of the ground
 Draining of land
 Supply and planting of trees
 Fertilizing
 Vegetation Control
 Pest control
 Maintenance of woodland records

In addition, Green Belt will undertake to sell any forest it establishes, at

any time if required, to one of its many Irish and foreign investors.

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  Professional Management for Increased Value
Professional forest management can increase the value adding
potential at each stage of the forest growth. Green Belt has a comprehensive
forest management package to maximise returns which includes:

 Initial site selection

 Species selection
 Provenance selection
 Seed selection
 Selection of silvicultural regime
 Thinning intensity and timing
 Genetic enhancement
 Fertilization
 Timing of clear-fell

 Tree Planting Days

Now more than ever we all appreciate an opportunity to get together
and spend quality time building and developing relationships. Green Belt provide
an opportunity to spend this time in the outdoors, getting down and dirty and
physically planting trees! Join our tree planting crews on an active planting site
and learn the lifecycle of Irish forestry, plant a few native trees and have lots of
fun.
Green Belt is Ireland's leading forestry management company. We
plant more trees each year than anyone else in Ireland and we are very keen to
develop the understanding of a forestry and woodland lifecycle to everyone. On
our tree planting days, you will be directed to an active planting site and there
you will meet some of the team from Green Belt, including the local forestry
professional and the tree planting teams.

EDUCATION
We will guide you though the tree planting process so you know how
to plant a young tree successfully. We will tell you how we help it grow and the
steps we take to protect the environment around the woodland, including
watercourses and wildlife. You will see first hand the really positive impact
forests have on the landscape, on a community, in the life of the forest owner and
also in the provision of local and rural employment for years to come.

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  National Tree Planting Initiative
Why Tree Planting?

Deforestation and habitat degradation are continuing and population

pressure is increasing. Both are affecting the integrity of the watersheds that
provide critical water supplies. It is now well understood that this destructive
trend, further impacts economic development and undermines food security.
Protecting these critical watersheds is an environmental, social and economic
issue.

The high population density, intense agriculture and related agro-

based factories have resulted in high water demand, pollution to the water
resource and catchment degradation. This is made worse by encroachment of
protected forests and wetlands negatively impacting valuable biodiversity, water
quality and threatening people’s livelihoods. The impact of climate change has
increased the volatility and unpredictability of weather patterns further
threatening the food and water security of millions of the county’s population.

These critical watersheds require intensive management for ecological

integrity, ecosystem functions and the wellbeing of the communities. The
degraded areas need restoration; protection of existing resources and improve
communities resilience to climate change.

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  3 Facts about the National Tree Planting Initiative

1. What is the National Tree Planting Initiative?

The National Tree Planting Initiative to plant three million trees in three
years was launched by the Most Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
October 4, 2015. The objective of the Initiative is to support national
development in the areas of climate change and reforestation efforts to increase
forest cover and establish high value urban green spaces for all Indians.

2. What are the activities under the Initiative?

The Forestry Department is leading the implementation of the initiative.
The activities to be undertaken include:

 The identification of suitable lands for reforestation/ planting, including

parks, roadways and thoroughfares within major towns.
 The production of 1.7 million seedlings, including native species, for use in
reforestation and tree planting conducted by the Forestry Department.
 Through partnerships, produce and plant 1.3 million seedlings.
 Follow-up to ensure the maintenance of seedlings planted.

3. How can I participate?

 You may visit any of the Forestry Department’s nurseries to collect up to 10
select ornamental and select timber seedlings.
 If you intend to plant more than 10 trees or doing your activity as a
community/ business/ organizational project, send us an email at
[email protected] to request the seedlings required.
 All seedlings received must be maintained to ensure that they become
established.

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  5 Notable Tree Plantation NGOs in India

The growing need for environmental conservation has grabbed a lot of

attention in the past few years. And thanks to the non-profit organisations in
India, a lot of progress has indeed been made.
Though we can't mention all of them, here are five
notable organisations which are trying to build environmental awareness across
India and making a difference through tree plantations.

1. Green Yatra:
This organisation organises tree plantation activities and inculcates the
sense of responsibility among the young students across Maharashtra. The name
of this program is ‘Go Green Kids.’ They provide free saplings in schools and let
the student’s plant and take care of those saplings. Also, they regularly check up
to see how the trees are and surprisingly have a 95 percent survival rate so far.
Taking it ahead, they are now planning to expand their operations to schools
across India.

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They call this program ‘Go Green Kids,’ and provide free saplings
to schools, in rural and urban parts of the state. The students then
look after the saplings.

Says Founder, Pradeep Tripathi, “Tree plantation is only one part of

the process. We regularly check up to see how the trees are doing, and we have a
95 percent survival rate. We eventually want the kids to go home, and teach their
parents.”

Green Yatra is planning to expand its operations to schools across

India. They have planted 30000 trees across Maharashtra schools.

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 2. Project Green Hands:
This is a project by Isha Foundation, with the goal of increasing tree
plantation in the state of Tamil Nadu. The Project Green Hands aims to plant and
grow up to 141 million trees across Tamil Nadu. For this, they have developed a
Green School Movement which is an initiative teaching the practical aspects of
saplings. Project Green Hands provides students with about 2000 seeds, and the
students cultivate the forests through their peer-to-peer education.

Project Green Hands then gives them 2000 seeds, and

through peer-to-peer education, students cultivate mini-
forests within the school premises.

They have developed a Green School Movement an initiative which

teaches the practical aspects of growing saplings. Instructors provide selected
students from across several schools with the seeds, and the technical knowledge
of how to take care of a school nursery.

The team regularly visits these schools to assess the progress and
provide additional assistance if required. According to the organisation, over
920577 trees have been planted across various schools in Tamil Nadu so far.

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 3. Sankalp Taru:
Kickstarted in the year 2013, this is a Clean and Green Schools
program with a complete curriculum. It offers students the opportunities to not
only plant trees, but also learn more about the environment. They feature
workshops on kitchen gardens, photosynthesis, water harvesting systems and also
screen popular films. Their goal is to equip the young minds with a proper
outlook towards nature.

Featuring workshops on kitchen gardens, photosynthesis,

water harvesting systems and even popular films, the
programme aims to equip the young mind with a proper
outlook towards taking care of nature.

Started in 2013, at a school in Barmer, part of the Thar Desert, SankalpTaru’s Clean
and Green Schools program is a complete curriculum. It offers students the opportunity to not
only plant trees but learn about the environment extensively. The course lasts over 6-8 months
and is incorporated alongside regular course material.

“The curriculum is designed in a way to make students better citizens of tomorrow. Our
programs, such as upcycling, where we teach students to create using waste, and our eco-clubs,
where students take care of a tree in their school have helped them learn about the
environment”, says Apurva Bhandari, the founder of the programme.

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 4. Say Trees:
Say trees is an NGO based in Bangalore and is formed by individuals
who are committed to protecting the environment. Their volunteers are currently
working on the project to bring saplings to schools outside Bangalore. They have
tied up with schools in Hosur and planted about 1,200 trees. Their plan is to
expand and plant about 10,000 trees in the coming months.
SayTrees uses the method known as the Miyawaki technique for
planting. With this method, plants grow faster. Moreover, this organisation only
plants native saplings like peepal, banyan, and mango.

As part of their initiative, they have tied up with schools in

Hosur, and have planted 1,200 trees.

“We want students to be connected with the environment. Our volunteers usually spend a
weekend with the students planting trees, and then make fortnightly-visits to see how they are
growing”, explains Durgesh Agrahri, Head of Partnership.They plan to expand and plant over
10,000 trees in the coming months.

SayTrees uses a unique method of planting, known as the Miyawaki technique, which allows
the plant to grow faster, and include several varieties. The organisation only plants native
saplings, such as peepal, banyan, and mango.

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 5. Siruthuli
Siruthuli focuses on including students in growing saplings across
various campuses. They have recently planted over 40000 trees across the
campus of Anna University as a part of their new initiative. Started in 2016, the
Seed to Sapling initiative provides students with the soil, manure, and seeds to
grow their own saplings.

Taking an inspiration from these NGOs, Nelda has also surged in this
field of tree plantation.
Our goal is to help plant and grow a billion trees across India in the
next 25 years. But obviously, we need helping hands! Explore more about Nelda
on our website and consider being a volunteer!

Started in 2016, the Seed to Sapling initiative provides students

with the soil, manure, and seeds to grow their own saplings.

According to a report by The Hindu, the manure is sourced from farmers in the
area.

Currently, the program is operational in over 10 schools in Tamil Nadu, and

schools collectively will plant around 2500 trees. Siruthuli aims to plant over 1
lakh trees in the coming months.

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  Advantages of green belts
 Air Pollution control- Trees help in removing carbon dioxide and other
pollutants from air and by release of oxygen into the air thereby improving air
quality. A green belt development can also help in removing particulate matter
from the air by trapping such particulate matter.

 Water Pollution control- Some species can remove some pollutants

from water. Example- copper absorbed by Chlorella vulgaris and Scandium by
Astragalas, zinc by Typhalatifolia, chromium by Salvinianudans.

 Noise control- A green belt reduces the intensity of sound. It functions

as a barrier. Trees can either deflect, refract or may absorb sound to reduce its
intensity. The intensity reduction depends on the distance sound has to travel
from source. Trees can also modify suitably the humidity and climate which
affects sound intensity.

 Help in soil erosion control. Plant species help in improving soil quality
and bind soil particles thereby preventing erosion.Green belts also help in
containing water run offs.

1. The biological activity of the particles at various locations

necessarily vary because of difference of pollutant source profiles. These
variations are expressions of both quantitative and qualitative differences, as for
instance the relative amount of sulfuric acid mist, sulfates, or other reactive
substances in the particulate mix or the relative amounts of specific carcinogenic
compounds in the organic fraction of airborne particulate.

2. It, therefore, can be seen that the evaluation of biological activity

ascribable to “particulate” is complex and depends not only on the total quantity,
size range and intrinsic physical or chemical properties, but also on their chance
for interaction in the polluted air. The opportunity for variation in biological
activity is enormous.

3. Stomata are microscopic pores on the underside (abaxial) of the

leaf. These stomata allow the plant leaves takes in Carbon Dioxide (C0 2) and lets

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 48

out Oxygen (02), and also allows water vapor out in the process of transpiration.
As air passes through the stomata, most of the airborne particles will not pass
through the stomata but will rather land on the’ leafs outer surface.
This is similar to a filter, where air is pulled through the filter by an air pump and
the airborne particles deposit on the filter surface. If this air flow is the major
cause of particles depositing on the leaf, the result will be that the concentration
of particles on the abaxial surface of the leaf will be higher than that of the top
surface (adaxial) because the airflow through the stomata will be pulling more
particles onto the bottom surface.

4. There is a certain amount of force needed for particles to stick to a

surface. This amount is greater depending on the size of the particles. Because the
airflow through the stomata is not very powerful, only the smaller particles will
stick to the bottom surface. The particles on the top surface of the leaves will
mainly be from the settling of dust. Because settled particles are mostly larger
ones, those found on the top surface will be mostly larger. Therefore, analysis of
the particle sizes on the leaves will show that particles on the tops of leaves are
on average, larger than those on the bottom of leaves.

5. Different types of leaves tend to have differences in several aspects

of their surfaces. Some types of leaves have greater surface rigidity or roughness
than other leaves, which may affect their stickiness or particle solubility. Stickier
leaves would be better for collecting particles because more particles would stick
to their surface. Therefore, some types of leaves may be better for use in this type
of analysis than others.

6. It has been derived that trees can delimit the fine particulate
pollution and have tremendous potential for improved air quality with substantial
cost savings. This study will help to quantify the relative ability of individual tree
species for removing fine particulates such as PM25. The plantation of urban

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 49

trees can be evaluated in terms of money saved vis-a-vis expenditure involved in
implantation of fine particulate strategies.

7. Trees can act as efficient biological filters, removing significant

amounts of particulate pollution from urban atmospheres. The study indicated
that there has been significant difference in interception of particulate matter
(PM2.5) by different tree species.

8. It is recommended based on the studies that Green cover /areas of

Highly Dust capturing plant species should be developed around residential areas
/ industrial area, since dust capturing plants species can act as efficient biological
filters, removing significant amounts of particulate pollution from urban
atmospheres. The dust capturing phenomenon of plant species is a cost effective
technology for reduction of particulate load in urban agglomerations.

The geographical, environmental, morphological, anatomical &

physiological aspects of plants species have been found influencing the dust
capture by plant species, therefore following criteria should be adopted for
selection of plant species for green belt development in urban areas:
a. The species should be adapt to site and should be able to produce
optimum harvest on a sustained basis for example tree like Ficus religiosa
(Peepal), Ficus bengalensis (Banyan), Ficus elastica (Indian Rubber) and
Artocarpus integrifolia (Jack Fruit).

b. The leaf litter should decompose quickly thus adding organic

matter to the soil tree like Acacia farmesiana (Vilayati kikar), Delonix regiosa
(Gulmohar), Accacia nelotica (Babul), Azadirachta indica (Neem) Melia
azadirachta (Melia) are suitable for the purpose.

c. The species should preferably be capable of enriching soil, through

nitrogen fixation or any other mechanism tree like members of Leguminaceare

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family such as Luceana leucophloea (Shoe babool), Acacia farmesiana (Vilayati
kikar) are better nitrogen fixing capabilities.

d. The morphological characters of the species must suit the

objectives of plantation and the cultivation practice; e.g. a wide crown may be
preferred for dust capturing and fuel wood plantation but small-narrow crown
with minimum effect on agriculture crop and providing valuable wood.

e. Multi-purpose tree plant species have a special significance in

fulfilling the objectives of environment as well as needs of the people. The
combination of species to address the local needs are more beneficial. The trees
like Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides); Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globules:
Acacia farmesiana (Vilayati kicker), Delonix regiosa (Gulmohar), Accacia
nelotica (Babul), Azadirachta indica (Neem) melia Azadirachta (Melia) are more
valuable.

f. The tree products should have acceptable characteristics to suit local

customs and traditions flowering Herbs & shrubs species like Grape Jasmine
(Gardenia jasminoides) Crown Daisy (Chrysanthamum species) Lily (Lillium
species); Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) etc;

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 CHAPTER-03
LITRETURE REVIEW
 Abstract
International attention on the environmental impacts of China’s Belt
and Road Initiative (BRI) is increasing, but little is known internationally about
the large corpus of Chinese BRI environmental research. We present the first
systematic review of the Chinese and English language BRI environmental
research, supported with text mining and sentiment analysis. We found that the
research is dominated by Chinese authors writing about BRI routes within China
in Chinese, even though concerns around BRI are largely about impacts and
benefits within host countries, and the volume of publications in English is
recently catching up. Different disciplines and methods are well-represented
across languages, apart from specific types of Chinese social science papers. The
sentiments of academic research are largely neutral and less polarised than media
discourse. We recommend that scientists and practitioners should pay more
attention to BRI environmental impacts in developing countries and proactively
engage local voices.

 Introduction
China’s multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the
largest infrastructure scheme in our lifetime, involving multilateral actors in
constructing a network of infrastructure and economic cooperation corridors
across Eurasia. It will profoundly reshape the geographies of Asia and beyond,
and has also become a lightning rod for anxieties about global geopolitical,
economic, and environmental changes that the 21st century will bring. In spite of
the increasing interest on BRI by environmental researchers, little is known
internationally about the even larger corpus of BRI environmental research
conducted in China. In other domains, fears abound of the economic and cyber
balkanisation of the world order, which are liable to shatter China’s dreams of
fostering closer connectivity and cooperation with BRI. Also, mainstream
discourse about China is often strongly polarised. Does this polarisation similarly
extend to environmental research about the BRI? Given the high stakes involved
with BRI’s massive scale, this is a question that needs to be urgently answered.

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 Since the BRI’s announcement in 2013, research on BRI
environmental issues has grown to encompass a plurality of disciplines and
approaches. It is thus timely to present the first systematic review of Chinese and
English-language BRI environmental research. This can provide a comprehensive
picture of international and Chinese BRI research, and highlight possible
differences and biases in the two corpuses. Monolingual systematic reviews can
be systemically biased, such as when positive and significant results are reported
only in English. Other reasons, such as methodology, intended audience, and
language barriers may influence authors’ decisions in which language to publish,
thus skewing the body of knowledge contained in different languages.

Systematic reviews of scientific papers often use methods such as

citation metrics and topic modelling which provide objective information, but
rarely sentiment analysis which aims to extract subjective opinions and attitudes
from language. At its most basic form, sentiment analysis indicates polarity
(positivity or negativity) and is thus commonly used to capture attitudes of
different groups. Sentiment analysis can bolster systematic reviews by identifying
attitudes of groups of researchers, which is important for environmental research
as there is the potential for scientists to cross the line from science into advocacy
for their favoured ecosystem or species, and in the case of BRI, for the author’s
own political biases. Much of the politically-polarised discourse around BRI can
be observed in the media, which can both reflect popular attitudes and shape
public opinion. To our knowledge, there are no prior studies comparing sentiment
in the media with journal papers.

In this paper, we present a systematic review of BRI environmental

research published in both English and Chinese languages. We first examine the
geographical characteristics of this research, including who and where the
research is coming from, how much international collaboration there is, how it is
funded, and the spatial coverage of the research. Secondly, we examine methods
and content to characterise what is being researched. Thirdly, we examine how
positive environmental researchers are about BRI, using sentiment analysis to
compare languages and authors. To provide an independent measure of relative
sentiment, we then compare the sentiments expressed in academic BRI
environmental research with media coverage, as well as another contested
environmental issue, oil palm. Finally, we discuss prospects and implications for
future research in this field.

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 CHAPTER-04
METHODOLOGY AND OBSERVATION
Mathematical model for the estimation of pollution attenuation by a
green belt exits only for a ground level pollution source. Such ground level
releases can occur by break in storage vessels and under various conditions such
as follows:

(i) Fug1tJVe emissions

(ii) Elevated releases reaching ground level due to

- stack downwash due to low dtscharge velocity

- effect of obstacles upstream

- short stack near a long flat building

- downwash in the wake of a clift

- fumtgation conditions due to breaking up of ground based temperature

inversion.

The green belt model introduces the concept of a pollution attenuation

coefficient for estimating the removal of pollutant while passing through the
green belt. The formulation of pollution attenuation coefficient makes use of
parameters such as leaf area density of the tree plantation, deposition velocity of
the pollutant on leaf surface and wind speed tn the green belt The model gives the
dependence of the pollution attenuation factor As of a green belt on various
physical parameters of the green belt such as its height, width, distance from the
pollution source and on atmospheric stability conditions and hence the model can
be used to optimise the design of the green belt 1n obtaining the desired degree of
attenuation of the pollution around an industry.

The application of model has been made for two different situations
VIZ. a source oriented approach and a receptor oriented approach In the former
case, the model is applied for estimation of pollution attenuation factor of a green
belt planted around a source i.e. an industrial establishment. In the latter case. the
model has been applied in studying the pollution attenuation by planting green
belt around a receptor, which needs to be protected from the effects of the
pollution.

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  Development of the Model
Various field exponents earned out by Raynor et al, (197 4} at
Brookhaven National Laboratory USA aiming to estimate the deposition of
particulates by forest using pollens and spores have indicated that the mass flux
of the pollutant decreases almost exponentially with travel distance within the
forest Chamberlatn (1970) and Chadwtck and Chamberlain (1970) also proposed
exponential removal law for removal of pollutants. Hence considering the
exponential law, if the mass flux of a pollutant which enters the green belt is Qc.
the mass flux Ox at a travel distance X within the green belt is given by

a x = a c e · x ------------------------ {1)

Where, = pollution attenuation coefficient, m 1

Because of the non-availability of experimentally measured values for

the following relationship for in terms of easily measurable parameters was
proposed in the model.

= KPt Vd/Uc ------------------------ (2

Where Vd = dry deposition velocity of pollutant for vegetative

canopy, ms·1 Uc = average wind speed through the green belt. ms

Pt = average foliage surface area density of a single tree, of green belt

m 2m-3 K = Pc I Pt Pc = ayerage foliage surface area density of the green belt, m
2m-3

The constant K depends on the spacing of the trees 1n the green belt
and is introduced to consider the overall foliage surface area density. For an ideal
green belt, the value of K will be unrty when such a green belt has the same
foliage surface area density as that of a single tree.

The above formulation of as given in equation (2) has been tested by

Kapoor and Gupta (1984) using experimental data and is discussed here. For th1s
testing, it is necessary to demonstrate that the value of as obtained by using
equation (2) compares reasonably well with the value estimated using equation
(1) for the same set of f1eld measurements. The study conducted by Raynor et al.,
(1 974) regarding the measurements of variation of mass flux of pollens (hav1ng
s1ze 20 um) with distance provides such a comparison. The average value of
obtained from the experiments conducted by Raynor et al using equation (1} is
0.0187 + 0.0047 m·1 and for the same set of experiments, the value of calculated

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by using equation (2) ranges between 0.0088 to 0.0181 m·1 which compare
reasonably well.

 Effectiveness of a green belt

A schematic diagram of the green belt around a pollution source I.e.

an industry is g1ven in Fig. 3.1. The pollution attenuation factor Af g1ves the
effectiveness of a green belt in attenuating pollution. The attenuat1on factor Af
has been defined as the rat1o of mass flux of pollutant reaching a given d1stance
in the absence of green belt to the mass flux of pollutant reaching the same
distance 1n the presence of the green belt. Mathematically,

OwB Af = -------------------- --------- (3)

Where, 08 QwB = QB = Mass flux of pollutant reaching at distance in

the absence of a green belt Mass flux of pollutant reaching at the same distance in
the presence of the green belt.

The value of pollution attenuation factor. Af is calculated in the following five

stages.

STAGE-1
Mass flux reaching at the inner edge of the green belt

The depletion of pollutant, because of the dry deposition over the

travel distance upto the inner edge (X1) of the green belt and above it is obtained
using the source depletion model (Chamberlain, 1 970). The mass flux OA
reaching the location A (as per figure 3.1) can be evaluated by

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 OA OoFD --------------------------------------- (4)

Where Qo IS the mass flux at the source. and, the FD is the deposition
correct1on factor which IS g·ven by
FD = exp exp dx -------- (5)
Where, H release he1ght
6z - Standard deviat1on of concentration distnbution in vertical direct1on
Vd = dry deposition veloc1ty
U = mean w1nd speed
X - travel distance
Value of FD can be obta1ned e1ther from equation (5) or from table no. 3 1
(reproduced from Hukkoo et al 1 988), wh1ch g1ves the value of FDo for the
rat1o of Vd/U = 0 01 at vanous distances under different atmospheric stability
condittons). The value of FD for any rat1o of Vd/U IS g1ven by
FD = (FDo) 100 vdu -------------------- (6)

The value of QA can thus be obta.ned ..t11th the help of equat1ons (4) and (6).

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STAGE-2:

Fraction of mass flux OA entering the green belt.

The maternal QA is divided 1nto two parts namely Qc which passes

through the green belt and OAA wh1ch passes over it (see figure-3. 1) The
proportion in which QA is divided into these two parts depends upon the height
of trees distance X1 and atmospheric conditions.
The calculation of Qc involves the effective height he of the incident
air steam. If the height of the green belt is h, then he is given by

U(z)dz = hUe -------------------------- (7)

Where U(z) is the wind speed at height Z profile outside the green belt
and Uc is average wind speed through green belt The methodology for
calculation of h .. , is given by Kapoor and Gupta (1984) and values of he for
different heights of trees under different atmosphenc stability conditions
reproduced from that work 1i given here in Table 3 2. The quantity Qc is then
evaluated as follows
Oc = OA xu dy dz ----------------------· (8)
X (X. o, o) the centre line ground level concentration at downwind travel distance
X

Where, y and z are dispersion coeff1c1ents and are 1n fact the

standard deviations of concentration ciistnbut1on 1n crosswind and vertical
directions respectively at down wind distance X. This is a standard atmosphenc
dispersion equation. More information on this and other atmospheric disperston
models can be obtained from Sutton, 1 953; IAEA publications 1 980; 1 986.
Equation (8) after substitution and carrying out the integration over y and z, can
be wntten as,
Oc = OA -------------- {1 0)
Where
------ {11)
The value of the mass flux which passes over the green belt. QAA can thus be
obtained us1ng the following relation

QAA = QA - QC ------------------------------------- {12)

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Stage-3

Mass flux Osc coming out of green belt

The material Qc 1s depleted tn the green belt according to the relation given in
equation (1}. Value of for the pollutant and applicable to the green belt can be
obtained using equation (2)
Thus.
Osc = Qc exp (- ) ----------------------- {1 3)

Where is the width of the green belt? The amount of material OAA
wh1ch passes over the green belt w11l also get depleted to mass flux OsA by loss
of material at the top surface of the green belt. The value of OBA IS evaluated for
travel distance from (4) and {6) by replac1ng Qo by QAA

Stage-4:

Total mass fluxOB reaching at the outer edge of the green belt.
The total mass flux QB reaching at the outer edge of the green belt (location B) is
thus given by

QB = QBC + QBA -------------------- {14

Stage-5:

Calculation of attenuation factor, At

In the absence of a green belt, the mass flux QWB reaching the
distance x, T N is evaluated us1ng equat1ons (4) and (6). The attenuation factor
Af of the green bett at locat1on B 1s then obta1ned us1ng equat1on (3).

Combining all the five above stages and after doing the necessary
mathematical simphfications, the pollut1on attenuation factor Af is finally given
by,

FD (X· TX:?) Af = --------------------------- (15

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Where. F
D (Xt+�) = depos1t1on correction factor for travel over distance
X1 +X:?) FD (Xt) = deposition correction factor for travel over distance
Xt FD(X:? = deposition correct1on factor for travel over distance N other
parameters have the r usual significance as described earlier.

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 Suggestions/Recommendations

Let’s recap the top tips for a Successful Green Belt Project:
1. Find a Sponsor: Meet with your Manager and/or Sponsor up front to
confirm their support and and agree on a project

2. Scope Your Project: Scope your project to be the “right” size—not too big,
not too small—seek help to do this especially the first time you select a
project

3. Draft an A3: Draft your A3 Project Charter or Mandate with the Process
Owner—it’s essential for buy-in

4. Use Your Project in Class: Be prepared to work on your project while your
course takes place— working on your process is the best way to learn

5. Start With the Measure Phase: Measure first, before analyzing and
improving the process—gather all the data before making any changes so you
understand the current state

6. Document the “Before” State: Take plenty of photos of the process before
you make any changes

7. Use the Tools You Need: Only use the handful of tools from the Lean Six
Sigma toolbox that make sense for your project

8. Select an Ongoing Measure: Determine what measure(s) you will use to

ensure that the gains are sustained—track these regularly

9. Make a Good Storyboard: Make your presentation look good—solicit

feedback and improve it at least it a couple of times

10. Start Now: Get started right away and stay ahead of your project—don’t
procrastinate if you want it to be great!

Following these tips will help you navigate surprises and delays. It
will give all learners a better chance of completing a very good project and
having a successful Green Belt experience. Best wishes on your Lean Six Sigma
Green Belt project journey!

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Let us discuss each tips one by one in detail:-

1. Find a Sponsor
We’ll start at the “true” beginning to give you the biggest boost. First,
meet with your manager, or the Project Sponsor if they are not one and the same.
Do this before you have signed up, registered or paid for the Lean Six Sigma
Green Belt course. While this sounds simplistic, it’s surprising how frequently I
come across students who truly want to earn their Green Belts, yet have no idea
who will support their project or if they can even find a project to work on.
Three solutions for this dilemma are to:

1. Partner with someone who has a project and wants help

2. Find an organization that needs a project done—a business, a school, a
church or a local non-profit
3. Treat this as “prework” and get it done before you start your course

2. Scope a Project
Assuming that you have a Sponsor—your manager or another
supportive leader is ideal—the first thing to discuss are the processes in need of
improvement. Here is where scope is important. If the project is too small, it
won’t help you really grow and learn. If the project is too large, it won’t be easy
to complete in the time allotted—or might be too hard to complete at all.

A good way to help narrow the range of potential projects is to focus on a process
that is somewhat stable, not well-organized and needs help. Let’s walk through a
few examples.

 Accounting: Accounting departments typically include Accounts Payable,

Accounts Receivable, Cost Accounting, and other standard areas. Within
each of these there are multiple processes. A good Cost Accounting project
would be to improve updating monthly standard costs for new products.
Another one could be to reduce cost changes—a reasonable scope for a
project.
 Manufacturing: In a manufacturing company there may be multiple lines or
cells that produce different products. One place to focus is the final
assembly—improving quality checks or reducing the packaging cycle time
could be good ways to drive improvement. If there is enough time and
support, you could implement Single-Piece Flow and Standard Work on a
single line or cell. This type of scope allows for good use of Lean Six Sigma
tools.

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  Education: At most schools there are processes for orientation and training
of new arrivals. The hiring process for instructors might need improvement.
These could be reasonably-scoped projects that would allow for improvement
within a reasonable timeframe.
If you or your Sponsor are uncertain about how to scope your project,
seek advice from your instructor or a knowledgeable colleague before
proceeding. This will help you avoid one of the most common pitfalls for
students seeking their Green Belts.

3. Draft an A3
Now you know your potential project. That’s great! The next key
thing to do is draft your A3 Project Charter or Mandate. I strongly recommend
you draft it with the Process Owner—the person responsible for ensuring the
changes made to the process actually “stick.” If you can’t do that, draft the A3
with your Sponsor or manager’s input and review it with the Process Owner.
I cannot stress enough that you need the Process Owner’s buy-in to
have a successful project. If you happen to be the Process Owner, then you are in
luck. However, this is not a common situation. If you need help on your A3, there
are multiple blogs and reference tools available to help you draft the mandate.

4. Use Your Project in Class

For the fourth tip for creating a successful Green Belt project—and
this goes back to the beginning—be ready to work on a project once your course
starts. Whenever possible, use your actual process for practicing the Lean Six
Sigma tools in the class. If you need to create a Value Stream Map, choose the
one that covers your selected process. If you need to collect and analyze data, do
it on your chosen process. This will help you learn as you go—better
understanding the subject and your process.

5. Start with the Measure Phase

In direct alignment with this fourth tip is warning against what I call
the “jumping to analysis and improvement” mistake. Once you have defined your
project, your next proper step—following DMAIC—is the Measure Phase. But in
too many Green Belt projects, students decide what they are going to measure
and then leap immediately into the Analyze and Improve Phases.

It is critical for students to take the time to fully measure their process
as it stands. The need to understand the current state before considering or even
discussing any changes.

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6. Document the “Before” State
The sixth tip also takes place in the Measure Phase. Take lots of
photos of the current state where it is possible and when it makes sense. After the
improvement, come back and take photos again from the same vantage points or
angles. It truly shows the changes and the level of improvement made. Those
pictures are literally worth a thousand words. And they are nearly impossible to
recreate once the changes have been made to the process.

7. Use the Tools You Need

The best tip in the Analyze and Improve phases are to use only those
key Lean Six Sigma Tools that best fit your project. Students often want to use all
or most of the tools in the toolbox. But that is not necessary. Use what tool(s)
makes sense and you’ll substantially improve the measures.

If you happen to be working on a Set-up Reduction project, the use of

Internal/External elements, Spaghetti Diagrams, 7S and Standard Work will be
critical to success. Also, being able to accurately and consistently measure the
set-up times on an ongoing basis will be pivotal for achieving the desired gains.

8. Select an Ongoing Measure

In the Control Phase, a good tip to follow is determining what
measure to collect daily or at least regularly to ensure that the changes remain in
place. For Set-up Reduction, tracking the set-up time in perpetuity could take care
of that need.

While not often used, Control Charts are an excellent way of ensuring
processes stay in control. Control Charts can track a daily measure with upper
and lower limits that tell the story of variation. Those measures could be set-up
time, first pass yield, units per person per hour, turnaround time, almost anything
can be charted using Control Charts.

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9. Make a Simple Storyboard
Now let’s assume you have reached the end of your project. It’s
finally complete! All the work is done, but you still need to document the effort
and show the results in an effective manner. In the next-to-last tip for your
project, keep your presentation straightforward and simple. Make it so the reader
can understand it without an advanced degree in statistics or engineering. Move
the laborious or eye-chart slides to an Appendix.
The presentation should be easy to understand regardless of the
process in question. These simple guidelines will help:

 Keep font sizes and type consistent wherever possible

 Maintain some white space around images so eyes focus on the key
elements
 If using bullet points, keep them to about 4-5 per page
 Try for more images and charts—use less words wherever possible
 Make sure that the presentation flows in order—Define, Measure, Analyze,
Improve & Control

10. Start Now

The very last tip is for everyone who likes to procrastinate. Waiting
until too late and rushing to complete a project is by far the most common
mistake for aspiring Green Belts. Do whatever you can to avoid this mistake.
Procrastinating can turn great projects into mediocre ones. It has turned decent
projects into utter calamities.

If you fail to plan, you are indeed planning to fail. Keep on working
on your project from the start of the class. Work ahead and stay ahead.

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  The Importance of Green Belt Zone

 With the emphasis that Six Sigma places on statistics, data analysis, and
process evaluation, it is important to remember that the success of a project is not
based on quantitative factors. Rather, success is based on human factors. The
heart of Six Sigma success is found in the individuals who are trained in the
program and who make up project teams. The level of performance of a Six
Sigma project tends to match the level of skill, dedication and commitment of the
individual members of the team. Six Sigma is a people-driven process.

 When reviewing the roles that contribute to a successful process, many

think the most important are those of the Champions who support Six Sigma and
ensure that projects are aligned with the overall business strategy, or the Black
Belts who work full time to ensure that resources for deploying Six Sigma
projects are maximized. However, Green Belts, who play a critical role in the
process, are often overlooked.

 Green Belts help bridge the gap between Six Sigma theory and real world
application, they are skilled team players who are chosen for their subject matter
expertise and dedication to results aimed at improving process quality. Green
Belts are typically selected from the ranks of the company and can include
technicians, operators, process supervisors and even project sponsors.

 Green Belt training teaches candidates the basic tools used by a project
team and how to apply DMAIC skills that relate to a Six Sigma project. The two-
week training is often taught by the Black Belt who will oversee the project team.
This training helps Green Belts learn to speak the same language as Black Belts
and helps them to understand and apply basic Six Sigma tools. While Green Belts
do not receive the full complement of Six Sigma training, they can make valuable
contributions to the project and even lead a project team with the assistance of an
experienced Black Belt.

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 The benefits that a company receives from a Green Belt-trained
employee who has served on a successful project team don’t end when the project
is completed. Given the proper training, Green Belts will never view their work
the same way again. Once internalized, the highly-quantified, data-driven
approach to Six Sigma gives Green Belts the quantitative tools to make decisions
based on hard numbers instead of following their “gut” feeling. This training also
helps Green Belts identify areas of quality improvement required in the daily
operations of the business that they may not otherwise realize, and gives them the
tools to pursue improvement in those areas.

 Six Sigma is most beneficial to a company that builds a critical mass of

employees who are trained in its practices and principles. Black Belts focus full-
time on Six Sigma and generally make up no more than one percent of the
workforce. Trained Green Belts have a strong knowledge of basic Six Sigma
principles and the ability to implement them on a project team as they fulfil their
regular workplace duties. A large population of Green Belts can allow
management to spread Six Sigma throughout the organization, insuring that the
company realizes positive change to quality improvement.

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 Observation

 Green Belts tend to be skilled team players and their main focus is on
improving process quality. Six Sigma green belts apply their knowledge of the
methodology to real life organisational situations. They help to improve
various aspects of work processes, such as project processes, data inspection
and general processes. To become certified as a green belt, you need to go
through specific training that will help them to apply the necessary tools to Six
Sigma projects.

 A Six Sigma certification is for individuals who are interested in working on

developing continuous improvement and waste reduction and who have work
experience in any lean supply chain or business management. A Six Sigma
certification helps professionals to increase their Six Sigma methodology
proficiency which is greatly in demand in the workplace. Overall, an effective
green belt helps organisations to have a one piece flow, to control costs,
improve outputs and contribute to better results.

 Potential green belt candidates should have at least three years of full‐time
employment experience. Internship or any other part‐time experience in
projects is not relevant. As well as the work experience, a good green belt
needs the specific qualities to become successful as a Six Sigma Green Belt:

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 CHAPTER-05
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Overview

Research on BRI increased rapidly since 2013, but appears to be

tapering off from 2018, especially for Chinese-language papers (Fig 2). Searching
in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Scopus academic
databases we identified a total of 15,930 papers on the BRI, of which only 441
pertained to the environment. As such, papers on environmental research only
formed a small proportion (2.8%) of the overall research on BRI regardless of
language or year. Furthermore, the volume of papers on BRI environmental
research appears to lag behind general BRI research and does not appear to be
tapering off. English-language papers formed a larger proportion (33%) of BRI
environmental research compared to all BRI research (5.8%). The rest of the
manuscript focuses only on the 441 BRI environmental research papers.

Discussion
Most BRI environmental research appears to originate from centres of
academic and political power in the West and East rather than on the frontline of
where the BRI impacts are. Internationally, the predominance of Chinese authors
in BRI environmental research is expected, given that BRI is a Chinese-led
project. Much of the non-Chinese research comes from developed Western
nations, with better research capacities and interest in international development
and large-scale environmental processes, as well as potentially in countering
China’s rise. Most of these Western countries do not host BRI projects.
Interestingly, the amount of research published in English appears to be
overtaking research in Chinese, which may reflect this growing concern and
awareness of BRI.

The predominance of literature in Chinese, written by Chinese authors

from a Chinese perspective, indicates that much of the literature may be targeted
for domestic consumption and thus may not contribute to the international
discourse on BRI or address issues of concern for BRI host countries. Similarly,
our analyses might be missing BRI-related environmental research conducted in
other countries and published in their local languages.

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 69

 The very low representation of first and co-authors from developing
countries on the frontline of BRI investment is concerning; for example, co-
authors from China’s immediate neighbours Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, which
harbour the important Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspots are not represented.
Within China, BRI-related research is dominated by the influential urban centres
and traditional Silk Road provinces. Chinese provinces outside the traditional
Silk Road, such as Yunnan and Guangxi, are directly involved in numerous BRI
connectivity projects with neighbouring countries yet less research is coming
from them. These also tend to be less developed provinces. The existing research
is heavily skewed towards portions of the routes within China, rather than
internationally. Possible reasons could be that BRI projects within China were
initiated earlier than overseas investments, but also limited data and engagement
with BRI host countries, or a lower level of awareness or interest within China of
BRI’s impact on these countries. China’s efforts to promote ‘big data’
information-sharing platforms for BRI will hopefully alleviate this and promote
new opportunities for academic exchange and research] Meanwhile, the dearth of
environmental research specific to BRI routes outside of China should be
addressed by the scientific community.

Across the developing world, China is undertaking BRI projects in

areas where there is commonly a lack of capacity, expertise, and funding for
environmental and social impact assessments. Supporting research by institutes in
BRI host countries and provinces can ensure the research is embedded in the
local context, utilises local knowledge, has stakeholder buy-in, and demonstrates
transparency. It is also important that any funding be provided without
expectation about the direction of the research findings. Outside researchers
should proactively engage collaborators from BRI countries and provinces. Also,
collaboration between Chinese and non-Chinese authors in BRI countries on
manuscripts written in Chinese can better ensure that perspectives from overseas
are understood in China.

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 70

 CHAPTER-06
SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY

The OECD found that the responsiveness of housing supply to

demand in the UK was the weakest among developed countries, due in large part
to green belt policies. The green belt concept was first introduced for London in
1938 before the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act enabled local authorities
to designate the status themselves. The policy was introduced to contain urban
sprawl following huge post-war housing developments, and expanded greatly
between 1951 and 1964. Since 1979, the green belt has doubled to cover 13 per
cent of land in England (while only 2.3 per cent is covered by buildings).

While the green belt remains an enduringly popular policy, and has
prevented urban sprawl, it is not cost free. The opportunity cost of the green belt
is a lack of developable land, resulting in less homes being built and higher
prices. New houses in the UK are about 40 per cent more expensive per square
meter than in the Netherlands, despite there being 20 per cent more people per
square kilometer there than in England. Furthermore, the cost of forcing
development on to urban sites is that cities lose public land used locally or
gardens which typically have higher bio-diversity levels than green belt land.

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 71

 CHAPTER-07
CONCLUSION

Development of green belt consisting of 3 tier along the periphery of

the project with native species is most important guideline for any type of
industry. Green vegetation cover is beneficial in many ways leading to
conservation of biodiversity, retention of soil moisture, recharge of ground water
and maintaining pleasant climate of the area, providing possible habitats for birds
and animals. Green belt minimizes the build-up of pollution levels in urban /
industrial areas by acting as pollution sinks. The 3 tier green belt will absorb
pollutants released from the industrial activity into atmosphere and helps in
effective pollution control. The main advantages of green belt in and around the
industry are to control air and noise pollution.

Trees help in trapping particulate matter, removing carbon dioxide

and other pollutants from air and by release of oxygen into the air thereby
improving the air quality. Green belt reduces the intensity of sound by deflect,
refract or by absorb sound, it will function as barrier between industry and
neighbourhood. The intensity reduction depends upon the distance sound has to
travel from source and width of the greenbelt. Green belt also helps in soil
erosion control through improvement of soil quality and binding soil particles, it
also contains water run offs and improves ground water infiltration and improves
ground water recharge capacity. The green belt species should be selected based
on the type/category of the industry and climatic conditions. Setting trees around
an industry may not serve the purpose of green belt without considering the
above elements.

With this systematic review we found that BRI environmental

research has addressed a range of social and environmental issues, across
different disciplines, topics and methods. These are generally well-represented
across both English and Chinese-language corpuses, except for some Chinese
social science papers. Our text mining indicated that papers clustered into three
main clusters–spatial, economic, and social. Interdisciplinary approaches should
aim to bridge the gaps between these clusters. Geographically, research was
dominated by Chinese authors writing about BRI routes within China in Chinese,
with very few authors from developing countries on the frontline of BRI
investment. Sentiments in academic research were largely neutral and less
polarised than news articles.

Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 72

 CHAPTER-08
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1. We also collect information from Internet websites which are given below:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt#:~:text=A%20green%20belt%20is%
20a,surrounding%20or%20neighboring%20urban%20areas.
 https://www.greenbelt.org/blog/what-is-a-greenbelt/
 http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Form-
2/General8/06112018793E0QN1Greenbeltplan.pdf
 https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/greenbelt-development-purpose-
advantage-and-design-environmental-
science/27481#:~:text=Green%20belt%20will%20be%20developed,of%20law
ns%20or%20flowering%20plants.
 https://greenstories.co.in/greenbelt-design/
 https://cycaskhuraijam.net/greenbelt-designing-for-industries/
 http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Form-
2/General8/060920188CJFSVM6greenbeltdevelopment.pdf
 http://bspcb.bihar.gov.in/Guidelines%20for%20green%20belt%20%20develop
ment.pdf
 https://greencleanguide.com/regulatory-provisions-for-green-belt-
development-in-india/
 https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/bufferzone_guidelines.pdf
 http://www.gcpcenvis.nic.in/Green%20Belt.pdf
 https://www.jspcb.nic.in/upload/quick_link/5d64f0232bf6aguidelines_redevlo
ping_greenbelts.pdf
 https://greencleanguide.com/regulatory-provisions-for-green-belt-
development-in-india/

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THANK
YOU!
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Government Polytechnic, Washim Page | 80