ENTERNAL AND PARENTRAL
FEEDING TECHNIQES AND THEIR
OBJECTIVES
SUBMITTED BY –AASTHA
SUBMITTED TO-MISS NIKITA TYAGI
(BSC.NUTRITION AND DIETETICS)
• Enteral and parenteral nutrition are two methods of
delivering nutrients to the body when oral intake is
insufficient or impossible.
• Enteral nutrition involves delivering nutrients through the
INTRODUCTION gastrointestinal tract, either orally or via a feeding tube,
while parenteral nutrition provides nutrients intravenously,
bypassing the digestive system
• Definition:
• Enteral feeding is the process of delivering nutrients
directly into the gastrointestinal tract, bypassing the
mouth or regular eating.
• Methods:
• It can be delivered through a tube (tube feeding),
ENTERNAL such as a nasogastric (NG) tube, gastrostomy tube
FEEDING (G-tube), or jejunostomy tube (J-tube).
• When it's used:
• When someone cannot eat or swallow adequately,
or when their GI tract is otherwise functioning.
• Examples:
• Oral supplements, liquid formulas, or tube feeding.
• Nasogastric tube (NGT) starts in the nose and ends in
the stomach.
• Orogastric tube (OGT) starts in the mouth and ends in
the stomach.
Types of • Nasoenteric tube starts in the nose and ends in the
Enteral intestines (subtypes include nasojejunal and
nasoduodenal tubes).
Feeding • Oroenteric tube starts in the mouth and ends in the
Tubes intestines.
• Gastrostomy tube is placed through the skin of the
abdomen straight to the stomach (subtypes include
PEG, PRG, and button tubes).
• Jejunostomy tube is placed through the skin of the
abdomen straight into the intestines (subtypes include
PEJ and PRJ tubes).
1. Supporting or Replacing Oral Nutrition:
OBJECTIVE Impaired Swallowing:
OF Patients with conditions like stroke, dysphagia, or head and neck cancer may
have difficulty swallowing, making it unsafe or impossible to eat normally.
ENTERNAL Reduced Appetite:
FEEDING Illness, trauma, or other factors can significantly reduce appetite, making it
difficult to meet nutritional needs through food.
Increased Nutritional Requirements:
Conditions like severe burns or hypercatabolic states can significantly
increase the body's need for nutrients, requiring supplemental feeding.
2. Maintaining Gastrointestinal Function:
Preserving Immune System Function:
Enteral feeding helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal lining and supports
the immune system, preventing infection and reducing complications.
Preventing Muscle Loss:
Adequate protein intake, provided through enteral feeding, is crucial for
maintaining muscle mass, especially in patients with reduced oral intake.
Maintaining Bowel Function:
Enteral feeding helps maintain normal bowel function, preventing constipation
or diarrhea, and reducing the risk of complications like ileus.
3. Specific Conditions and Benefits:
Critical Illness:
Enteral feeding is often used in critically ill patients to minimize the risks associated with malnutrition and to help them
recover.
Surgery Recovery:
It can be used to support recovery from surgery and to ensure adequate nutrient intake during the recovery period.
Long-Term Conditions:
In patients with chronic conditions like Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, enteral feeding can help manage
nutritional needs and support overall health.
Definition:
Parenteral feeding, also known as IV feeding, is the delivery of nutrients
directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system.
Methods:
It involves injecting a nutrient solution into a vein, either through a peripheral IV
or a central catheter.
When it's used:
PARENTRAL When the GI tract is not functioning or cannot be used for feeding, or when
NUTRITION nutritional needs cannot be met through enteral feeding.
Examples:
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), which provides complete nutritional needs, or
partial parenteral nutrition, which supplements other feeding methods.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN):
• Complete Nutrition:
• TPN provides all the necessary nutrients, including calories,
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals, through
an intravenous route.
• Central Venous Access:
• TPN solutions are typically hypertonic (high in concentration),
TYPES OF so they require administration through a large central vein .
PARENTRAL • Long-term Use:
• TPN is often used for patients who cannot eat or absorb
FEEDING nutrients through their digestive system for extended
periods.
• Examples:
• ents with severe burns, cancer, or certain gastrointestinal
disorders might require TPN. MNMN
Partial Parenteral Nutrition (PPN):
• Supplemental Nutrition:
• PPN provides additional nutrients when a person is unable to
meet their needs through oral or enteral feeding alone.
• Peripheral Venous Access:
• PPN solutions are less concentrated and can be administered
through a peripheral vein, such as in the arm or leg.
• Short-term Use:
• PPN is often used for patients who have a functional digestive
system but require additional support for a shorter period.
• Examples:
• Patients who are recovering from surgery, experiencing
malnutrition, or have difficulty digesting food might receive PPN
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