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Morphological Image Processing Notes

Chapter 9 discusses morphological image processing, focusing on the shape and structure of objects in binary and grayscale images using set theory. Key operations include erosion, dilation, opening, and closing, which manipulate object sizes and connectivity, while techniques like hit-or-miss transformation and various algorithms are used for tasks such as boundary extraction, hole filling, and skeletonization. The chapter concludes with a summary table highlighting the effects of each morphological operation.

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32 views3 pages

Morphological Image Processing Notes

Chapter 9 discusses morphological image processing, focusing on the shape and structure of objects in binary and grayscale images using set theory. Key operations include erosion, dilation, opening, and closing, which manipulate object sizes and connectivity, while techniques like hit-or-miss transformation and various algorithms are used for tasks such as boundary extraction, hole filling, and skeletonization. The chapter concludes with a summary table highlighting the effects of each morphological operation.

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Shivansh Gautam
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Chapter 9: Morphological Image Processing

9.1 Preliminaries

- Morphology studies the shape and structure of objects.

- Operates on binary and grayscale images using set theory.

- Structuring Element (SE): A predefined shape used for probing the image.

Basic Operations:

- Erosion (A - B): Shrinks objects; removes boundary pixels.

- Dilation (A + B): Expands objects; adds pixels to boundaries.

- Opening (A open B): Erosion followed by dilation; removes small objects.

- Closing (A close B): Dilation followed by erosion; fills small holes.

9.2 Erosion and Dilation

Erosion:

A - B = {z | Bz A}

- Reduces object size, disconnects thin objects.

Dilation:

A + B = {z | (B)z INTERSECT A != }

- Expands objects, connects close components.

9.3 Opening and Closing

Opening: A open B = (A - B) + B

- Removes small objects and smoothes contours.

Closing: A close B = (A + B) - B
- Fills small holes, connects nearby objects.

9.4 Hit-or-Miss Transformation

A H-M (B1, B2) = (A - B1) INTERSECT (A_complement - B2)

- Detects specific configurations of pixels.

- Used in shape detection and template matching.

9.5 Some Basic Morphological Algorithms

9.5.1 Boundary Extraction:

Boundary(A) = A - (A - B)

- Extracts outer boundary of objects.

9.5.2 Hole Filling:

X_k = (X_{k-1} + B) INTERSECT A_complement

- Fills holes using seed points and iteration.

9.5.3 Connected Components:

X_k = (X_{k-1} + B) INTERSECT A

- Isolates connected regions from seed.

9.5.4 Convex Hull:

- Uses directional SEs iteratively to generate convex envelope.

9.5.5 Thinning:

Reduces objects to lines while preserving shape and connectivity.


9.5.6 Thickening:

Opposite of thinning; adds pixels to grow object structures.

9.5.7 Skeletons:

S(A) = UNION (A - kB) - [(A - kB) open B]

- Extracts object skeletons.

9.5.8 Pruning:

- Removes small spurs from skeletons for simplification.

9.5.9 Morphological Reconstruction:

F_k = (F_{k-1} + B) INTERSECT G

- Reconstructs image from a marker constrained by a mask.

9.5.10 Summary Table:

- Erosion: Shrinks objects

- Dilation: Grows objects

- Opening: Removes small noise

- Closing: Fills holes

- Hit-or-Miss: Pattern detection

- Thinning: Skeletonization

- Reconstruction: Shape recovery

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