Chapter-4
Flow of Control
Control Statements
Flow control statements are used to control the flow of execution
depending upon the specified condition/logic.
Sequential control statement - Sequential execution is when statements
are executed one after another in order. We don't need to do anything
more for this to happen as python compiler itself do it.
There are three types of control statements.
1. Decision Making Statements/If control statement
2. Iteration / Repetition Statements (Loop control statement)
3. Jump Statements (break, continue, pass)
Decision Making Statement
Decision making statement used to control the flow of execution of program depending upon
condition.
There are three types of decision making statement.
1. if statements
2. if-else statements
3. Nested if-else statement
1. if statements
An if statement is a programming conditional statement that, if proved true,
performs a function or displays information.
if statements
Syntax: if(condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g. noofbooks = 2
if (noofbooks == 2):
print('You have ')
print(‘two books’)
print(‘outside of if statement’) Output
You have two books
Note:To indicate a block of code in Python, you must indent each line of the block by the same
amount. In above e.g. both print statements are part of if condition because of both are at
same level indented but not the third print statement.
1. if-else Statements
#find absolute value a=int(input("enter a
number")) if(a<0):
a=a*-1
print(a)
#it will always return value in positive
1. if statements
Using logical operator in if statement
x=1
y=2
if(x==1 and y==2):
print(‘condition matching the criteria')
Output :-
condition matching the criteria
-----------------------------------------------------------
a=100
if not(a == 20):
print('a is not equal to 20')
Output :-
a is not equal to 20
2. if-else Statements
If-else statement executes some code if the test expression is true (nonzero) and some
other code if the test expression is false.
2. if-else Statements
Syntax:
if(condition):
statements
else:
e.g. statements
a=10
if(a < 100):
print(‘less than 100')
else:
print(‘more than equal 100')
OUTPUT
less than 100
*Write a program in python to check that entered number is even or odd
3. Nested if-else statement
The nested if...else statement allows you to check for multiple test
expressions and execute different codes for more than two conditions.
3. Nested if-else statement
Syntax
If (condition):
statements
elif (condition):
statements
else:
statements
E.G.
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
OUTPUT
Enter a number: 5
Positive number
* Write python program to find out largest of 3 numbers.
3.Nested if-else Statements
#sort 3 numbers
first = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
second = int(input("Enter the second number: "))
third = int(input("Enter the third number: "))
small = 0
middle = 0
large = 0
if first < third and first < second:
small = first
if second < third and second < first:
small = second
else:
small = third
elif first < second and first < third:
middle = first
if second > first and second < third:
middle = second
else:
middle = third
elif first > second and first > third:
large = first
if second > first and second > third:
large = second
else:
large = third
print("The numbers in accending order are: ", small, middle, large)
3.Nested if-else Statements
#Check leap year / divisibility
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if (year % 4) == 0:
if (year % 100) == 0:
if (year % 400) == 0:
print("{0} is a leap year".format(year))
else:
print("{0} is not a leap year".format(year)) else:
print("{0} is a leap year".format(year))
else:
print("{0} is not a leap year".format(year))
Iteration Statements (Loops)
Iteration statements(loop) are used to execute a block of statements as long as the
condition is true. Loops statements are used when we need to run same code again
and again.
Python Iteration (Loops) statements are of three type :-
1. While Loop
2. For Loop
3. Nested For Loops
1. While Loop
It is used to execute a block of statement as long as a given condition is true. And when
the condition become false, the control will come out of the loop. The condition is
checked every time at the beginning of the loop.
Syntax
while (condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g.
x=1 Output
while (x <= 4): 1
print(x) 2
x=x+1 3
4
While Loop With Else
e.g.
x=1
while (x < 3):
print('inside while loop value of x is ',x) x = x
+1
else:
print('inside else value of x is ', x)
Output
inside while loop value of x is 1
inside while loop value of x is 2
inside else value of x is 3
*Write a program in python to find out the factorial of a given number
While Loop continue
Infinite While Loop
e.g.
x=5
while (x == 5):
print(‘inside loop')
Output
Inside loop
Inside loop
…
…
2. For Loop
It is used to iterate over items of any sequence, such as a list
or a string.
Syntax
for val in sequence:
statements
e.g.
for i in range(3,5):
print(i)
Output
3
4
2. For Loop continue
Example programs
for i in range(5,3,-1):
print(i)
Output
5
4
range() Function Parameters-
start: Starting number of the sequence.
stop: Generate numbers up to, but not including this number.
step(Optional): Determines the increment between each numbers in
the sequence.
2. For Loop continue
Example programs with range() and len() function
fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']
for index in range(len(fruits)):
print ('Current fruit :', fruits[index])
range() with len() Function Parameters
2. For Loop continue
For Loop With Else
e.g.
for i in range(1, 4):
print(i)
else: # Executed because no break in for
print("No Break")
Output
1
2
3
No Break
2. For Loop continue
Nested For Loop
e.g.
for i in range(1,3):
for j in
range(1,11):
k=i*j
print (k, end=' ')
print()
Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2. For Loop continue
Factorial of a number
factorial = int(input(‘enter a number’))
# check if the number is negative, positive or zero
if num < 0:
print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative
numbers")
elif num == 0:
print("The factorial of 0 is 1")
else:
for i in range(1,num + 1):
factorial = factorial*i
print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)
2. For Loop continue
Compound Interest calculation
n=int(input("Enter the principle amount:"))
rate=int(input("Enter the rate:"))
years=int(input("Enter the number of years:"))
for i in range(years): n=n+
((n*rate)/100) print(n)
3. Jump Statements-
Jump statements are used to transfer the program's
control from one location to another. Means these are used to alter
the flow of a loop like - to skip a part of a loop or terminate a loop.
There are three types of jump statements used in python.
1. break
2. continue
3. pass
1.break-it is used to terminate the loop.
e.g.
for val in "string": if val ==
"i":
break
print(val)
print("The end")
Output
s
t
r
The end
2.continue
It is used to skip all the remaining
statements in the loop and move controls back to
the top of the loop.
e.g.
for val in "init":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")
Output
n
t
The end
3. pass Statement
This statement does nothing. It can be used when a
statement is required syntactically but the program
requires no action.
Use in loop
while True:
pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
In function
It makes a controller to pass by without executing any code.
e.g.
def myfun():
pass #if we don’t use pass here then error message will be
shown print(‘my program')
OUTPUT
My program
3. pass Statement continue
e.g.
for i in 'initial':
if(i == 'i'):
pass
else:
print(i)
OUTPUT
n
t
a
L
NOTE : continue forces the loop to start at the next iteration
while pass means "there is no code to execute here" and
will continue through the remainder or the loop body.
