1.
4 Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate
bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal
stress caused by compressive forces.
𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝑨𝒃
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
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1.4 Bearing Stress
Illustrative Example 7:
In the figure below, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that
are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness
of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
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Fundamentals 2
of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.4 Bearing Stress
Solution:
a.) From shearing of rivet:
a.) Largest average tensile stress:
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
𝑁 𝜋
= 60 2
(20𝑚𝑚)2 = 18849.56 𝑁 18849.56 𝑁 = σ 7.85 𝑚𝑚 110 − 20 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 4
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
From bearing of plate material:
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
18849.56 𝑁 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎(20 𝑚𝑚)(𝑡)
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.4 Bearing Stress
Illustrative Example 8:
The lap joint shown in Fig. 1.13 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in
the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18
ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Fundamentals 4
of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.4 Bearing Stress
Solution:
Based on shearing of rivet: Based on bearing of plates:
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 3
2 𝑙𝑏 3 7
𝑃 = 14000 2 4 𝑖𝑛. 𝑃 = 18000 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛 4 4 𝑖𝑛2 4 8
𝑃 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒍𝒃 𝑃 = 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃
∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒍𝒃
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is
subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across
longitudinal and transverse sections.
TANGENTIAL STRESS, 𝝈𝒕 (Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal
pressure p. The length of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t.
Isolating the right half of the tank:
The forces acting are the total
pressures caused by the internal
pressure p and the total tension in
the walls T.
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
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1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐷𝐿
𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿 where:
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝝈𝒕 = tangential stress
𝐹 = 2𝑇 (circumferential stress)
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿) 𝒑=pressure
𝑫=diameter
𝒑𝑫 𝒕=thickness
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕
If there exists an external pressure, 𝒑𝒐 and an
internal pressure, 𝒑𝒊 , the formula may be expressed
as:
𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒐 𝑫
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
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1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
LONGITUDINAL STRESS, 𝝈𝑳
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
The total force acting at the rear of the tank
𝐹 must equal to the total longitudinal stress on the
wall 𝑃𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . Since 𝑡 is so small compared to 𝐷,
the area of the wall is close to 𝜋𝐷𝑡
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 𝐷2
4
𝑃𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 If there exists an external It can be observed that
pressure, 𝒑𝒐 and an internal tangential stress is twice that
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
pressure, 𝒑𝒊 , the formula may of longitudinal stress:
𝑃𝑇 = 𝐹 be expressed as:
𝜋
𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝑝 𝐷2 𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝝈𝑳
4 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒐 𝑫
𝒑𝑫 𝝈𝑳 =
𝝈𝑳 = 𝟒𝒕
𝟒𝒕
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter 𝐷 and thickness 𝑡 contains gas
under a pressure of 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 , the stress at the wall can be
expressed as:
𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒐 𝑫
𝝈𝑳 =
𝟒𝒕
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Illustrative Example 9:
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2.
(a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
(b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel
is limited to 120 MN/m2?
(c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type
of fracture that would occur.
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Solution:
(𝑏) From: 𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝝈𝑳 shows that
tangential stress is critical.
𝑝(400)
120 = 𝒑 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
2(20)
(𝑐) The bursting force will cause stress
on the longitudinal section that is twice
𝐹 = 2𝑇 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐹 to that of transverse section. Thus,
𝜋 2 fracture is expected as shown.
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿) 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝑝 𝐷
4
𝑝𝐷 4.5(400) 𝑝𝐷 4.5(400)
𝜎𝑡 = = 𝜎𝐿 = =
2𝑡 2(20) 4𝑡 4(20)
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Illustrative Example 10:
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate
the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
Solution:
Total Internal Pressure:
𝜋
𝑃 = 𝑝 𝐷2
4
Resisting Wall:
𝐹=𝑃
𝜋 2
𝜎𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝑝 𝐷
4
𝑝𝐷
𝜎=
4𝑡
𝑝(4)(12)
8000 =
5
4 16
𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Illustrative Example 11:
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry
a gas at a pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is
limited to 12 ksi.
Solution:
The critical stress is the tangential stress
𝑝𝐷 (1400)(2)(12)
𝜎𝑡 = 12000 = 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏.
2𝑡 2𝑡
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
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1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Illustrative Example 12:
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a
thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length
is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the
longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited
to 60 MPa.
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
1.5 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Solution:
𝑝𝐷 𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝐿 =
2𝑡 4𝑡
𝑝(450) 𝑝(450)
60 = 140 =
2(20) 4(20)
𝒑 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
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of Deformable Bodies Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids
Stresses
