1

Grade 9 MATHEMATICS NOTES

Google Classroom has a copy of these notes

NAME: ____________________
 2
TEACHING PLAN Name:_________________________
Term 1 Term 2
1. THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM (8,5 hrs) (3 wks) Chp 1 5. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (5wks) Chp 8
a) Rational Number system Ex1.1 a) Basic ideas Ex 8.1
b) Commutative, Associative, Distributive and multiplicative and additive Ex1.2 b) Algebraic fractions Pg 75-80 Ex 3.4
Properties. b) Product of binomials Ex 8.3 – 8.4
c) Irrational Numbers Ex1.3 c) Factorising – common factor Ex 8.5
d) Real Numbers Ex1.4 d) Factorising – change of sign – common bracket Ex 8.6
e) CALCULATOR SKILLS – PLEASE DO NOT USE METHOD FROM EX1.5, 3.1, 3.2, e) Factorising – grouping Ex 8.7
TEXTBOOK. USE CALCULATOR. Discuss 3.3, 4.3, 4.4, e) Factorising – Difference of two squares. Ex 8.8
f) Factors and multiples, HCF and LCM using prime factorisation Ex1.6 g) Factorising-Trinomials Ex 8.9
i) Ratios Ex 1.7 -1.9 h) Algebraic fractions – using factorising Ex 8.10
j) Rate Ex1.10
k) Speed distance time sums Ex1.11
l) Direct and indirect proportion Ex1.12-15
m) Financial maths Ex1.16-1.18
REVISION PG 52-55 REVISION Pg 163-165
CLASS TEST CLASS ASSESSMENT
2.INTEGERS (2 wks) (1 wk? or less) Chp 2 FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – INVESTIGATION
Ex2.1 – 2.2
REVISION Pg 63-64 6.ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS (2 wks) Chp 9
Past papers a) Revision of grade 8 Ex 9.1 – 9.2
b) Fractions Ex 9.3 – 9.4
c) Quadratic Equations Ex 9.5
d) Using factorising Ex 9.6
e) Word problems Ex 9.7
f) Substitution Ex 9.8-9.9
FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – ASSIGNMENT REVISION Pg 182 - 183
3. EXPONENTS (2 wks) Chp 5 7. FUNCTIONS and RELATIONS (1wk)) Chp 7
a) Exponential form Ex 5.1-5.7 Ex 7.1- 7.6
b) LAW 1
c) LAW 2
d) LAW 3 and 4
e) Zero Exponent rule
f) Negative bases
g) Mixed operations
h) Scientific notation
REVISION 116 -117 REVISION Pg 142 - 143
CLASS TEST FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – TEST
4. NUMERIC AND GEOMETRIC PATTERNS (2wks) Chp 6
Ex 6.1 –6.4
REVISION Pg 127-129
 3

FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – TEST

Term 3 Term 4
8. GRAPHS (2,5 wks) Chp 16 12. AREA AND PERIMETER (2wks) Chp 14
Ex 16.1- 16.9 Ex 14.1 – 14.6

REVISION Pg 296-297 REVISION Pg 260-264

CLASS TEST CLASS TEST
9.GEOMETRY OF STRAIGHT LINES (2,5 wks) Chp 11 13. SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF 3D OBJECTS Chp 15
Ex 11.1-11.2 (2wks) Ex 15.1 – 15.3

REVISION Pg 201-202 REVISION Pg 274-276

10. GEOMETRY – 2D shapes (4 wks) Chp 12 &13 REVISION OF YEAR’S WORK AND PAST PAPERS.
a) Triangles Ex 12.1
b) Quadrilaterals Ex 12.2 – 12.3
c) Congruent and similar shapes Ex 12.4-12.8
d) Pythagorus Ex 13.1 – 13.2
REVISION Pg 230-232 FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – Two assessments –
Pg 239-241 covering year’s work
FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK – all topics
11. TRANSFORMATIONS (2 wks) Chp 17 .
Ex 17.1 – 17.4

REVISION Pg 312-313

PROJECT COMPLETED DURING THE YEAR

 4

1a)NUMBER SYSTEM : BODMAS RULES

BODMAS
OR
BOMDAS
OR
BODMSA
OR
BOMDSA
• Brackets come first - always
• Of comes next – always
• Division and multiplication come next in the order they
are given. Either D them M or M then D. Children must
never be told to change the order of the sum. NEVER!!!!!
• Addition or subtraction come next in the order they
were given. Either + then – or – and then +. Children must
not be taught to change the order of the sum – NEVER!
• EXAMPLE:
2 x 3 – 15 ÷5 + (9 ÷ 3 x 2)
= 2x3 – 15 ÷5 + (3x2)
= 2 x 3 - 15 ÷5 + 6
=6–3+6
=9
 5

b)MENTAL MATHS TERMINOLOGY

ADDITION:
- ADD +
- INCREASE + make bigger
- FIND THE SUM OF ….. +
- PLUS +
- FIND THE TOTAL…… +
SUBTRACTION:
- SUBTRACT -
- MINUS -
- FIND THE DIFFERENCE -
BETWEEN…. - make smaller
- DECREASE
- REDUCE
MULTIPLICATION:
- FIND THE PRODUCT OF ……. x
- MULTIPLY x
- OF x
- SQUARE Multiply a number by itself eg 2x2=4
DIVISION:
- FIND THE QUOTIENT …. ÷
- DIVIDE ÷
OTHER:
- DOUBLE X2
- TRIPLE X3
- HALVE ÷ 2
SPECIAL NUMBERS:
- DOZEN - 12
- BAKER’S DOZEN - 13
- DECADE - 10
- CENTURY - 100
- MILLENIUM - 1000
- SCORE - 20
MULTIPLES - answers to tables eg. Multiples of 3 = 3,6,9,12….
OF …. - Numbers which divide into another number EXACTLY
eg. The factors of 12 are 1, 2 , 3, 4 , 6 , 12
FACTORS OF
…..
LAWS OF 1 :
4x1=4
4÷1=4
LAWS OF 0 :
4 x 0 = 0
0 ÷ 4 = 0
4 ÷ 0 is undefined !!!!!!!

12 ÷ 12 = 1 a number divided by itself is 1

 6

c)PROPERTIES OF NUMBER SYSTEM PART 1:

 7

a) Carefully go through the table on the next page. Be able to

complete the following:

N 𝑁0 Z Q 𝑄1 R Not Undefined
real & not real
1
7
3
√9
0
2
67 ÷ 0

9
√
16
4,5
0,3̇
√50

b) Examples of difficult questions:

List the possible values of a for which √𝑎 is between 6 and 7 and a ∈ N.

√36 = 6 and √49 = 7 so a is found between 36 and 49: 36 < a < 49

1 1
Find a rational number between and 3
2
1 3 6 1 2 4 5
= 6 = 12 =6 = so is between.
2 3 12 12

Find an irrational number between 2 and 3.

√4 = 2 and √9 = 3 so √5, √6 , √7 and √8 all fall between.

Between which two consecutive integers do the following irrational

numbers lie? √7 √97
7 lies between the squares 4 and 9 97 lies between the squares 81 and 100

So √4 = 2 and √9 = 3 So √81 = 9 and √100 = 10

√7 lies between 2 and 3 √97 lies between 9 and 10

 8

REAL NUMBERS R NOT REAL

NUMBERS
RATIONAL NUMBERS IRRATIONAL
Q
2
NUMBERS Q 1 √−1
Decimals that π (pi) 3,14…… SQUARE ROOT OF
terminate 0,67 1 A NEGATIVE
Z INTEGERS non-terminating
NUMBER
Recurring decimals Negative & positive & non-recurring 1
̅̅̅̅ whole numbers and 0 decimals
0, 18
2,345………………
1 5
0, 3̇ 45 5 ÷ 0 OR
N0 WHOLE no’s
Roots you can’t 1
0
DIVISION BY 0
-6
Fractions work out
2

N Q
0 √2
2 3 14 0 NATURAL
1
3 4 3 1 Positive
-234
whole
CHECK ON
2 CALCULATOR –
3
CHECK ON
numbers 1) PUT IN
45 2) S – D
CALCULATOR –
1, 2, 3………. 3) NON-TERMINATING MATHS ERROR =
1002 = IRRATIONAL UNDEFINED
 9

• Consecutive numbers follow each other

 10

d) HCF and LCM -USING PRIME NUMBERS:

1)Writing a number as a product of its prime factors:
(decomposing a number into prime factors)
Without a calculator: With a calculator:
120 = SHIFT
FACT

2) Use prime factors to determine if 18 is a factor of 252.

18 = 2 x 32
252 = 22 x 32 x 7
2 x 32 are all found in 22 x 32 x 7 so
18s a factor of 252
3) Use prime factors to determine if 14 is a factor of 180.
14 = 2 x 7
180 = 22 x 32 x 5
7 is not found in 22 x 32 x 5 so 14 is not a factor of 180
4) Use prime factors to determine if 60 is a multiple of 18.
18 = 2 x 32
60 = 22 x 3 x 5
The 2 fits into 60 but 32 does not so 18 is not a multiple of 60.
 11

5) Use prime factors to find the HCF of 24 and 36

24 =SHIFT FACT 24 = 23 X 3
36 =SHIFT FACT 36 = 22 X 32
HCF IS THE LOWEST FACTOR COMMON TO BOTH
23 X 3 = 12
6) Use prime factors to find the HCF of 225, 315 and 495
225 = 32 X 52
315 = 32 X 5 X 7 7 and 11 are not common
495 = 32 X 5 X 11
HCF IS THE LOWEST POWER OF COMMON NUMBERS
32 X 5 = 45
7) Use prime factors to find the LCM of 24 and 36
24 =SHIFT FACT 24 = 23 X 3
36 =SHIFT FACT 36 = 23 X 32
LCM IS THE HIGHEST POWER OF EVERY NUMBER
22 X 32 = 72
8) Use prime factors to find the LCM of 24 and 90
24 = 23 X 3
90 = 2 X 32 X 5
23 X 32 X 5 = 360

9) Use prime factors to simplify fractions:

336
Write the fraction 980 in its simplest form.
336 = 24 X 3 X 7
980 = 22 X 5 X 72
336 24 X 3 X7
= 22 cancel
980 X 5 X 72
22 X 3
= 5X 7
12
= 35
10) Using prime factors to determine if a fraction is a terminating
or recurring decimal:
1 1
= 0,5 terminating = 0,33333333……….= 0, 3̇ recurring
2 3
 12
e)ROUNDING OFF:
STAY THE SAME: NUMBERS LESS THAN 5
0 1 2 3 4
ROUNDING UP: NUMBERS FROM 5 AND UP
5 6 7 8 9
Round off to 2 decimal places
Example : 7,623 ≈ 7,62
Round off to 2 decimal places
Example : 23,745 ≈ 23,75
Round off to 2 decimal places
Example : 14,679 ≈ 14,68
Round off to 2 decimal places
Example : 7,999 ≈ 10
Round off to the nearest whole number which is units
Example : 73,5 ≈ 74

f)SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Examples:
1. 1 340 000 000,0 = 1,34 x 109
2. 1,25 x 104 = 12 500

Examples:

1. 0,003 18 = 3,18 x 10-3 2. 5,068 x 10-6 = 0,000 005 068

 13

g)SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS:

IF A NUMBER IS A PERFECT SQUARE THE EXPONENTS IN PRIME FACTOR
FORM WILL BE DIVISIBLE BY 2. (NUMBER=SHIFT FACT)
IF A NUMBER IS A PERFECT CUBE THE EXPONENTS IN PRIME FACTOR
FORM WILL BE DIVISIBLE BY 3. (NUMBER=SHIFT FACT)

a) Write 1 728 as a product of prime numbers. 26 33

b) Is it a perfect square? NO
c) Is it a perfect cube? YES
a) Write 1331 as a product of its prime factors. 113
b) Is it a perfect square? NO

c) Is it a perfect cube? YES

Consider the number 350 X 530 x 720
a) Is 225 a factor of this number? YES

b) Is 321 X 531 x 720 a multiple of the number? NO

c) Is the number a perfect square? YES

d) Is the number a perfect cube? NO

 14

h) RATE and RATIO (some finance)

Ratios are very similar to fractions and the word ratio even comes from the word Rational. So
where rational numbers can be written as integer/integer , ratios are written as number:number. We
use ratios to compare quantities of the same kind. Ratio is a comparison between two quantities.
It does not show the total!

Eg: In a registration class there are 2 girls for every 4 boys. The ratio of girls to boys is 2 to 4. As
a ratio this is written as 2:4. We can also say that there are 2 girls for every 6 children. Ie : 2:6.
The fraction of girls to boys would be 2/4.

Eg. In a class there are 2 girls for every 4 boys.

The ratio of girls to boys is 2:4 ________________________
The ratio of boys to girls is 4:2 ________________________
The ratio of girls to the total number of pupils is 2:6 ____________

SIMPLIFYING RATIOS

Simplifying ratios is exactly the same as simplifying fractions. As the example above showed, the
ratio of girls to children is 2:6 but this should be simplified and written as 1:3. You cancel down to
the simplest form by dividing both numbers by the HCF.

4: 20
÷4 ÷4
1:5

EQUIVALENT RATIOS

This is the same as finding equivalent fractions. You multiply or divide by the same number. This
helps us deal with very large or very small numbers.
Eg: 24 000:8 000 = 3:1 (divide both numbers by 8 000)
⅜:2 = 3:16 (multiply each number by 8)
https://yo
3
24 000: 8000 = 1:3 : 2 = 3: 16 utu.be/jrq
8 4WuojI0g
÷ 8000 ÷8000 x8 x8

EQUIVALENT UNITS

The quantities must be of the same kind. You cannot compare rands to cents for example.
55c:R0,60 is incorrect. 55c:60c is correct but once the units are the same, you drop the units
symbol. 55:60 and then simplify.

Always change to same units!

https://youtu
55c : R0,60 – not correct
.be/iqT_PBzl-
55c : 60c – is correct BUT write 55 : 60 XU?list=PLU_
DCVXL8MyM

ovmwlXEPpcq
8E6275Hegw
 15

DIVIDING A QUANTITY IN A GIVEN RATIO

If you have to divide R30 between you and your two friends in the ratio 3:2:1, you do the following.
Add up the 3, 2 and 1. This equals 6. Divide the original amount by your answer → 30 ÷ 6 = 5.
Then multiply this answer by each ratio part. 3 x 5 = R15 for you, 2 x 5 = R10 and 1 x 5 = R5 for
your 2 friends.
Divide R10 between Tom and Jane in a ratio of 1:4
1 :4 R10 ÷ (1+4)
= R2
2 : 8 SO Tom receives R2 and Jane receives R8

Divide R30 between you and your friends Sipho and Sam in a ratio of 3 : 2 : 1
3:2:1 R30 ÷ (3 + 2 + 1) ∴ 15:10:5
= R5
INCREASING AND DECREASING IN A GIVEN RATIO
2 1
10 x 1 big numerator increases 10 x 2 big denominator decreases
= 20 =5
Eg. If a CD costs R75 to manufacture but it must make a profit when sold, we
increase the price in the ratio 5:3
5
75 x 3
= R125

If a pair of jeans that originally sells for R75 go on sale in the ratio 5:3, what will
the new selling price be?
3
75 x 5
= R45

RATE:

TIME DISTANCE SPEED SUMS

Eg. A car travels for 3 hours at
70km/hr. What distance does it cover?
D= SxT = 70 x 3 = 210km
 16

3) FINANCE
Increasing by a %
100+𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Decreasing by a %
10−𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Number x Number x
100 100
Eg. An item is bought for R80 and sold Thabo decides to sell pens he bought for R8
at a profit of 20%. What is the sale price? at a loss of 40%. What price are they now?

100+20 100+40
80 x 8x
100 100
= R96 = R4,80

Melcia sells t-shirts at R150 each. Louis buys 20 and agrees to pay cash. Melcia gives him
a 10% discount for cash. How much does Louis pay?
R 150 x 20 = R3000
10
R3000 x = R2700
100

VAT – Value Added Tax _____% in South Africa

If the price of a calculator is R190 without VAT, what is the final selling price of the
calculator?
115
R190 x = R218.50
100

Backwards:
Petrus sells coffee mugs at 45% profit. If he sells the mugs for R21,75 each, what did he
buy them for?
100
R21,75 x = R15
145
Lindiwe bought exam pads at 20% discount for R9,60. What was the original price?
100
R9,60 x = R12
80

https://youtu.be
/IAWDGNTQ

https://youtu.
be/DCSxBSwnj
L0
 17

i) Direct and indirect proportion

DIRECT Proportion
BOTH SIDES OF THE TABLE GO UP
If 10 pencils are bought for R30, 20 pencils are bought for R60 and 30
pencils are bought for R90 – THIS IS DIRECT PROPORTION (UP, UP)
Table:
No. of pencils x 10 20 30 40 73 b
Cost in rands y 30 60 90 a 180

The ratio is x : y so 10:30 and 20:60

Question type 1: Work out the missing values a and b
We write 10 : 30 10 : 30
40 : 𝑎 b : 180

Cross multiply: 10 × 𝑎 = 30 x 40 30 x 𝑏 = 10 x 120

10 × 𝑎 = 120 30 x 𝑏 = 1800
Divide by 10 on both sides so that 𝑎 = 12 Divide by 30 on both sides so that 𝑏 = 𝑅60

Question type 2:
Eg. If you bought 73 pencils how much would it cost?
10 : 30
73 : 𝑥
10 𝑥 = 73 x 30
10𝑥 73× 30
10
= 10
𝑥 = 219
Eg. The table shows the voltage (v) connected to 5Ω resistor and the
current (amps) that is measured flowing through it.
Voltage (V) X 15 30 45 60 b
Current (A) y 3 6 a 12 15
Calculate the value of a and b.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 18

Now learn how to draw the graph – A straight line

 19

INVERSE proportion

ONE SIDE OF THE TABLE GOES UP, THE OTHER GOES DOWN.

Number of men x 5 10 12 15 a
Time taken to do a job in y 4 2 b 4 1
hours 3
Question type 1: Find the unknown
5x4 = 20 and 10 x 2 = 20 so 12 x b = 20
12 𝑥 𝑏 20
=
12 12
5
b= or1,6̇
3
5 x 4 = 20
a x 1 = 20 so a = 20

Question type 2: Draw the graph

 20

J) FINANCE:
Ingrid invested R45 000 for 12 years.
SIMPLE INTEREST AND HIRE PURCHASE
At an interest rate of 13% per annum
P – principle amount simple interest. How much will she
A - Final amount receive at the end of 12 years?
r – interest rate 𝑛𝑟
A=P(1 + 100 )
n – number of periods (years, month)
3x𝑟
A=P(1+
𝑛𝑟
) = 45 000 (1 + )
100 100
= R115 200
Johannes started to save money six years
ago. The current value of his investment is Nkosinathi invested R6000 and it
R38 000. The interest rate for the accumulated to R10 000 after 3 years.
investment was 7% per annum simple Find the annual interest rate as a
interest. How much did he invest six years percentage if the investment earned
ago? simple interest. Round off your answer
𝑛𝑟
A=P(1 + 100 ) to 1 d.p.
𝑛𝑟
38 000 = P(1 +
6x7
) A=P(1+ )
100 100
3 x 𝑟 10000
38000
=P 10 000 = 6 000 (1 + 100 ) 6000
1,42
3𝑟
P = R26 760,56 = 1 + 100
5 3𝑟
= 1 +
3 100
HIRE PURCHASE – simple interest 5 3𝑟
Agnes buys a tumble dryer for R4000.
- 1 =
3 100
2 3𝑟
She takes out a hire purchase loan = 100
3
involving equal monthly repayments over
9r = 200
three years. The interest charged is
r = 22,2% per annum
14% per annum simple interest. She also
takes out insurance of R12,40 per
month. Calculate:
Ruhan buys a computer costing R12000. He pays
a) Actual amount paid for tumble dryer.
a 20% deposit and then takes out a 24 month
𝑛𝑟
A=P(1+ ) hire purchase loan on the balance. The interest
100
14 x 3 charged on the loan is 12% per annum simple
A = 4000( 1 + ) interest. Calculate his monthly repayments and
100
what he will actually pay for the computer.
A = R5680
b)The loan repayments DIFFERENCE: start with 12 000 – 20 of 12 000
5680
= R157 78 12 000 – R2400
36
R157,78 + R12,40 = R170,18
 21

4) NUMERIC AND GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

NOTES : NUMBER PATTERNS

• A linear number pattern is a list of numbers in which the

difference between each number in the list is the same.
Example: 4 ; 7 ; 10 ; …….
• The formula for the nth term of a linear number pattern:

Tn = dn + c

d is the common difference c is a constant number

the difference is 3 find by going back one place in the pattern to 1

So Tn = 3n – 1
Try this:
10 ; 7 ; 4 ; 1
a) Find the next two terms in the pattern: _____ _____
b) What is the common difference? _______
c) Find the general formula: Tn = _________
d) Now determine T10
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
e) What term will 20 be?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 22

• A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers in which

each new term (except for the first term) is calculated by
multiplying the previous term by a constant value called
the constant ratio (r).
• The formula for the nth term of a geometric pattern:

Tn=a𝒓𝒏−𝟏
a is the first term in the sequence r is the constant ratio.

Consider the following sequence:

3;6;10;15;21;…
1. Determine the general term (Tn) for the sequence.
Determine the first and second differences

Tn=a𝒓𝒏−𝟏 The first term is 3 which is a and the constant ratio

is x3
Tn=3.𝟑𝒏−𝟏
Now find 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ________________________________________
______________________________________________________
And what term will 30? ________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
 23

• A quadratic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which

the second difference between any two consecutive
terms is constant.
Consider the following example: 1;2;4;7;11;…1;2;4;7;11;…

The first difference is calculated by finding the difference

between consecutive terms:

The second difference is obtained by taking the difference

between consecutive first differences:

We notice that the second differences are all equal to 1. Any

sequence that has a common second difference is a quadratic
sequence.

If the sequence is quadratic, the nth term is of the

form: Tn=a𝐧𝟐 +bn+c

In each case, the common second difference is a 2a

24
 25

7)EXPONENTS https://yout
Law 1: Multiplying powers u.be/IBVH7
OWtB-
𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏 add exponents when multiplying same bases g?list=PLU_

DCVXL8MyP
• 23 × 24 = 23+4 = 27 same bases mean exponents are added
xXrjpfjkzCra
• 𝑎4 × 𝑎2 = 𝑎4+2 = 𝑎6
Cby31uxrH
• 23 × 32 = 8 × 9 = 72 different bases – DO NOT USE EXPONENT LAWS!!!!!
• 𝑎3 × 𝑥 2 = 𝑎3 𝑥 2
https://youtu.be/LUVh_gv2858?list=PLU_DCVXL8MyPxXrjpfjkzCraCby31uxrH

Law 2: Dividing powers

https://you
𝒂𝒎 𝒎−𝒏
= 𝒂 subtract exponents when dividing same bases tu.be/8Gt
𝒂𝒏 MFronjYo?l
• 46 ÷ 43 write as: ist=PLU_DC
𝟒𝟔 VXL8MyPxX
𝟒𝟑 rjpfjkzCraC
=𝟒𝟔−𝟑 by31uxrH
=𝟒𝟑 bases can be numbers or letters. If they are the same you
x5
• subtract the exponents
x2
= 𝒙𝟓−𝟐
= 𝒙𝟑
𝒙𝟑
• 𝒙𝟓
𝟏
= subtract exponents where the exponent is biggest
𝒙𝟓−𝟑
𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐

𝟑𝟒
• DO NOT USE EXPONENT LAWS WHEN BASES ARE DIFFERENT
𝟒𝟑
𝟖𝟏
= 𝟔𝟒

Law 3: Raising a power to a power

(𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏 multiply exponents when exponent inside and outside bracket

• (32 )3
= 32×3
= 36 https://you
• (𝑥 8 )2 tu.be/dIEH
= 𝑥 8×2 KHfY4r8?lis
t=PLU_DCV
= 𝑥 16
XL8MyPxXr
jpfjkzCraCb
y31uxrH
 26

Zero Exponent Rule: The zero index

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏 any base to the power 0 = 1

23
• 23
8
=8
=1
23
• 23
= 23−3
=20
=1
𝑦6
• 𝑦6
= 𝑦 6−6
=𝑦 0
=1
Law 4: Multiplication and division of powers with equal indices but bases differ

𝒂𝒏 𝒂 𝒏
𝒂𝒏 × 𝒃𝒏 = (𝒂𝒃)𝒏 = (𝒃)
𝒃𝒏
• 𝟑 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟐
= (𝟑. 𝟒)𝟐
= 𝟏𝟐𝟐
= 144
𝟐𝟔𝟑
• 𝟏𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟔 𝟑
= (𝟏𝟑)
= 𝟐𝟑
Negative exponents:
𝟏
𝒂−𝒏 = move bases with negative exponents to make positive
𝒂𝒏
32
• 36
1
=
36−2
1
= 34
32
• 𝑂𝑅 36
32−6
= 1
3−4
=
1
1
=
34
 27

Law 5: Rooting
𝟏
√𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟐 exponent from inside the root goes on top, exponent from outside the root
goes to the bottom. Divide if possible

𝒚 𝒌
√𝒙𝒌 =𝒙 𝒚

𝟓
• √𝒚𝟏𝟔
𝟖 𝟒
√𝟒𝟏𝟓 √𝟖𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓
𝟒
=𝒚 𝟖 =𝟒 𝟓 = √𝟑𝟒
𝟒
𝟐 𝟑
=𝒚 =𝟒 =𝟑 𝟒

= 3

https://yo
utu.be/Lk
hPRz7Hoc
g
 28

5)ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
TERMINOLOGY:
a)Co-efficient, variables, exponents, constant
-3 𝒙𝟐 - 7
b) Base power

𝟓𝟑 𝒉𝟐 𝟓𝟑 𝒉𝟐
c)Expressions are made up of terms – separated by + or - signs
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 4 Term 5
𝟑
𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − (𝒙 + 𝟑) + 5
𝟐

EXPRESSION
d)Polynomials, monomials, binomials, trinomials

e)Write terms in ascending or descending order. from highest to lowest

power of variables: (if possible)
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 is written as −𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖
We say that: the degree of the expression is 3 as the highest power is to
the 3.
 29

LIKE TERMS - ADDING AND SUBTRACTING, MULTIPLYING, RAISING

TO A POWER, BRACKETS, DIVIDING:
𝟏
a)Example of LIKE terms: x𝒚𝟐 ; -2 x𝒚𝟐 ; 6 x𝒚𝟐 same variables and
𝟑
exponents
We may only add and subtract like terms.
Eg. 𝟐𝒇 + 𝟑𝒈 − 𝒈 + 𝟑𝒇
= 𝟓𝒇 + 𝟐𝒈
Eg. 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝒙 BUT 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 - 𝒙𝒚𝟐
= 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 cannot be subtracted
= 𝟕𝒙𝒚

SIGNS
b) When multiplying use the rule: NUMBERS
LETTERS- exponent laws
Eg. −𝟓𝒙𝟐 ( 3𝒙𝟒 )
= -15𝒙𝟔

c)When dividing:
𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟑 −𝟖𝒂𝟐 +𝟒𝒂
Eg.
−𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒂
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝟖𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝒂
= −𝟓𝒙𝒚 = - +𝟐𝒂
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
𝟑
= 𝟔𝒂 − 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟐
d)When raising a power to a power: exponent laws
Eg. (𝟐𝒙𝟕 )𝟐 − (𝒙𝟐 )𝟕 -2(−𝟒𝒙)𝟐
= 4𝒙𝟏𝟒 - 𝒙𝟏𝟒 = - 2 (−𝟒𝒙)(−𝟒𝒙) 20𝑐 5 + 15𝑏𝑐 4 − 5𝑏 2
= 3𝒙𝟏𝟒 = -32𝒙𝟐

e)When using brackets:

Eg. -5𝒙(𝒙𝟐 - 3)
= -5𝒙𝟑 + 15 𝒙
f)When rooting:
𝒏 𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
Eg. √𝒙𝒏
=𝒙 𝟐 √𝒙𝒏 =𝒙
𝟑 √𝒙𝟏𝟎 =𝒙 𝟐 =𝒙 √𝟖𝒙𝟗 = 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑
Remember:
 30

Add 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ; −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐

𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
= −𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏

Subtract −𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 from −𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑

−𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 − (−𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏)
= 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐

c) MULTIPLYING BRACKETS

Binomial x binomial

Squaring:
Remember (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃)
 31

Complex:
 32
FACTORISING
COMMON FACTOR TRINOMIALS
/BRACKET
GROUPING DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

1)COMMON FACTORS AND BRACKETS /CHANGING SIGNS

a) 𝟑𝒑 − 𝟔𝒑𝒒 b) 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝟗𝒂 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒃 c) 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟐 - 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 +𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟒
= 𝟑𝒑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒒) = 𝟑𝒂(𝒂 − 𝟗 + 𝟒𝒃) =𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 (𝒂𝒃 − 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 )

A trick: Always check for a second step common factor:

d)𝟑𝒂(𝒑 − 𝟑𝒒) − 𝟐𝒃(𝒑 − 𝟑𝒒) e) 𝟐𝒂𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛) − 𝟒𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)
=(𝒑 − 𝟑𝒒)(𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃) = (𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)(𝟐𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒃)
= 2(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃)(𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)
A trick: Changing the signs: 1 and -1 are common factors for all expressions SO
3𝑦 − 𝑥 = −1(−3𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = −1(𝑥 − 3𝑦)

f)𝟑𝒂(𝒑 − 𝟐𝒒) − 𝟐𝒃(𝟐𝒒 − 𝒑) g) (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) − 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝟑𝒂(𝒑 − 𝟐𝒒) + 𝟐𝒃(−𝟐𝒒 + 𝒑) = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝟑𝒂(𝒑 − 𝟐𝒒) + 𝟐𝒃(𝒑 − 𝟐𝒒) =(𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)
=(𝒑 − 𝟐𝒒)(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃) = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(−𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚)
h) (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚) i) 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒕(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐
= (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚) = (𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒕(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚)
= (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐) =(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒕(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚)
=(𝒙 + 𝒚)( 𝟏 − 𝒕(𝒙 + 𝒚)
=(𝒙 + 𝒚)( 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒙 − 𝒕𝒚)
2)GROUPING
Eg. 2a +3d+2b-3c 𝒂𝒄 − 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂(𝟑 + 𝒃) + 𝟑𝒃
= 2a + 2b +3d – 3c = (𝒂𝒄 − 𝒂𝒅) − (𝒃𝒄 − 𝒃𝒅) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑𝒂 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑𝒃
= 2(a+b) +3(d-c) =𝒂(𝒄 − 𝒅) − 𝒃(𝒄 − 𝒅) = 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝟑) + 𝒃(𝒂 + 𝟑)
= (𝒄 − 𝒅)(𝒂 − 𝒃) = (𝒂 + 𝟑)(𝒂 + 𝒃)
 33

3)DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

1 1
Eg. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 9𝑎2 − 25𝑏 2 𝑝 2
- 𝑞 2
64 81
1 1 1 1
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (3𝑎 + 5𝑏)(3𝑎 − 5𝑏) =( 8 𝑝 + 9 𝑞 )(8 𝑝 - 9 𝑞 )

81𝑐 4 − 49(𝑑 − 𝑒)2 𝑝2 − 4𝑞2 + 𝑝 − 2𝑞 𝑥4 − 1

=(9𝑐 2 + 7(𝑑 − 𝑒)(9𝑐 2 − 7(𝑑 − 𝑒) = (p+2q)(p-2q) +( p-2q) = (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 -1)
=(9𝑐 2 + 7𝑑 − 7𝑒)(9𝑐 2 − 7𝑑 − 7𝑒) = ( p-2q) (p+2q+1) = (𝑥 2 +1) (X-1)(𝑋 +
1)

16𝑥 2 - 4
= 4(4𝑥 2 − 1)
= 4(2𝑥-1)( 2𝑥+1)

4)TRINOMIALS

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 12

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6

Tricks!!!
Bigger exponent Rewrite in order Take out CF first
𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 + 15 𝑥 2 + 7 − 8𝑥 2𝑥 2 - 20𝑥 + 48
= (𝑥 2 + 3) (𝑥 2 + 3 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 = 2(𝑥 2 - 10𝑥 + 24)
= (𝑥+ 3) (𝑥+ 3) = 2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 12)

Work out first

m(m-10) -30
=𝑚2 – 7m – 30
= (𝑚 − 10)(𝑚 + 3)
 34

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
 35
6) EQUATIONS
USING INVERSES shortcut: You try:
7 − 5𝑥 = 22 7 − 5𝑥 = 22 2𝑥 − 8 = 12
7 − 5𝑥 − 7 = 22 − 7 −5𝑥 = 22 -7
−5𝑥 15
−5𝑥 = 15 =
−5 −5
−5𝑥 15
= 𝑥 = −3
−5 −5
𝑥 = −3
5 = 4𝑥 − 7 27 = 3 − 2𝑝
5 + 7 = 4𝑥 − 7 + 7
12= 4𝑥
12 4𝑥
=4
4
3=𝑥
We prefer: 𝑥 = 3
6𝑥 − 3 = 7 + 5𝑥 6𝑥 − 3 = 7 + 5𝑥 4𝑡 + 2 = 5𝑡 + 6
6𝑥 − 3 + 3 = 7 + 5𝑥 + 3 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 7 + 3
𝑥 = 10
6𝑥 = 10 + 5𝑥
6𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 10 + 5𝑥 − 5𝑥
𝑥 = 10
1
4𝑥 − 8 = 6𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 3 = 3 𝑥 +13
4𝑥 − 8 + 8 = 6𝑥 + 3 +8
4𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 11
4𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 11 − 6𝑥
−2𝑥 = +11
−2𝑥 11
=
−2 −2
1
𝑥 = −5 2
10−4𝑥 9−3𝑥
=3 =6
2 5
10−4𝑥
×2=3×2
2
10 − 4𝑥 = 6
−4𝑥 = 6 − 10
−4𝑥 = −4
𝑥=1
 36

]USING INVERSES – getting rid of brackets You try:

6 + 3(𝑥 − 2) = 4(𝑥 + 1) 5(𝑥 − 1) = 4(𝑥 + 1)
6 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4 − 4𝑥
−𝑥 = +4
−𝑥 4
=
−1 −1
𝑥 = −4
3𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4) = 2 − 5𝑥 Shortcut
3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 3𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4) = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 4 − 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 = −5𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 5𝑥 = 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 +
2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = −5𝑥 − 2 + 5𝑥 5𝑥
7𝑥 = −2 7𝑥 = −2
7𝑥 −2 7𝑥 −2
= =
7 7 7 7
−2 −2
𝑥= 𝑥=
7 7
2(𝑥 − 1)2 = (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) == (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
2(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3)
2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 3
−2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1𝑥 = −3 − 2
−3𝑥 = −5
−3𝑥 −5
= −3
−3
5
𝑥= 3
2
𝑥 = 13
 37

B]USING INVERSES – fractions You try:

𝑥 𝑥
LCD is 10 so x each term by 𝑥 2𝑥
= 5+3 − =5
2 4 3
10
𝑥 𝑥
× 10 = 5 × 10 + 3 × 10
2
10𝑥 10𝑥
= + 30
2 5
5𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 30
5𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 30
3𝑥 = 30
𝑥 = 10
𝑥+3 𝑥−2 3𝑥−1 4𝑥
− =𝑥−2 LCD is 6 = LCD is _____
2 3 2 3
so x each term by 6 so x each term by _______
(𝑥+3) (𝑥−2)
× 6− ×6=𝑥×6−2×6
2 3
3(x+3)−2(𝑥 − 2) = 6𝑥 − 12
3𝑥 + 9 − 2𝑥 + 4 = 6𝑥 − 12
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 = −12 − 9 − 4
−5𝑥 = −25
𝑥=5

B]USING INVERSES – fractions You try:

𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
10 2(𝑥+5) 2 1 6
3+ 𝑥 = 𝑥 LCD is 𝑥 + = 3𝑥 + 1 LCD is ________
3𝑥 𝑥
so x each term by 𝑥 so x each term by ___________
10 2(𝑥+5)
3×𝑥+ 𝑥 ×𝑥 = 𝑥 ×𝑥
3𝑥 + 10 = 2(𝑥 + 5)
3𝑥 + 10 = 2𝑥 + 10)
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 10 − 10
𝑥=0

Check your answer!!!! Oh dear you would

be dividing by 0 so UNDEFINED 𝑥 ≠ 0

No solution
 38
C]USING PRODUCT OF FACTORS You try:
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 − 4
Exercise 8a:
1) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 2) (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 3) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
4) (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 6) = 0 5) (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 + 9) = 0

3𝑥(6𝑥 − 8) = 0 −2𝑥(4𝑥 − 1) = 0
3𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 6𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 6𝑥 = 8
8
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 6
1
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 3

3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 2 =0
∴ 𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
Type equation here.
(2𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 + 5) = 0 (4𝑥 + 8)(3𝑥 + 6) = 0
2𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
2𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 = −5
3 5
𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − 4
1 1
𝑥 = 1 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 4

2𝑥(4𝑥 − 3) = 0 −(2𝑥 + 6)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0

2𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 2𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 = 3 OR 2𝑥 = −6 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 = +1
3 1
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4 𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
 39

Exponential equations
5 𝑥 = 53 7 𝑥 = 73
𝑥=3
𝑥
2 =16 3𝑥 =27
2𝑥 =24
𝑥=4
𝑥 = 73
3
𝑥 5 = 35
𝑥=7
2
𝑥 =16 𝑥 2 =32
𝑥 2 = 42
𝑥=4

𝟐(𝒙−𝟐)(𝟐𝒙+𝟏) = 𝟏 3(2𝑥−3)(3𝑥+2)+2 = 9
𝟐(𝒙−𝟐)(𝟐𝒙+𝟏) = 𝟐𝟎
so(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝑥 = 2 or 2𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = − 2

2 +1
72𝑥 =7
 40

]USING INVERSES – getting rid of You try:

brackets
6 + 3(𝑥 − 2) = 4(𝑥 + 1) 5(𝑥 − 1) = 4(𝑥 + 1)
6 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4 − 4𝑥
−𝑥 = +4
−𝑥 4
=
−1 −1
𝑥 = −4
3𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4) = 2 − 5𝑥 Shortcut
3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 3𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4) = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 4 − 4 = 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 + 4 = 2 − 5𝑥
2𝑥 = −5𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 5𝑥 = 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 + 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = −5𝑥 − 2 + 5𝑥 7𝑥 = −2
7𝑥 −2
7𝑥 = −2 =
7𝑥 −2 7 7
= −2
7 7 𝑥=
−2 7
𝑥= 7
2(𝑥 − 1)2 = (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) == (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 +
1)
2(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3)
2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 3
−2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1𝑥 = −3 − 2
−3𝑥 = −5
−3𝑥 −5
−3
= −3
5
𝑥= 3
2
𝑥 = 13
 41

7) FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS:

VOCABULARY –
• Output values
• Input values
• Rules
• Flow diagrams
• Tables
• Equations
• Formulae
What are Relations and Functions?

Relations and functions define a mapping between two sets (Inputs and
Outputs) such that they have ordered pairs of the form (Input, Output).

Note: Please note that all functions are relations but all relations are not
functions.

Representation of Relation and Function

• Set-builder form - {(x, y): y = x2, x ∈ A, y ∈ B}

• Roster form - {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)}
• Arrow Representation –
• Table Representation -

x y

1 1

2 4

3 9
 42

Difference Between Relation and Function

Relation Function

A relation in math is a
A function is a relation in math such that each element
set of ordered pairs
of the domain is related to a single element in the
defining the relation
codomain.
between two sets.

A relation may or may

All functions are relations.
not be a function.

Example: {(1, x), (1, y),

Example: {(1, x), (6, y), (4, z)}
(4, z)}
 43

8) GRAPHS
1) Changing to y-form: Rewrite equation as 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

Example:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
Change to y-form:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
3𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥
3𝑦 −2𝑥 6
= +
3 3 3
2
𝑦 = − 3x + 2
Questions:
−2
a) What is the gradient?
3
b) What are the co-ordinates of the y-intercept? (0,2)
c) Use the above to draw the graph.

2) Drawing A graph using a table

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2

Gradient:

Y-intercept :

Increasing or decreasing?
____________________
 44

PAPER 2
9) GEOMETRY – LINES
REASON: ADJACENT COMPLEMETARY ANGLES (adj comp <′ 𝑠 )

REASON: ADJACENT ANGLES ON A STRAIGHT LINE (adj <′ 𝑠on a strt line)

REASON: ANGLES AROUND A POINT ( <′ 𝑠 rnd a point)

Example:
Determine with reasons, the value of 𝑥

https://youtu
.be/mrpcjIrb0
5M

Statement Reason
𝑥 = 360° − 90° − 36° − 160° − 21° <′ 𝑠 rnd a point
= 53°

REASON: VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES ARE EQUAL (vert opp <′ 𝑠 )

 45

REASON: CORRESPONDING ANGLES ARE EQUAL (corresp. <′ 𝑠 // lines)

REASON: ALTERNATE ANGLES ARE EQUAL (alt <′ 𝑠 //lines )

REASON:CO-INTERIOR ANGLES ARE SUPPLEMENTERY (co-int <′ 𝑠 // lines)

https://youtu
.be/010IUtyIc
4o
 46

10) GEOMETRY – 2D SHAPES

a)Triangles
A triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight lines, which are called the sides of
the triangle. Each corner of a triangle is called a vertex. A triangle is named by writing
down the vertices in (alphabetical) order. Eg: ΔABC.
A
Very NB: The naming of the sides of a
triangle.

AC or b
AB or c
BC or a
B C

Types of triangles: Triangles can be sorted into types by looking at their sides or
their angles.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides of equal length.

REASON: The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. (’s opp = sides)
A

AB = AC (c = b)

B = C (base angles)

B C
base

An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides of equal length.

REASON: Each angle of an equilateral triangle is equal to 60º. (equi. Δ)
X

XY = YZ = ZX or z = x = y

Ẑ = Ŷ = X = 60º

Z Y
 47

OR ( sum of Δ)

F1 + F2 = 180º (adj. ’s on str. line)

F1 + D + E = 180º ( sum of Δ)

F2 = D + E (ext.  of Δ)
48

https://yout
u.be/j2b2uy
C9k1o
 49

b)Quadrilaterals
You need to know:

https://youtu
.be/H0vapckP
U9M
50
51
52
 53

c)Congruency and similarity

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 55

d) PYTHAGORUS
The Pythagorean theorem: In any right-angled triangle, the square on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. (pythag)

A
b2 = a 2 + c2

RTC: b
5
Calc: b2 = a2 + c2 (pythag)
b2 = 122 + 52
b2 = 144 + 25
b2 = 169
b = 13
B C
12

RTC: PQ
Calc: PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (pythag)
20 202 = r2 + 162
400 = r2 + 256
400 – 256 = r2
144 = r2
12 = r
https://youtu
R .be/XDevAsip
Q
16 k_0
 56

12)AREA AND PERIMETER

Perimeter is expressed in mm, cm, m, km or units.
Area is expressed in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 or units2.

Rectangle P = 2(ℓ + b) A=ℓxb

b

Square P = 4s A = s2
s

Triangle P=a+b+c A = ½b.h

a b

Circle C = 2∏r A = ∏r2

https://youtu
.be/_e7j6rE7_
Pg
 57

FINDING THE AREA OF TRIANGLES

The formula for finding the area of a triangle is A = ½b.h

The line drawn from any vertex of a triangle, perpendicular to the opposite side, is called the
altitude, or perpendicular height of the triangle, and the side onto which the altitude is drawn is
called the base.

E
E
D D

K
H

D F F E F
G

EG is the height DH is the height EK is the height

DF is the base EF is the base DF is the base

The height (h) or altitude of a triangle is the straight line that runs from a vertex of the triangle
perpendicular to the base (b).

h
h

b
b

b
 58

CIRCLES

CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE:

FORMULA TO FIND THE CIRCUMFERENCE

C = 2∏r

Eg: Find the circumference of the circle with a radius of 14mm.

C = 2∏r
= 2(22/7)r
= 2(22/7)(14)
= 88mm
AREA OF A CIRCLE:

FORMULA TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE

A = ∏r2

Eg: Find the area of a circle with a radius of 14mm.

A = ∏r2
= (22/7)r2
= (22/7)(14)2
= 616mm2
 59

13) SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF 3D OBJECTS

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