‫وزارة النفط‬

‫ البصرة‬/ ‫معهد التدريب النفطي‬

‫قسم النفط‬
‫اختصاص حفر االبار النفطية‬

‫دورات تطوير كوادر الحفر العراقي باستخدام مشبهات الحفر‬

Iraqi Drilling Staff Development Courses
on Drill-Sim 5000

Level One
Well Control on Drill-Sim 5000 Courses

prepared by

Ahmed A.Lazim / Petroleum Engineer

Sep. 2016

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Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [2] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
 Well Control Course

Part 1- Well Control

• Section 1 Basic pressures
• Section 2 Principles of well control
• Section 3 Causes of Kicks
• Section 4 Kick Indicators
• Section 5 Shut-in Procedures
• Section 6 Kill Methods
• Section 7 Kill Sheet

Part 2 - Well Control Equipment

• Section 1 Stack Design
• Section 2 Diverters
• Section 3 Annular BOPs
• Section 4 Ram BOPs
• Section 5 Choke Manifold
• Section 6 Accumulators
• Section 7 Inside BOP

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Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [4] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
Section 1 / Basic pressures
Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure: is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid.

Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x Mud density (ppg) x TVD (ft) ....... IWCF formula no. 1
Hydrostatic Pressure = Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) × Depth (ft)

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 EXAMPLE 1
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of a well which has a fluid density of
9.2 ppg , a MD of 6,750’ and a TVD of 6,130’ ?
Remember, the formula for calculating hydrostatic pressure is:

Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x Mud density (ppg) x TVD (ft) ....... IWCF formula no. 1
= 0.052 × 9.2× 6,130
= 2,933 psi

PROBLEM 1
Find the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of a well with a 9.7 ppg , fluid in it and a
MD of 5,570’ and TVD of 5,420’ ?

True vertical depth vs. measured depth.

Once we know how to find pressure exerted per foot, we can calculate the
hydrostatic pressure at a given depth. All we have to do is multiply the pressure
gradient by the number of feet to that vertical depth. Here we have to learn the
distinction between measured depth (MD) and true vertical depth (TVD).

In the illustration below you can see that

the depth straight down for both wells is
10,000 ft (3048 m). Well A has a measured
depth of 10,000 ft (3048 m), and a true
vertical depth of 10,000 ft (3048 m). Since
gravity pulls straight down, along a true
vertical (straight down) path, to calculate the
pressure at the bottom of the hole we use the
10,000 ft (3048 m) depth.

Well B has a measured depth of 11,650 ft

(3550.92 m), and its true vertical depth is
10,000 ft (3048 m).

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 To find the pressure gradient of a fluid, multiply the density of the fluid by 0.052.

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mud Density (ppg) × 0.052 ....... IWCF formula no. 2

EXAMPLE 2
What is the pressure gradient of a fluid with a density of 12.3 ppg ?

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mud Density (ppg) × × 0.052

= 12.3 X 0.052
= 0.6396 psi/ft

PROBLEM 2 A
What is the pressure gradient of a fluid that weighs 9.5 ppg ?

PROBLEM 2B
B

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Example : What is the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of a well which has a
fluid density of 9.2 ppg , a MD of 6,750 and a TVD of 6,130 ft ?

Solution : Remember, the formula for calculating hydrostatic pressure is:

Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x Mud density (ppg) x TVD (ft) ....... IWCF formula no. 1
= 0.052 ×9.2 × 6,130

= 2,933 psi

Different fluid densities in the well:

Hydrostatic Pressure (HSP) at different fluid columns
(in Annulus)
HSP of fluid column 1 = 0.052 x 10 x 3,500= 1,820 psi
HSP of fluid column 2 = 0.052 x 9 x 4,000 = 1,872 psi
HSP of fluid column 3 = 0.052 x 11 x 500 = 286 psi
Total Hydrostatic Pressure (at 8,000 'TVD)
= 1,820 + 1872 + 286
= 3,978 psi

Sample of Pressure Gradient

Fresh water has a density of 8.33 ppg, in a foot column it should exert pressure
of (0.052 x 8.33 x 1) = 0.433 psi.
We then call pressure gradient of fresh water= 0.433 psi/ft'
Salt water has a density of 8.94 ppg ,in l foot column it should exert pressure of
(0.052 x 8.94 x 1) = 0.465 Psi.
We then call pressure gradient of salt water= 0.465 psi/ft.
Type of Influx (Kick) Gradients
Gas = less than ( 0.156 psi/ft ) , (less than 3 ppg)
Mixture of Gas, Oil, Water = ( 0.156 - 0.465 psi/ft) , ( 3 -9 ppg)
Salt Water = ( 0.465 - 0.520 psi/ft) , ( 9 - 10 ppg)

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Section 2 / Principles of well control
U-TUBE

It is often helpful to visualize the well as a U-tube (see above). One column of the
tube represents the annulus and the other column represents the pipe in the well.
The bottom of the U-tube represents the bottom of the well.
In most cases, there are fluids creating hydrostatic pressures in both the pipe and
annulus. Atmospheric pressure can be omitted, since it works the same on both
columns. If there were 10 ppg fluid in both the pipe and annulus, hydrostatic pressures
would be equal and the fluid would be static on both sides of the tube.
However, what will happen if fluid in the annulus is heavier than the fluid in the
string? The heavier fluid in the annulus exerting more pressure downward will flow
into the string, displacing some of the lighter fluid out of the string, causing a flow at
surface. The fluid level will fall in the annulus, equalizing pressures.
When there is a difference in the hydro- static pressures, the fluid will try to reach
balance point. This is called U-tubing, and it explains why there is often flow from

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 the pipe when making connections. This is often evident when drilling fast because the
effective density in the annulus is increased by cuttings.

Another example of U-tubing is when a slug is pumped. The heavier slug is designed
to allow tubing to pull dry by falling to a level below the average length of stand pulled.
The depth where the slug will fall and the amount of fluid that U-tubes from the well
can be calculated using the following equations:

SLUG V0LUME (bbls) FOR A GAIN LENGTH OF DRY PIPE

Length of Dry pipe X Pipe Capacity (bbls) X Mud Density (ppg)
Slug Density (ppg) ‫ ــ‬Mud Density (ppg) ....... IWCF formula no. 27

PIT GAIN DUE TO SLUG U - TUBE (bbls)

SLUG V0LUME (bbls) X ] ( Slug Density (ppg) ÷ Mud Density (ppg) ) ‫ــ‬1[
....... IWCF formula no. 28

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EXAMPLE 3
Well TVD = 9700 ft , Well MD = 10500 ft , Casing Shoe TVD = 7000 ft , , Casing Shoe
MD = 8500 ft Length of dry pipe required = 153 ft , Mud Density = 11 ppg , Slug
Density = 12.5 ppg , pipe Capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft .
Calculate Slug Volume Required

Length of Dry pipe X Pipe Capacity (bbls) X Mud Density (ppg)

Slug Density (ppg) ‫ ــ‬Mud Density (ppg) ....... IWCF formula no. 27

Slug Volume Required = ( 153 X 0.0178 X 11 ) ÷ ( 12.5 - 11 )

= 20 BBL

PROBLEM 2 A
Slug Volume 20 bbl , Mud Density = 11 ppg , Slug Density = 12.5 ppg
Calculate increase in mud volume in trip tank after slug
increase in trip tank level
= SLUG V0LUME (bbls) X ] ( Slug Density (ppg) ÷ Mud Density (ppg) ) ‫ــ‬1[
....... IWCF formula no. 28
= 20 (bbls) X ] ( 12.5 (ppg) ÷ 11 (ppg) ) ‫ــ‬1[
= 2.72 bbl

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Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
Bottom hole pressure (BHP) will be varied depending on the operations.in
general, Bottom hole p pressure (BHP) can be expressed as follows:

BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure+ Surface Pressure + / - Dynamic Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by drilling fluid .

the surface pressure exerted in the shut in pressure when well was closed by
BOP and ,
the dynamic pressure is the exerted due to fluid movement (i.e. Annular Friction
Losses) and pipe movement( i.e. Surge and Swab).

 BHP when not circulating

= 0.052 x MW (ppg) x TVD (ft)
 BHP while drilling or circulating
= 0.052 x MW (ppg) x TVD (ft) + Annular Pressure Losses (APL)
 BHP while tripping in hole
= 0.052 x MW (ppg) x TVD (ft) + Surge pressure
 BHP while tripping out of hole
= 0.052 x MW (ppg) x TVD (ft) - Swab pressure
 BHP when well was shut in

When the well was shut in due to kick and the Bit on bottom, the bottom hole
pressure equals to the Formation pressure at the initial shut in stage.
The bottom hole pressure can be determined by:
 Total HSP in Drill string
(BHP) = HSP of mud in drillstring + SIDPP
= (0.052 x MW x TVD well) + SIDPP
 Total HSP in Annulus
BHP = HSP of mud in annulus + HSP of influx + SICP
= (0.052 x MW x column f mud ft) + HSP of influx + SICP

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 Porosity & Permeability

Two important characteristics of reservoir rocks are porosity, tiny openings in rock
and permeability, the connection of these holes which allows fluids to move.
The porosity : The ratio of total pore volume of the rock to the bulk volume Of the rock
expressed as percentage.
The permeability : The ability of the rock to allow fluid flow through formation
Permeability units are Darcy or mille Darcy.

These properties will determine how much and how quick a kick will enter into the
well.
Kicks will enter a wellbore faster from rocks having high permeability.

Tiny openings in rock

Connection of these holes
=
=
Porosity Permeability

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 Formation Pressure
Formation Pressure : The fluid pressure in the pore spaces of the Formation.

Commonly used Gradients

Substance Weight Gradient

Fresh Water 8.33 ppg 0.433 psi/ft
Sea Water 8.6 ppg 0.445 psi/ft
Formation Water 8.9 ppg 0.465 psi/ft
Base Oil 7.2 ppg 0.374 psi/ft

The formation pressure is divided in to three categories:

In terms of gradient,
 Normal pressure (0.433 < Gradient < 0.465 psi/ft )
 Subnormal pressure ( Gradient < 0.433 psi/ft )
 Abnormal pressure (0.465 < Gradient < 1.0 psi/ft ).

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The Concept of Balanced

Balanced
Balanced : means the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the bottom of the hole is equal
to the formation pressure .

HP = FP

Most wells are drilled, and worked, in balanced to overbalanced conditions. If

circulating or drilling, friction and cuttings contribute to the effective pressure on
bottom.

HP

FP FP

There are two main opposing pressures in a well. These are the fluid column
hydrostatic pressure and the formation pressure. If one pressure overcomes the other,
then a kick or lost circulation may occur.
Since hydrostatic pressure is a function of the density of the working fluid in the
well, its value may be controlled. By making careful calculations and by manipulating
the formula for hydrostatic pressure, it is possible to test cement jobs, to estimate
formation integrity, to project maximum mud weights and to control kicking wells.
Kicks and blowouts are prevented by people who are able to work quickly and
decisively under stress. An important part of the training required for blowout

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prevention is an understanding of pressure concepts and the ability to perform
accurate calculations.

Differential pressure is the difference between formation pressure and bottom hole
hydrostatic pressure .

Overbalanced : Hydrostatic pressure greater than formation pressure .

HP > FP

FP

FP FP

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Under balance : Hydrostatic pressure less than formation pressure .

HP < FP

HP

FP FP

Formation Fracture pressure

Formation fracture pressure: is the pressure at which the rock formation Starts to
fracture and drilling fluids starts to seep into the
formations.

Formation Fracture pressure can be expressed as a gradient (psi/ft), a fluid density

equivalent (ppg), or by calculated total pressure at the formation (psi).

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 Leak - Off Test (LOT)

A leak-off test is performed to estimate the Maximum Pressure or Mud Weight

(fluid density) that the test point can withstand before formation breakdown or
fracture occurs.

A leak of test (LOT) is used to calculate :

1. The Maximum Allowable Mud Weight or (MAMW ).
2. The Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure or (MAASP)
3. The Kick tolerance .

Condition required for accurate Leak off test

1-Drill out the casing shoe and approximately (10-15 ft ) into new formation.
2-Circulate to condition mud to get uniform column of mud.
3-Accurate pressure gauges.
4-Accurate TVD of casing shoe.
5-Accurate volume of mud which pump in.

keep in mind casing burst pressure

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 Leak Off Procedure

1. Drill (10 – 15) Feet Rat Hole .

2. Test Surface Equipment .
3. Circulate To Condition Mud .
4. Pull Inside Casing .
5. Shut In Well .
6. Pump ( 1/4 , ½ ) bbl/Min Into Well *.
7. Plot Pressure Rise .
8. When Pressure Rise Slows Down Or Stops ; Shut Down Pump .
9. Measure Pressure Where Pressure Rise Slows Down .
10.Monitor Stable Pressure Then Bleed Back Pressure .
* Varies With Company Policy

Point of Leak Off TREND LINE

Leak Off
Pressure

O
Pump Pressure

WELL IS SHUT IN

Volume Pumped

Mud Weight /PRESSURE

The total pressure applied causes leak off or formation damage. This is usually a
combination of the hydrostatic pressure of a fluid plus an additional pressure, such as
pump pressure on a leak off test.
Fracture mud weight can be called breakdown or max allowable

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 MAMW (ppg) = ] Leak-off Pressure, (ppg) ÷ )0.052 * Casing Shoe TVD, (ft) ) [
+ ( Mud Weight, (ppg) ) ....... IWCF formula no. 11

EXAMPLE 4
What is the Maximum Allowable Mud Weight (MAMW) that may damage the
formation for a well has a TD of 11,226' and a Casing Shoe set at 5,821' TVD. The Leak
Off Test Pressure was 1,250 psi , with a Leak Off Test weight of 9.6 ppg.

MAMW (ppg) = ] Leak-off Pressure, (ppg) ÷ )0.052 * Casing Shoe TVD, (ft) [
+ ( mud weight, (ppg) )
= ]1,250 ÷ )0.052 * 5,821)[ + 9.6
= 4.1 + 9.6
= 13.7 ppg

PROBLEM 4
What is the Maximum Allowable Mud Weight (MAMW) that may damage the
formation for a well with an MD of 12,000’ , TVD of 10,980’. The Casing Shoe is at
8,672’ TVD. The Leak Off Test Pressure was 1,575 psi with a Leak Off Test weight of
11.1 ppg .

Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASP(

Maximum Mud weight is used for the calculation of Maximum Allowable Annular
Surface Pressure or MAASP.

MAASP Difference between pressure that will fracture the rock and the mud
hydrostatic pressure .

MAASP (psi) = (MAMW(ppg) — MW (ppg) ) x 0.052 x (casing shoe TVD, (ft) )

....... IWCF formula no. 12

EXAMPLE 5

What is the Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure ( MAASP) using the
following data: The Casing Shoe is at 4000 ft TVD , Maximum allowable mud weight
15.0 ppg , Mud weight in use 12.2 ppg .

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MAASP (psi) = (MAMW(ppg) — MW (ppg) ) x 0.052 x (casing shoe TVD, (ft) )
= (15 — 12.2 ) x 0.052 x 4000
= 582 psi

PROBLEM 5

What is the Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure ( MAASP) using the
following data: The Casing Shoe is at 5000 ft TVD , Maximum allowable mud weight
14.5 ppg , Mud weight in use 10.5 ppg .

Rate of Pipe Movement

The rate of pipe movement directly affects swab and surge pressures. The faster
the pipe travels the greater the swab and surge pressures and the higher the potential
for swabbing in an influx.
Surge Pressure :Bottom hole pressure temporary increase results from the
downward movement of pipe in the hole .

downward movement causes an increase in BHP = Surging

BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure + Surge pressure

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Swab Pressure: Bottom hole pressure temporary reduction results from the upward
movement of pipe in the hole .

If the drill pipe is pulled too fast during tripping (Swabbing), formation fluid will be
pulled into the well bore.

upward movement causes a drop in BHP = Swabbing

BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure – Swab pressure

factors that influence Swabbing and Surge pressure

1- Pulling the pipe too fast.

2- Mud with high viscosity and gel strength.

3- A balled-up bit.

4- drill string plugged.

5- Thick wall cake.

6- Small annular clearances .

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EXAMPLE 6
How much BHP should for a well has a TVD of 12,100 ft, the fluid density of 16ppg ,
Swab Pressure ( 250 psi) , Surge Pressure( 400 psi) ?
BHP (Trip Out) = Hydrostatic Pressure – Swab pressure
= 9817 psi
BHP (Trip in) = Hydrostatic Pressure + Surge pressure
= 10,467 psi

Actions to be taken if swabbing is observed

• The acknowledged procedure is:-
– Flow check
– If negative, run back to bottom
– Circulate bottoms up (consider taking returns via the choke)
EXAMPLE 6 Swab pressures (psi) in various hole sizes with several pulling speeds for a
14 ppg mud, 4 ½" pipe

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What is the kick ?
“ kick” : It is an influx (flow – gain) of formation Fluids (water – oil – gas) into the
wellbore .
OR / Can be defined as the flow of formation fluids inside the well due the lower
hydrostatic pressure against formation pressure.
A kick occurs when formation pressure exceeds bottom hole pressure.

“Blowout” : An uncontrolled exit of the formation fluids at the surface or

underground.

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 What Is Well Control ?

Preventing A Kick

The term well control refers to the control of down hole formation pressures
penetrated by the well .

Primary Control : Using Mud Hydrostatic to prevent formation fluids from kicking .
OR
Shutting in the well after a kick has been taken .

Secondary Control : Using Blowout preventers to Shut in the well and control the
Kicking fluids and restore Primary Control .

How you Can Prevent A Kick ?

 Know What Causes A kick.

 Use Correct Rig Practices.

1- The degree of under balance.

2- The formation permeability.
3- The length of time the well remains under balanced.
4- The time taken to shut-in the well.

Well control Procedures & Principles

1- Key Prevention Practices.

2- Do not RIH. Too Fast.
3- Monitor Trip Tank.
4- Always Fill Hole With Correct Mud.
5- Monitor ECD.
6- Keep Viscosity Down To Acceptable Level.
7- Keep Casing Full.
8- Know What Mud is in Hole

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Section 3 / Causes Of Kicks

1-Natural Causes
 Abnormal pressure

2-Operative Causes
A- Causes of Kicks – Drilling : (Reduction in hydrostatic pressure )

1- Reduction in mud weight:

2- Gas – cut mud.

B- Causes of Kicks – Tripping

1- Improper hole fill - up on trips.

2- Swabbing.

3-Causes of Kicks - Other

1- Lost circulation.

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 1- Natural Causes:-
 Abnormal pressure

1- Under compaction.

2- Faulting.

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3- Sand lens.

4- Salt dome.

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5- Artesian.

6- Gas cap.

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7- Leaks around casing.

2- Operative Causes:-
B- Causes of Kicks – Drilling (Reduction in hydrostatic pressure )

1- Reduction in mud weight:

IF the mud weight falls then the bottom hole pressure will fall. A reduction in mud
weight .

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2- Gas – cut mud.

When drilling through gas bearing formations the, drilling fluid will inevitably become
contaminated with gas, even if drilling overbalanced. This gas will break out at surface,
causing a reduction in the observed mud weight at the flowline. Although the
observed flow line mud weight may be dramatically reduced, the effective reduction in
mud hydrostatic downhole is not usually significant. This is because the reduction in
mud weight only occurs when the gas has expanded considerably, which does not
happen until it has been circulated near to the surface. In a deep well the effect on
bottom hole pressure will be small, however, in shallow hole sections this effect may
become critical and is a contributory factor to shallow gas blowouts .

B- Causes of Kicks – Tripping

1- Improper hole fill - up on trips :-

Whenever the fluid level in the hole drops, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the
fluid also drops. When the hydrostatic pressure falls below the formation pore
pressure, the well may flow.
Pipe may be pulled dry or wet depending on conditions.

 Using Trip Sheet

If it is pulled dry it is due to a heavy slug that was pumped in the string prior to
the trip, pushing out a length of the lighter fluid in the pipe .

During a dry trip out of the hole, the volume of steel pipe being removed results in
a corresponding drop in wellbore fluid . The hole must be refilled to maintain sufficient
hydrostatic pressure to control formation pressure.
If the pipe is pulling wet (fluid remains in the pipe), and a mud bucket is used to
drain away from the hole, trip tank or pits, then the combined volume of the steel pipe
and the internal capacity of the pipe are removed .

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PRESSURE DROP PER FOOT TRIPPING DRY PIPE

Dry Pipe : ....... IWCF formula no. 20

Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (MW (ppg) X 0.052) X Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) - Metal Displacement (bbls/ft) [

Wet Pipe : ....... IWCF formula no. 21

Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (MW (ppg) X 0.052) X Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) – Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [

Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) = (Pipe Displacement (bbl/ft) + (Pipe Capacity (bbl/ft) )

EXAMPLE 8
Well TVD = 9700 ft , Well MD = 10500 ft , Casing Shoe TVD = 7000 ft , Casing Shoe
MD = 8500 ft , Mud Density = 11 ppg , Casing Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , pipe Capacity =
0.0178 bbl/ft , Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Calculate pressure drop per ft tripping out dry pipe .
Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (MW (ppg) 0.052) X Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) - Metal Displacement (bbls/ft) [
....... IWCF formula no. 20
Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (11.5 (ppg) X 0.052) X 0.008 (bbl/ft) [ ÷ ] 0.148 (bbl/ft) - 0.008 (bbls/ft) [
= 0.0341 psi / ft
EXAMPLE 9
Well TVD = 9700 ft , Well MD = 10500 ft , Casing Shoe TVD = 7000 ft , Casing Shoe
MD = 8500 ft , Mud Density = 11 ppg , Casing Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , pipe Capacity =
0.0178 bbl/ft , Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Calculate pressure drop per ft tripping out wet pipe .
Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (MW (ppg) X 0.052) X Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) – Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [ [
....... IWCF formula no. 21
Pressure Drop (psi / ft) = ] (11.5 (ppg) X 0.052) X (0.008 + 0.0178 ) (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] 0.148 (bbl/ft) – (0.008 + 0.0178 ) (bbl/ft) [
= 0.126 psi / ft

LEVEL DROP PULLING REMAINING COLLARS OUT OF HOLE DRY (ft)

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LEVEL DROP (ft) = ] (Length of Collars (ft) ) X Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) [ ....... IWCF formula no. 22
EXAMPLE 10
Well TVD = 9700 ft , Well MD = 10500 ft , Casing Shoe TVD = 7000 ft , Casing Shoe
MD = 8500 ft , Length of drill collars = 500 ft , Casing Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , Metal
Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Calculate Level Drop for Pulling Drill Collars Out Of Hole Dry (FT)

LEVEL DROP (ft) = ] 500 (ft) X 0.008 (bbl/ft) [ ÷ ] 0.148 (bbl/ft) [ ....... IWCF formula no. 22
= 27.02 ft

LEVEL DROP PULLING REMAINING COLLARS OUT OF HOLE WET (ft)

LEVEL DROP (ft) = ] (Length of Collars (ft) ) X Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) [ ....... IWCF formula no. 23

EXAMPLE 11
Well TVD = 8900 ft , Well MD = 9500 ft , Casing Shoe TVD = 6000 ft , Casing Shoe MD
= 6500 ft , Length of drill collars = 500 ft , Casing Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , Metal
Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft , BHA Capacity = 0.009 bbl/ft
Calculate Level Drop for Pulling Drill Collars Out Of Hole wet (FT)

LEVEL DROP (ft) = ] (Length of Collars (ft) ) X Close End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) [ ....... IWCF formula no. 23
LEVEL DROP (ft) = ] 500 (ft) X ( 0.008 + 0.009) (bbl/ft) [ ÷ ] 0.0148 (bbl/ft) [
= 57.43 ft

LENGTH OF TUBULARS TO PULL DRY BEFORE OVERBLANCE IS LOST (ft)

= Overbalance (psi) X ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) ‫ ــ‬Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [

÷ ] Mud Gradient (psi/ft) X Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
....... IWCF formula no. 24
EXAMPLE 12
Well TVD = 11000 ft , Well MD = 12500 ft , Mud Density = 11.5 ppg , Casing Capacity =
0.148 bbl/ft , pipe Capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft , Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl , Casing

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Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft , Formation pressure =
6400 psi , One stand length = 93 ft
Calculate number of stands which can be pulled out DRY before the well starts
flowing
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x Mud density (ppg) x TVD (ft) ....... IWCF formula no. 1
= 0.052 × 11.5× 11000
= 6578 psi
Overbalance (psi) = Hydrostatic Pressure - Formation pressure
= 6578 - 6400 = 178 psi
pipe to pull before the well starts to flows
= Overbalance (psi) X ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) ‫ ــ‬Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Mud Gradient (psi/ft) X Metal Displacement (bbl/ft) [
....... IWCF formula no. 24
= 178 (psi) X ] 0.148 (bbl/ft) ‫ ــ‬0.008 (bbl/ft) [ ÷ ] 0.052 X 11.5 X 0.008 (bbl/ft) [
= 5171 ft
number of stands = 5171 ÷ 93 = 55.6 stands
so , stands which can be pulled out safety = 55 stands

LENGTH OF TUBULARS TO PULL WET BEFORE OVERBLANCE IS LOST (ft)

= Overbalance (psi) X ] Casing Capacity (bbl/ft) Closed End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
÷ ] Mud Gradient (psi/ft) X Closed End Displacement (bbl/ft) [
....... IWCF formula no. 25

EXAMPLE 13
Well TVD = 11000 ft , Well MD = 12500 ft , Mud Density = 11.5 ppg , pipe Capacity =
0.0178 bbl/ft , Casing Capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft , Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft ,
Formation pressure = 6400 psi , One stand length = 93 ft
Calculate number of stands which can be pulled out WET before the well starts
flowing
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x Mud density (ppg) x TVD (ft) ....... IWCF formula no. 1
= 0.052 × 11.5× 11000
= 6578 psi
Overbalance (psi) = Hydrostatic Pressure - Formation pressure
= 6578 - 6400 = 178 psi

pipe to pull before the well starts to flows

= 178 (psi) X ] 0.148 (bbl/ft) ‫ ( ــ‬0.008 + 0.0178) (bbl/ft) [ ÷ ] 0.052 X 11.5 X 0.0258 (bbl/ft) [
= 1398 ft

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number of stands = 1398 ÷ 93 = 15.035 stands
so , stands which can be pulled out safety = 15 stands

B- Causes of Kicks – Tripping

2- Swabbing.

If the drill string is raised , mud must move past the string down the hole to keep the
hole full below the bit .

The relative movement of string and mud will inevitably cause a temporarily drop in
bottom hole pressure (BHP) while the string is moving .once the string is static , (BHP)
in will return to normal.

If this drop in (BHP) , the well may be temporarily underbalanced causing an influx of
formation fluid into the well bore .

upward movement causes a drop in BHP = Swabbing

BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure – Swab pressure

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Causes of Kicks - Other

Lost circulation.

Lost circulation while drilling may cause a loss of hydrostatic head sufficient to induce a
kick. At best, it makes it impossible to accurately monitor the hole. Loss zones can be
classified in the following categories, it is important to understand the nature of the
loss zone as this will affect the
remedial action taken:

 Types of loss zone

1- Unconsolidated, highly
permeable formations at low
pressure.
2- Fractured zones.
3- Induced fractures.
4- Cavernous formations. Generally
in limestone formations.

Section 4 / Kick Indicators

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Kick Warnings – Drilling

 Primary indicators of kicks:

1. Flow rate increase
2. Pit volume increase
3. Well flows with the pumps shut off
4. Hole not taking correct amount of mud while tripping

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While Tripping Out Of Hole
If hole takes less volume of mud, then this could mean a kick gas been
swabbed in/ and a flow check should be made .
 ACTION

 String Should Be Run Or Stripped To Bottom.

1- If Hole Is Not Flowing :

a. Circulate bottom hole.
b. Then check for flow.
c. Then pull out of hole.
2-If Hole Is Flowing :
 Circulate bottoms up using first circulation of driller’s method.
Secondary Kick Indicators are :
1. Drilling break.
2. Change in pump speed (Increase) or pump pressure(Decrease).
4. Connection gas.
5. Trip gas.
6. Hook load decrease.
7. Change in mud properties (Viscosity / Gel).
8. Change in mud salinity (Increase in Chlorides)
9.. Increase of flow line temperature
10. Increasing Rotary Torque.
11.Tight Hole on Connections .
12. Increasing Fill on Bottom After Trips.
13. Decrease in Shale Density.
14.Change in Cuttings Size and Shape.

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Drilling break.
 A sudden increase in penetration rate can take place when soft or
abnormally pressured formations are encountered.
 A drilling break is one of the first indications that a kick is about to be
taken.
 A drilling break will usually indicate that a more porous, permeable
formation has been penetrated ,with the possibility that an influx will be
taken if the mud weight is not increased.
 used with other surface indications to determine whether a well is kicking
or not,
 Increased penetration rate can also be detected at the surface by the
increased volume of cuttings.
 on the shale shaker and the large size of the individual chips.

WHAT AFFECTS R.O.P?

a) WOB
b) RPM
c) Bit Type
d) Hydraulics
e) Overbalance
f) Rock Type

Footage drilled between

( 9.15 – 9.30) hr .= 3.5 ft
ROP = (3.5 ft / 15 min) = 14 ft/hr.

Footage drilled between

( 9.30 – 9.35) hr. = 3.5 ft
ROP = (5 ft / 5 min) = 60 ft/hr.

The driller should make a flow check after a drilling break.

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Change in pump speed (Increase) or pump pressure(Decrease).

Connection gas

Flow line temperature

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Change in Cuttings Size and Shape

Decrease in Shale Density

Shale: High Porosity, Low Permeability

Pores get bigger, Density gets lower
Abnormal pressurized shale

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Increasing Rotary Torque
Tight Hole on Connections

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Flow Check Procedure
If any of the primary kick sign occur or several secondary kick sign occur
then a flow check should be carried out to confirm the situation.
A flow check should always be carried out in to a trip tank .
A flow check is carried out in to a trip tank .
1. Pick up off bottom and space out.
2. Shut down the pumps.
3. Line up the well on the trip tank
with a known volume already in
the tank.
4. If flow well continues ,measure
flow over a period of (15-30 min).
5. This confirms that a kick is in
progress
6. Record the depth, time and
duration of the flow check.
7. make record of returned fluids.

Kick Indicators
Indicator Significance
Drilling break Medium
Increase in mud return rate High
Pit gain High
Flow / pumps off Definitive
Pump pressure decrease Low
Increase in drill string weight WOB Low
Gas cutting or salinity change Low

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 Example form from a Trip Sheet

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Slow circulating rate (SCR),(RRCP),(SPR)

A reduce rate pump pressure should be recorded at different SCR.

1- WHY ?
2- WHEN ?
3- HOW ?

SCR – WHY ?
1- The mixing capacity of the rig.(Ability to mix kill mud)
2- The choke capacity (Size of choke and choke lines)
3- The mud gas separator capacity (reduce chance of overloading the MGS.)
4- To minimize the pressure being exerted on the open hole during the kill.
5- The maximum pressure the pump can handle.
6- Low annular velocity to minimize the possibility of choke plugging or washout.
7- Allow Choke Operator time to make necessary Choke adjustments.
8- To allow kick fluid to be handle at surface.
SCR – WHEN ?
1- At the beginning shift.
2- When long hole section is drilled in a shift (500 ft).
3- When the mud weight is changed.
4- When mud properties is changed.
5- When bottom hole assembly is change or bit nozzle change.
6- When the efficiency of the mud pump change.
7- After killed the well directly, before start drilling.
SCR – HOW ?
1. Should be record with bit near bottom.
2. Should be reduce RPM. to prevent hole washout.
3. Should be record for each pump.
4. Should be record at different SCR.
5. SCR. should be read on the drill pipe pressure at:
 Remote Chock Panel.
 Driller’s Panel.

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Things that delay shut in.

1- Flow/pit alarm not set (properly).

2- Shaker man not monitor the pit level and flow rate by simple means.
3- Drill to far after drilling break. (10 ft. Max. Fast break must do flow check)
4- Lack of shut in training.
5- Lack of maintenance and testing.
6- BOP. Cont. unit not working.
7- Not monitoring trips.
8- Low level of crew awareness.
9- Excluding the draw-work from the SCR. Assignment.

Relationship of Pump Pressure to Circulating Rate

Increase (Spm) = Increased(Psi) (Psi)
2 ....... IWCF formula no. 9
 SPM 2 
PC 2  PC1   
 SPM 1 
where:
PC 2 = New Pump Pressure ,
PC1 = Old Pump Pressure (psi)
SPM 2 = New SPM , SPM 1 Old SPM (spm)
EXAMPLE 10
Old Pump Pressure = 2800 psi, New Pump Speed = 60 spm ,Old Pump Speed = 80 spm,
Calculate the new pump pressure for the slower pump rate?
2
 SPM 2 
PC2  PC1   
 SPM 1 
2
 60 
PC2  2800     1575psi
 80 

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PROBLEM 10
Old Pump Pressure = 3200 psi, New Pump Speed = 120 spm ,Old Pump Speed = 100
spm, Calculate the new pump pressure for the slower pump rate?

Relationship of Pump Pressure to Mud Weight

 MW2 
PC 2  PC1    ....... IWCF formula no. 10
 MW1 

where:
PC 2 = New Pump Pressure , PC1 = Old Pump Pressure (psi)
MW2 = New Mud Weight (ppg) , MW1 = Old Mud Weight (ppg)

EXAMPLE 11
Old Pump Pressure = 2800 psi , Old Mud Weight = 10 (ppg) , New Mud Weight = 13
(ppg) ,Calculate the pump pressure required to circulate the well with the new mud
weight?

 MW2 
PC 2  PC1   
 MW1 
 13 
PC 2  2800     3640 psi
 10 
PROBLEM 11
Old Pump Pressure = 3000 psi , Old Mud Weight = 12 (ppg) , New Mud Weight = 14
(ppg) ,Calculate the pump pressure required to circulate the well with the new mud
weight?

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Section 5 / Shut-in Procedures

Shut In Pressures : Once the well has been shut in i.e. circulation has been
stopped and the BOP closed, and allowed to stabilise, there are two pressures which
can be observed: -
 Shut in drill pipe pressure = SIDPP
 Shut in casing pressure = SICP
What do these pressures represent?
SIDPP shows how much underbalance the well is, i.e.
SIDPP is the difference between the formation
pressure (FP) and the hydrostatic pressure of the mud
in the drill pipe.

SIDPP  PF  Ph
Where:
SIDPP  Shut in drill pipe pressure (psi)

PF  formation pressure (psi)

Ph  hydrostatic pressure of the mud in the drill pipe (psi)

EXAMPLE 12
Determine the Shut-in drill pipe pressure using the following data:
formation pressure = 500 psi ,Mud weight in drill pipe = 10 ppg , True vertical depth =
10,000 ft ?

SIDPP  PF  Ph
5700 -
SIDPP = 500 psi + (10 ppg x 0.052 x 10,000 ft)
= 5200 psi
PROBLEM 12
Determine the Shut-in drill pipe pressure using the following data:
formation pressure = 350 psi ,Mud weight in drill pipe = 8.5 ppg ,TVD = 7500 ft ?

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SICP also indicates the amount of underbalance i.e. SICP is the difference between the
formation pressure and they hydrostatic pressure in the annulus.

 We must remember however that the annulus is not a full column of clean mud, but
also contains the influx
 Mud in Annulus Is Contaminated Therefore Less Hydrostatic .

SICP  PF  ( Ph +
 Pinf )

Where
SICP  Shut in Casing pressure (psi)

PF  formation pressure (psi)

Ph  hydrostatic pressure of the mud in annulus (psi)

Pinf = hydrostatic pressure of of influx in annulus (psi)

EXAMPLE 13
Determine the shut-in casing pressure using the following data:
Formation pressure = 12,480 psi , Mud weight in annulus = 15.0 ppg
Feet of mud in annulus = 14,600 ft , (Influx gradient= 0.12 psi/ft),
Influx weight in annulus = 2.3 ppg , Feet of influx in annulus = 400 ft

SICP  PF  ( Ph +
 Pinf )
SICP(psi) = 12,480 —[(15.0 x 0.052 x 14,600) + (2.3 x 0.052 x 400)]
= 12,480 — 11,388 + 48
= 1044 psi

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PROBLEM 13
Determine the shut-in casing pressure using the following data:
Formation pressure = 8,500 psi , Mud weight in annulus = 14.5 ppg , Feet of mud in
annulus = 9,600 ft , (Influx gradient= 0.15 psi/ft), Influx weight in annulus = 2.8 ppg ,
Feet of influx in annulus = 400 ft

To recap

SIDPP shows the amount of underbalance and depends only on the formation
pressure and the mud hydrostatic.

SICP is also indicative of the amount of underbalance but will vary depending on the
size of the influx and the type of influx .

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Height of influx
It is always important to analyze what the influx actually is when a kick is taken into
the well bore. It can be decided what the influx is (gas, oil or water) by making a
calculation with height and pressure.

The height of the influx is easy enough to find by the measured pit gain at the
surface (bbl) and the annulus capacity that is already known in bbl/ft.

Pit Gain (bbl)

Height of influx (ft) 
Annular Capacity (bbl/ft)

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EXAMPLE 14
Determine the height, ft, of the influx using the following data:
Pit gain= 20 (bbl) , Annular capacity (DC/OH) = 0.02914 (bbl/ft).

Pit Gain (bbl)

Height of influx (ft) 
Annular Capacity (bbl/ft)
20 (bbl)
Height of influx (ft)   686 FT
0.02914 (bbl/ft)
PROBLEM 14
Determine the height, ft, of the influx using the following data:
Pit gain= 30 (bbl) , Annular capacity (DC/OH) = 0.02914 (bbl/ft).

Estimated Type of Influx

As the influx is either gas, oil, water or a mixture of same the density of the influx is
lower than the drilling fluid with result that SICP is greater than SIDPP the formula can
be expressed as follow:

The equation can now be reduced to the following formula:

 ( SICP(psi) - SIDPP(psi) ) 
Influx wei ght (ppg)  MW ( ppg )   
 Height of influx (ft)  0.052 

Type of influx Pressure gradient Influx weight

Gas Less than 0.165 psi/ft Less than 3 ppg

Mixture of gas,water,oil Between 0.165 to 0.468 psi/ft From 3 to 9 ppg

saltwater Between 0.468 to 0.520 psi/ft From 9 to 10 ppg

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EXAMPLE 15
Determine the type of the influx using the following data:

Shut-in casing pressure= 1044 psi , Height of influx = 400 ft

Shut-in drill pipe pressure = 780 psi , Mud weight = 15.0 ppg

 ( SICP(psi) - SIDPP(psi) ) 
Influx wei ght (ppg)  MW ( ppg )   
 Height of influx (ft)  0.052 
 ( 1044 (psi) - 680 (psi) ) 
 15( ppg )   
 400 (ft)  0.052 
 2.3 ppg

Therefore, the influx is probably “gas.”

PROBLEM 15

Determine the type of the influx using the following data:

Shut-in casing pressure= 1100 psi , Height of influx = 550 ft

Shut-in drill pipe pressure = 850 psi , Mud weight = 14 ppg

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Shut in Horizontal well

Gas Circulated into Vertical Section

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Shut In Pressures - Gas in Horizontal Section

Shut In Pressures- Gas in Vertical Section

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Shut in data
SIDPP : Shut In Drill pipe Pressure
SICP : Shut In Casing Pressure
PIT GAIN
SIDPP : Tells you how much the formation pressure is greater than mud
hydrostatic in drillpipe. (Underbalance in String)
SICP : Tells you how much the formation pressure is greater than
hydrostatic in the annulus. (Underbalance in Annulus)
PIT GAIN : size of influx at shut in
What Effects Shut in Pressures

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Pressure stabilization

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Gas migration
• Gas is lighter than the mud and will try to migrate up the hole.
• The speed of migration will depend on;
– mud properties- weight and viscosity
– hole angle
• The gas cannot expand so will carry Formation Pressure upwards
causing ;
SICP to increase
BHP to increase
SIDPP to increase (if no Float)

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How Can You See Gas migration

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Gas Behavior
Free Gas Expansion in an open well

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Free Gas Expansion in an open well

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Free Gas Expansion in an open well

No Gas Expansion in a closed well

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Shut-in the well Procedure
Reason for shut in

 To prevent blowout (stop intrusion of the formation fluids into the well bore)

 Applying a trapped or back pressure on the Surface on both sides of the “U” tube
SICP, SIDPP. to be taken so that the well can be killed with heavier mud.

 There are two common API policies for shut in are:-

1- soft shut in.

2- hard shut in.

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Shut-in the well Procedure / Applying (In Drilling)

(Soft shut in.)

(Preparation) Line up with Remote Choke Open .

1- Position drill string.
2- Shut down the pumps.
3- Open HCR.
4- Close BOP.
5- Close adjustable choke.
6- Read and record SIDPP,SICP. & Pit gain.
* API (does not specify an annular or ram.)

2
1

4 5

Read
6 and record the
6
SICP,SIDPP. & pit gain
5
3

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Shut-in the well Procedure / Applying (In Drilling)

(Hard shut in)

(Preparation) Line up with Remote Choke Closed .
1-Position drill string.
2-shut down mud pumps.
3-close BOP.
4-Open HCR.
5-Read and record the SICP,SIDPP. & pit gain
* API (does not specify an annular or ram) .

2
1

Read and record the

5
SICP,SIDPP. & pit gain
4

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Shut-in the well Procedure / Applying (In Trip)

(Soft shut in.)

(Preparation) line up with Remote Choke Open .
1- Install an open drill pipe safety valve.
2- Close the safety valve.
3- Position drill string.
4- Open HCR.
5- Close BOP.
6- Close adjustable choke.
7- read and record, SIDPP, SICP. & Pit gain
* API (does not specify an annular or ram)

2 1

5 6

Read and record the

7
SICP,SIDPP. & pit gain
4

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Shut-in the well Procedure / Applying (In Trip)

(Hard shut in)

(Preparation) line up with Remote Choke Close.

1-Install an open drill pipe safety valve.
2-Close the safety valve.
3-Position drill string.
4-Close BOP.
5-Open HCR.
6-read and record, SIDPP, SICP. & Pit gain
* API (does not specify an annular or ram)

2 1

Read and record the

6
SICP,SIDPP. & pit gain
5

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 Soft V’s Hard
Hard- shut in Soft - shut in
1. Quicker (but so much hammer 1. Slower.
effect on formation)
2. Smaller influx. 2. Larger influx.
3. Easier to remember. 3. Reduce hammer effect.

Section 6 / Kill Methods

Principle of kill method

 Restore primary control.
How?
1- Clean out influx.
2- Replace old mud with kill mud at all time.
 At all times maintain correct BHP.
How?
Use approved kill method one that Maintains Correct And Constant BHP.
Well Kill Methods
1- Driller’s method.
2- Wait & Weight method.
Driller’s Method : (Two Circulation's)

 1st Circulation: clean out influx by original mud weight. The time of it’s (bottom
up only)

2nd Circulate: is a complete cycle by kill mud weight.

After 1st Circulation , SICP. = SIDPP.

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Driller’s Method Procedure
Driller’s Method : 1st Circulation (Original Mud Wt.)

First circulation: circulate influx out of the hole, holding bottom hole pressure (BHP)
constant using Original Mud Weight (OMW).
1- Bring the pump up to kill speed, gradually opening the chock holding the casing
pressure constant at this value (SICP).
2- When up to Kill speed , look at drill pipe pressure (ICP) hold it constant at this
value for bottom up.
3- After circulation bottom up finished , stop the pump reducing the pump speed.
gradually closing the chock , maintaining the casing pressure constant .Record
pressure , SIDDP and SICP
4- At this stage the well is ‘’not killed’’, the SIDPP and SICP should be the same and
equal to the original SIDPP if the influx has been fully circulated out of the annulus.
5- If annulus is not clean then SICP will be greater than SIDPP.
Note : During the first circulation ,the active mud system is weighted up from the
(OMW) to the Kill Mud Weight (KMW) .
Formulae required :
 Calculate the Kill Mud Weight
KMW (ppg) = OMW (ppg) + ( SIDDP (psi) / 0.052 X TVD (ft) )
 Calculate the Initial Circulating Pressure.
ICP (psi) = SCRP (psi) + SIDPP (psi)
 Calculate the Final Circulating Pressure.
FCP (psi) = SCRP x (KMW (ppg) /OMW(ppg))
 Calculate the surface–to–bit strokes.
Strokes = Drill string volume(bbl) / Pump Output (bbl/stk)
 Calculate the time to pump surface to bit.
Time = Total strokes from surface to bit / Strokes per minute

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 -------CIRCULATION

Second Circulation : ( Kill Mud Weight , KMW).

First Part : ( Pumping Kill Mud Weight from Surface to Bit).
1- Line up suction with kill mud.
2- Bring the pump to kill rate, gradually opening the chock holding the
casing pressure constant at this value (SICP ).
3- Reset zero counter when surface lines have been displaced.
4- When pump to kill rate ,pump kill mud from Surface to Bit maintaining
casing pressure constant.
5- When Kill Mud Weight (KMW) reaches the bit or follow a DP Pressure
Step Down. At this point Drill pipe pressure will be at (FCP).

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Second Part :
1- Pumping Kill Mud Weight from Bit to Surface After that ,We need to hold
drill pipe pressure constant equal to (FCP). then continue circulating with
constant drill pipe pressure until kill mud weight reaches at surface.
2- When the Kill Mud Weight (KMW) reaches surface , stop the pump
reducing pump speed , gradually closing the chock maintaining casing
pressure constant .
3- Record pressure If the well is successfully Killed, both drill pipe and casing
pressure will be zero. lf not, there is some influx still in the well .
4- Open and observe the well. Add trip margin before resuming normal
operation.
.

-------CIRCULATION

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [71] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

Procedure Wait & Weighted Method
Formula required :
 Calculate the Kill Mud Weight
KMW (ppg) = OMW (ppg) + ( SIDDP (psi) / 0.052 X TVD (ft) )
 Calculate the Initial Circulating Pressure(ICP).
ICP (psi) = SCRP (psi) + SIDPP (psi)
 Calculate the Final Circulating Pressure(FCP).
FCP (psi) = SCRP x (KMW (ppg) /OMW(ppg))
 Calculate the surface–to–bit strokes.
Strokes = Drill string volume(bbl) / Pump Output (bbl/stk)
 Calculate the bit–to–shoe strokes.
Strokes = Drill string volume(bbl) / Pump Output (bbl/stk
 Calculate the surface–to–bit strokes.
Strokes = Open hole annulus volume(bbl) / Pump Output (bbl/stk
 Calculate the bit –to–surface strokes.
Strokes = Annulus volume(bbl) / Pump Output (bbl/stk
 Calculate the step drop pressure /100 strokes.
= [(ICP – FCP) X 100] / surface to bit strokes
Kill Procedure (Wait & Weighted Method)
1- Line up suction with kill mud.
Bring the pump to kill rate, gradually opening the chock holding the
casing pressure constant at value (shut in casing pressure , SICP ).
2- Reset zero counter when surface lines have been displaced.
3- When pump to kill speed , pump kill mud from Surface to Bit maintaining
drill pipe pressure as per step down schedule (during this step drill pipe
pressure will fall from ICP to FCP .
4- When the Kill Mud Weight (KMW) reaches surface , stop the pump
reducing pump speed , gradually closing the chock maintaining casing
pressure constant .
5- Record pressure , SIDDP and SICP both should be equal to zero.
6- Open and observe the well. Add trip margin before resuming normal
operation.

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [72] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

practice practical

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [73] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

Use of Kill Sheet :
 Pre-recorded information
– SPP , Pump output , Drill string capacity , Annular capacity
 Post kick information
– SIDPP , SICP , Pit gain , Time
 Calculate:
– KWM = SIDPP/0.052/TVD + OWM
– ICP = SPP + SIDPP
– FCP = SPP*KWM/OWM
 Plot Pressure Decline Schedule– Date– Pressure limitations
– Circulation times
– Number of strokes
 Index
 Well Control Formulas
 Kill Sheet Surface Vertical

Section 7 / Kill Sheet

Use of Kill Sheet :

 Pre-recorded information
– SPP
– Pump output
– Drill string capacity
– Annular capacity
 Post kick information
– SIDPP
– SICP
– Pit gain
– Time
 Calculate:
– KWM = SIDPP/0.052/TVD + OWM
– ICP = SPP + SIDPP

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [74] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 – FCP = SPP*KWM/OWM
 Plot Pressure Decline Schedule– Date– Pressure limitations
– Circulation times
– Number of strokes

 Index

 Well Control Formulas

 Kill Sheet Surface Vertical

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [75] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 Well Control Exercise
Exercise 1
Original Mud density = 11.5 ppg
Well TVD = 11000 ft
Well MD = 12500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 8700 ft
Casing shoe MD = 9500 ft
Annular pressure loss = 100 psi
Calculate Equivalent circulating density .
Exercise 2
Original Mud density =11.5 ppg
Well TVD = 11000 ft
Well MD = 12500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 8700 ft
Casing shoe MD = 9500 ft
Annular pressure loss = 100 psi
Calculate Mud density with trip margin included.
Exercise 3
Mud density =11.5 ppg
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
Calculate pressure drop per foot (psi/ft) tripping out dry pipe.
Exercise 4
Mud density =11.5 ppg
Well TVD = 9700 ft
Well MD = 10500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 7000 ft
Casing shoe MD = 8500 ft
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
pipe capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft
Calculate pressure drop per foot (psi/ft) tripping out wet pipe.
Exercise 5
Well TVD = 9700 ft
Well MD = 10500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 7000 ft
Casing shoe MD = 8500 ft
Length of drill collars = 500 ft
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
Calculate level drop for pulling drill collars out of the hole (Dry).
Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [76] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
Exercise 6
Well TVD = 8900 ft
Well MD = 9500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 6000 ft
Casing shoe MD = 6500 ft
Length of drill collars = 500 ft
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
BHA capacity = 0.009 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
Calculate level drop for pulling drill collars out of the hole (WET).
Exercise 7
Mud Density = 11.5 ppg
Well TVD = 11000 ft
Well MD = 12500 ft
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
pipe capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
Formation pressure = 6400 psi
One stand length = 93 ft
Calculate number of stand which can be pulled out dry before the well
starts flowing.
Exercise 8
Mud Density = 11.5 ppg
Well TVD = 11000 ft
Well MD = 12500 ft
Metal Displacement = 0.008 bbl/ft
pipe capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft
Casing capacity = 0.148 bbl/ft
Formation pressure = 6400 psi
One stand length = 93 ft
Calculate number of stand which can be pulled out wet before the well
starts flowing.
Exercise 9
Well TVD = 9700 ft
Well MD = 10500 ft
Casing shoe TVD = 7000 ft
Casing shoe MD = 8500 ft
Mud Density = 11.0 ppg
Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [77] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
Slug Density = 12.5 ppg
pipe capacity = 0.0178 bbl/ft
length of dry pipe required = 153 ft
Calculate Slug volume required.

Exercise 10
Mud Density = 11.0 ppg
Slug Density = 12.5 ppg
Slug volume = 20 bbl
Calculate increase in mud volume in trip tank after slug.
Surface BPO Kill sheet – Vertical Well (API Field Units)
WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.11

Hole size 8½ in

Hole depth MD 13536 ft

Hole depth TVD 13536 ft

Drilling fluid density 13.7 ppg

Casing depth MD 9975 ft

Casing depth TVD 9975 ft

Drill pipe 5" capacity 0.01741 bbl/ft

Heavy wall pipe 5" 469 ft

Heavy wall pipe capacity 0.00874 bbl/ft

Drill collar length 900 ft

Drill collar capacity 0.00492 bbl/ft

Capacity open hole x drill collar 0.03001 bbl/ft

Capacity open hole x drill pipe/HWDP 0.0434 bbl/ft

Capacity casing x drill pipe 0.04721 bbl/ft

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [78] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 Fracture fluid density at casing shoe 17.3 ppg

Slow Circulating Pressure at 30 SPM 940 psi

Mud pump displacement 0.1019 bbl/stk

Pit gain 11.3 bbl

SIDP 600 psi

SICP 700 psi

Find out : By using the (Kill Sheet) all required calculations to circulate
out a kick on a safe manner is easily done .

Required strokes to displace kill fluid internal from surface to bit stk

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to stk

surface

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to shoe stk

Kill fluid density ppg

Initial circulating pressure (ICP) psi

Final circulating pressure (FCP) psi

Initial "MAASP" with drilling fluid density (Original mud weight) psi

Final "MAASP" with kill fluid density psi

Required time for complete circulation at 30 SPM min

Height of influx ft

Gradient of influx psi/ft

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [79] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.12

Hole size 8 1/2 in

Hole depth TVD 13850 ft

Hole depth MD 15000 ft

Drilling fluid density 11.7 ppg

Casing depth (9 5/8") TVD 10500 ft

Casing depth (9 5/8") MD 12150 ft

Drill pipe 5” capacity 0.01776 bbl/ft

Heavy wall pipe 5” 450 ft

Heavy wall pipe capacity 0.0088 bbl/ft

Drill collar 7 1/2" 680 ft

Drill collar capacity 0.0061 bbl/ft

Capacity open hole x drill collar 0.0332 bbl/ft

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [80] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 Capacity open hole x drill pipe/HWDP 0.0472 bbl/ft

Capacity casing x drill pipe 0.0493 bbl/ft

Slow Circulating Pressure at 30 SPM 850 psi

Mud pump displacement 0.109 bbl/stk

Pit gain 20 bbl

SIDP 750 psi

SICP 1050 psi

A leak-off test has been made, the surface leak-off pressure was 2000 psi
and the mud weight at the test was 11 ppg.

Find out : By using the (Kill Sheet) all required calculations to circulate out
a kick on a safe manner is easily done .

Required strokes to displace kill fluid internal from surface stk

to bit

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit stk

to surface

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit stk

to shoe

Kill fluid density ppg

Initial circulating pressure (ICP) psi

Final circulating pressure (FCP) psi

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [81] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 Initial "MAASP" with drilling fluid density (Original mud psi
weight)

Final "MAASP" with kill fluid density psi

Required time for complete circulation at 30 SPM min

Height of influx ft

Gradient of influx psi/ft

WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.13

HOLE DIMENSIONS

Casing Size = 13-3/8" OD (ID = 12.515”)

Casing Shoe Depth = 6,500 ft
Open Hole Diameter = 12-1/4"
Hole Depth = 9,800 ft (TVD = 9,800 ft)
Drill Collars = 8.5” OD : 2.75" ID : Length = 680 ft
Drill Pipe = 5" OD : 4.276" ID.

CAPACITIES

Drill Pipe Capacity = .01776 bbls/ft

Drill Collar Capacity = .007 bbls/ft
CSG to Pipe Annulus = .1279 bbls/ft
OH to Pipe Annulus = .1215 bbls/ft
Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [82] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
 OH to Collar Annulus = .0756 bbls/ft

PUMPING DATA

Pump Output = .15 bbls/stroke, Slow Circulating Rate Pressure at 40 SPM = 950 psi.

FRACTURE DATA

Leak Off Test Pressure = 1,800 psi, Mud Weight in Hole at Test = 10.2 ppg

KICK DATA

Present Mud Weight = 10.8 ppg

SIDPP = 800 psi
SICP = 1,000 psi
Pit Gain = 30 bbls

CALCULATE

1. Kill Mud Weight if we use 150 psi Overbalance.

2. The Fracture Mud Weight.
3. MAASP with present mud in hole.
4. Surface to Bit Strokes and Time.
5. Bit to Shoe Strokes and Time.
6. Total Circulation Strokes for Wait and Weight method.
7. Gradient of the Influx.
8. ICP and FCP
9. Complete Step Down Chart OR Graph showing reduction in Drill Pipe Pressure as Kill
Mud is pumped to the Bit.

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [83] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [84] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
1. The well is shut in and the SIDPP and SICP can be
2000 3000 2000 3000
read on the gauges.
1000 4000 1000 4000
The kill is ready to start at 40 SPM. PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

See next set of gauges. DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

30 12
20 40
10 50
9 3
2. Kill has started. SPM is 40 and 140 strokes have 0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
been pumped. 0 0 0 0 0
6
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 00 Mins
From the options given below choose the action you
would take at this time.

2000 3000 2000 3000

a. Increase SPM
b. Decrease SPM 1000 4000 1000 4000
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure
e. Carry on - all is OK! DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

30 12
20 40
10 50
9 3
0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0 1 4 0
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 3.5Mins

3. 345 strokes have been pumped, drillpipe pressure is

approx. 1500 psi. Casing pressure has fallen a small
amount

From the options given below choose the action you 2000 3000 2000 3000

would take at this time. 4000 1000 4000

1000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

30 12
a. Increase SPM 20 40
10 50
b. Decrease SPM 0 60
9 3
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0 3 4 5
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure TIME
TOTAL STROKES
e. Carry on - all is OK! 00 Hrs : 8.5 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [85] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 2000 3000 2000 3000
4. 928 strokes have been pumped and SPM is at 40.
1000 4000 1000 4000
From the options given below choose the action PSI PSI
5000 0 5000
you would take at this time. 0

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM
b. Decrease SPM 20
30
40
12
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 10 50
9 3
0 60
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0 0 9 2 8
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 28 Mins

5. Drillpipe pressure seems stable but Casing pressure 2000

2000 3000 3000
is near 800 psi.
1000 4000 1000 4000

From the options given below choose the action PSI

5000
PSI
5000
0 0
you would take at this time.
DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM
30 12
b. Decrease SPM 20 40
10 50
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 60
9 3

d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)

6
0 2 4 7 0
e. Carry on - all is OK! TIME
TOTAL STROKES
1 Hrs : 2 Mins

6. Not much change to casing pressure for a long

time.
2000 3000 2000 3000
From the options given below choose the action
you would take at this time. 1000 4000 1000 4000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000
a. Increase SPM
b. Decrease SPM DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure

d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 30 12
20 40
10 50
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0 60
9 3
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 7 5 0 0
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
3 Hrs : 7 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [86] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

7 8000 strokes made and casing pressure is fluctuating up
and down. Gas is making a lot of noise as it passes 2000 3000 2000 3000
through the choke.
1000 4000 1000 4000
From the options given below choose the action you PSI PSI
would take at this time. 0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM 30 12
20 40
b. Decrease SPM 10 50
9 3
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 60
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0 8 0 0 0
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
3 Hrs : 20 Mins

8. Casing pressure has dropped to almost zero, am I letting

2000 3000 2000 3000
in another kick?.
1000 4000 1000 4000
From the options given below choose the action you
would take at this time. PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

a. Increase SPM DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

b. Decrease SPM
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure
30 12
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 20 40
10 50
e. Carry on - all is OK!
0 60
9 3
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 9 3 0 0
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
3 Hrs : 52 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [87] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.41

HOLE DIMENSIONS

Casing Size = 9-5/8" OD (ID = 8.91")

Casing Shoe Depth = 10,100 ft
Open Hole Diameter = 8-1/4"
Hole Depth = 12,250 ft (TVD = 12,250 ft)
Drill Collars = 6" OD : 2.25 " ID : Length = 800 ft
Drill Pipe = 5" OD : 4.276 " ID.

CAPACITIES

Drill Pipe Capacity = .01776 bbls/ft

Drill Collar Capacity = .005 bbls/ft
CSG to Pipe Annulus = .0529 bbls/ft
OH to Pipe Annulus = .0418 bbls/ft
OH to Collar Annulus = .031 bbls/ft

PUMPING DATA
Pump Output = .2 bbls/stroke, Slow Circulating Rate Pressure at 35 SPM = 1,100 psi.
FRACTURE DATA
Leak Off Test Pressure = 2,300 psi. Mud Weight in Hole at Test =11.7 ppg.
KICK DATA

Mud weight in hole = 12.2 ppg

SIDPP = 750 psi
SICP = 1,050 psi
Pit Gain = 25 bbls

CALCULATE

1. Kill Mud Weight if we use 0 psi Overbalance.

2. The Fracture Mud Weight.
3. MAASP with present mud in hole.
4. Surface to Bit Strokes and Time.
5. Bit to Shoe Strokes and Time.
6. Total Circulation Strokes for Wait and Weight method.
7. Gradient of the Influx.
8. ICP and FCP
9. Complete Step Down Chart OR Graph showing reduction in Drill Pipe Pressure as Kill
Mud is pumped to the Bit.

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [88] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 2000 3000 2000 3000
1. The well is shut in and the SIDPP and SICP can be
1000 4000 1000 4000
read on the gauges. PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

The kill is ready to start at 35 SPM. DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

See next set of gauges. 30 12

20 40
10 50
9 3
0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0 0 0 0
2. Kill has started. SPM is 35 and 30 strokes have been TOTAL STROKES
TIME
00 Hrs : 00 Mins
pumped.

From the options given below choose the action you

would take at this time.
2000 3000 2000 3000

1000 4000 1000 4000

PSI PSI
a. Increase SPM 0 5000 0 5000
b. Decrease SPM DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 30 12
20 40
e. Carry on - all is OK! 10 50
9 3
0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0 0 3 0
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 2 Min
3. 80 strokes have been pumped, drillpipe pressure is
approx. 1900 psi. Did I take the right action at start-
up?

From the options given below choose the action you

2000 3000 2000 3000
would take at this time.
1000 4000 1000 4000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM 20
30
40
12
10
b. Decrease SPM 0
50
60
9 3
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 0 8
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
e. Carry on - all is OK! 00 Hrs : 3 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [89] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

4. Drillpipe and Casing pressures are now less than 2000 3000 2000 3000
immediately following start-up and SPM is 35!
1000 4000 1000 4000
PSI PSI
From the options given below choose the action you 0 5000 0 5000

would take at this time. DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM 30 12
20 40
b. Decrease SPM 10 50
9 3
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 0 1 7 0
6
e. Carry on - all is OK! TOTAL STROKES
TIME
00 Hrs : 6 Mins

5. 635 strokes made while holding 35 SPM.

2000 3000 2000 3000
From the options given below choose the action you
would take at this time. 1000 4000 1000 4000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000
a. Increase SPM
b. Decrease SPM DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure

30 12
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 20 40
10 50
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0 60
9 3
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 0 6 3 5
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 20Mins
6. Drillpipe pressure is gradually decreasing as kill
mud is pumped to the bit.

From the options given below choose the action you

would take at this time. 2000
2000 3000 3000

1000 4000 1000 4000

PSI PSI
5000 0 5000
a. Increase SPM 0

b. Decrease SPM DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 20
30
40
12
10
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0
50
60
9 3
PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 1 0 4 5
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 32 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [90] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

7. 1080 strokes pumped. 2000 3000 2000 3000

1000 4000 1000 4000

From the options given below choose the action you
PSI PSI
would take at this time. 0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

30 12
a. Increase SPM 10
20 40
50
9 3
b. Decrease SPM 0 60
PUMP RATE (SPM)
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 6
0 1 0 8 0
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure TOTAL STROKES
TIME
00 Hrs : 33 Mins
e. Carry on - all is OK!

8. Drillpipe pressure seems to have gone up over last 50

2000 3000 2000 3000
to 100 strokes! What may have happened?
1000 4000 1000 4000
From the options given below choose the action you PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000
would take at this time.
DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM
30 12
b. Decrease SPM 20 40
10 50
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 60
9 3
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
1 0
e. Carry on - all is OK! 0 1 5
TIME
TOTAL STROKES
f. Shut the well in and consider the problem 00 Hrs : 35 Mins

9. Well has been shut in and following pressures are

noted. What should I do now?
2000 3000 2000 3000
Choose from the options given below.
1000 4000 1000 4000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

a. SPM was increased too much DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

b. Driller decreased SPM
c. You opened the Choke too much 20
30
40
12
10
d. You closed the Choke too much 0
50
60
9 3
e. Drillstring is partially restricted, start up and observe PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 1 1 6 5
pressures. TIME
TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 36 Mins

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [91] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [92] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
10. Start back up to 35 SPM, these are the pressure!
2000 3000 2000 3000

From the options given below choose the action 1000 4000 1000 4000
you would take at this time. PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM 20
30 12
40
b. Decrease SPM 10 50
9 3
0 60
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 1 1 8 5
TIME
e. Carry on - all is OK! TOTAL STROKES
00 Hrs : 37 Mins

11. 2900 strokes made.

2000 3000 2000 3000
From the options given below choose the action
4000 1000 4000
you would take at this time. 1000
PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000

DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

a. Increase SPM
30 12
b. Decrease SPM 20 40
10 50
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 60
9 3
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
0 2 9 0 0
e. Carry on - all is OK! TIME
TOTAL STROKES
1 Hrs : 25 Mins

12. Casing pressure has dropped, have I done

2000 3000 2000 3000
something wrong?.
1000 4000 1000 4000
From the options given below choose the action PSI PSI
0 5000 0 5000
you would take at this time.
DRILLPIPE PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

30 12
20 40
a. Increase SPM 10 50
9 3
0 60
b. Decrease SPM PUMP RATE (SPM)
6
c. Open the Choke to obtain correct pressure 0 4 2 0 0
TIME
d. Close the Choke to obtain correct pressure TOTAL STROKES
1 Hrs : 58 Mins
e. Carry on - all is OK!
f. Shut well in and check if well is dead

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [93] …..….….………………..…….. Level one

 WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.1 (ANSWERS)

Required strokes to displace kill fluid internal from surface to bit 2150 - 2175 Stk

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to surface 5960 - 6080 Stk

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to shoe 1385 - 1410 Stk

Kill fluid density 14.6 Ppg

Initial circulating pressure (ICP) 1540 Psi

Final circulating pressure (FCP) 1002 Psi

Initial "MAASP" with drilling fluid density (Original mud weight) 1867 Psi

Final "MAASP" with kill fluid density 1400 Psi

Required time for complete circulation at 30 SPM 272 - 273 Min

Height of influx 377 Ft

Gradient of influx 0.45 psi/ft

WELL CONTROL EXERCISE NO.2 (ANSWERS)

Required strokes to displace kill fluid internal from surface to bit 2320 - 2350 stk

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to surface 6600 - 6670 stk

Required strokes to displace kill fluid in annulus from bit to shoe 1140 - 1155 stk

Kill fluid density 12.8 ppg

Initial circulating pressure (ICP) 1600 psi

Final circulating pressure (FCP) 930 psi

Initial "MAASP" with drilling fluid density (Original mud weight) 1583 psi

Final "MAASP" with kill fluid density 982 psi

Required time for complete circulation at 30 SPM 299 - 300 min

Height of influx 602 ft

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Gradient of influx 0.11 psi/ft

API (Field Unit) Rounding Rules:

Description API Units Answer Range

Kill Mud Density Round up to one decimal place No Range

Number of strokes Round to nearest full number +/- 1%

Volume Round to nearest full number +/- 1%

Fracture Pressure Round down to a full number No Range

Bottom Hole Pressure Round down to a full number No Range

Maximum Allowable Round down to one decimal

No Range
Mud Density place

MAASP Round down to a full number No Range

Dynamic MAASP Round down to a full number No Range

ICP Full Number No Range

FCP Round up to a full number No Range

Influx Gradient Psi/ft, two decimals +/- 0.01

Psi/100 strokes to nearest full

Step down Pressures +/- 1 psi/100 strokes
number

Circulation Time Round to nearest full number +/- 1 minute

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Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [101] …..….….………………..…….. Level one
 ‫دورات تطوير كوادر الحفر العراقي باستخدام مشبهات الحفر‬

Iraqi Drilling Staff Development Courses

on Drill-Sim 5000
( Level One )

Well Control Course ……….………..………..….. [102] …..….….………………..…….. Level one