11 Ratio and proportion

Alternatively, you can use equivalent ratios: 4 Amarket stall sells fruit at these prices
Yellow :Blue Mangoes
Pineapples
5:2 $2.28 for 3kg $2.48for 4kg Bananas
$2.10 for
What is the total cost of 2kg of bananas Skg
Divide by 5
to get the 1:0.4 3kg of mangoes and 2kg of pineapples?
ratio in the
form 1: n. x 28 5 a Use this table to convert between
28: 11.2
US dollars ($) and British pounds (£)
70.00
Multiply both
numbers by 28.
104.00
46.20 54.12

b Iexchange 400 US dollars ($) for 3688

South African rand (R).
Exercise 11B At the same rate of exchange
1 The values of x and yare directly proportional. i how many dollars would I get for
Copy and complete these tables. R3227
a ji how many rand would Iget for $4S02
6 30
6 Agrey paint is a mixture of white and black
y 24 4 paint in the ratio 13:5.
b If 32 litres of black paint are used, how Many
X 2 9 litres of white paint are needed to make the
14 56 grey paint?
C 7 A river that is 3.2 cm long on a map is 14.4km
X 5
long in real life. The same map shows a road
2.4 3.3 that is 10.8 km long in real life. What is the
length of the road on the map?
d
X 12 2

18 5.4 3
In the example with the apples, just before Example 5,
we used this table.
2 a If 16tickets cost $280, what do 7 tickets
cost?
Number of apples, x 2 4 12 10
b If5 pens cost $6.45, what do 7 pens cost?
If 8 boxes of chocolates have a mass of Cost of apples, y(In cents) 60120360 300
1.8 kg, what is the mass of 15 boxes?
d 2.5 litres of paint cover 37.5 m² of wall. It is clear that, when we plot Notice that the
What area would 7 litres of paint cover? these values as a graph, it will multiplier qoing down
pass through the origin. If you the table is 30.
3 Ichange 80 US dollars ($) into 57.60 euros (¬). have no apples it will cost nothing.
a How many euros would I get for $30?
How many dollars would I get for ¬288? You can work out the equation of the line connecting
Plot these values on a graph, showing the variables. If you label the cost as variable yand te
dollars on the horizontal axis and euros on number of apples as variablex, you can draw the gray
the vertical axis. like this:
d Draw a line through the three points you
have plotted.
If you extend the line in partd, does it
pass through the origin?
f Use the line to estimate how many euros
you would get for $73.

190
 11 Ratio and
(12,360)Y
proportion
y 350
(cents)
Cost,
300 (10,300) b Use the graph to find the
250 Increase equation relating
volume of paint to area covered,
in y in the
200 form y= Mx.
150 (4,120) 300-120
180 Use this equation to find the
area you
100 (2,660) Inereasein would expect 8 litres of paint to cover.
10-4 d Use the equation to
50 find how much paint
you would need to cover an area
123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 of
48 square metres.
Number of apples, x What area does 11itre of paint cover?
You learned how to Work out the gradient ofa line in Compare your answer to part e to the
gradient of the line.
Chapter8.
increase in y 3 Ichange 80 US dollars ($) into 64
The gradient of the line is insrease in x 180 =30 euros (¬).
6 Assuming the exchange rate doesn't change,
complete the following.
Notice that the gradient of the line is Draw a graph to show this information,
to the multiplier going down the table. equal with euros on the x-axis and US dollars
on the y-axis.
b Find the equation connecting number of
So the equation of the line is y = 30x.
euros and number of US dollars, in the
This equation can be used to find the cost of. for form y = mx.
example, 7 apples. Simply substitute x =7 into the C Using the graph, find how many:
equation: y=30 ×7=210. So the cost of 7apples is euros Iwould get for $73
210 cents. ii US dollars Iwould get for ¬31
d Repeat part Cusing the equation. Which
method is more accurate?
Exercise 11c
1 x and y are directly proportional. 4 x andyare directly proportional.
14
X 5 8
7.5 20 035
y 6 15 24
Find the equation connecting x and y in
Find the multiplier from x to y. the formy= mx.
b Plot the values in the table on a graph.
(Hint: you may find it helpful to draw
Draw the line passing through the points. the graph.)
C Extend the line drawn in part b. Does it b Using the equation, find the value of
pass through the origin? i y when x=5
d Find the gradient of the graph. ii xwhen y = 23
e Were your answers to parts a and d the
same? 5) Barrel A and Barrel B are both cylindrical,
f Write down the equation of the graph in but different sizes.
the formy= m.
8 Using the equation, find the value of y
when x =7.
n Using the equation, find the value of x
when y = 33.
2 The volume of paint and the area the paint Barrel A Barrel B
cOvers are directly proportional. A5-litre tin Water was poured into each barrel at a constant
of paint covers 60 square metres. rate. The rate was the same for both barrels.
a Draw a graph to show this information, When the water was stopped, one of the barrels
with volume of paint, in , on the x-axis was completely ful. The other was not.
and area covered, in m', on the y-axis.

191
 11 Ratio and
Example 8 takes
It long
1Obuilders 6
daysto build a wal.
willit take 4 builders to build a
1)It takes 10 minutes to fill a
proportion
sweets. He could eat them How
similarwall?
Joey has 48share them with his all using 4 taps. How long 200-litre tank
could
orhe them between 4people, they would
shares
If friends. hiheeachmself whether each of these pairs of
Decide are more likely to be directly
variables
would it take to fill a
500-litre tank using 2taps?
get 12sweets. This information is shown in the 4
proportionalorinversely proportional. 2Which
betweenequation
hand k?represents inverse
table.
6taps
take20 minutes to fill up a water h=kx hk 8
proportion
tank. h=k
Numberof 48
12 30 English pounds equals $41.70 h=k-8
Sweets, s b takes 55 seconds to run alap of a 13
J athlete canteen has enough food to feed 80
Numberof 1 2 3 track. each for 60days. people
people,n 4
4 friends
take 1 hour to clean the house. will last if 20 extraCalculate how long the food
Complete thetable and explain whether the
d
15 days. people join the group arer
takes 8 m
machines 6 minutes to complete a
and the number of L4 It takes 42 days for 12
number ofsweets, s people, 6 It
long will it take 12 machines?
nare inversely or directly
proportional job.How
the same field was filledgoats to graze a field. lf
Ittakes
15 4
54-litre buckets of water to fill afish of goats, it would take with 16 sheep instead
the
6
tank. How many
6-litre buckets of water will the field. How long will 18same time to graze
same tank?
take to graze the same goats and 4 sheep
Numberof 48 24 16
12 be needed to fill the
sweets,s field?
takes Priyanka about 9 hours to write 15 xis inversely
7 It
When x= 15,proportional
Number of
y= 24. to y.
1 2 3 How many chapters
people,n
4
chapters of her novel.
2 hours?
proportional because the will she write in 22.5 Find the value of x when y =20.
s and nareeinversely 50kphfor 30
product of s and n is always 48. QSanjay travels at a speed of would it take to
minutes. How many minutes
travel|the same distance if he was travelling at Investigation
For the purposes of the neXt exercIse, assume kph? In Exercise 11C you looked at what the graph would
aspeed of75 look like if two values were dírectiy proportional.
evervthing and everyone works at the same speed or different
rate.
9 Susan draws several rectangles of Investigate what the graph would look like if two
lengths and widths. Allthe rectangles have the values are inversely proportional.
same area. Explain why the length and width
Exercise 11D of the rectangles she draws are inversely
proportional to each other.
1 It takes 3 electricians 15 hours to rewire a
building. 10 mis inversely proportional to b. Whenm= 20,
How long would it take: b=36.
1electrician a Copy and complete this table of values.
b 5 electricians?

2 Decide whether each of these tables shows 20 5

direct or inverse proportion. Explain your 36 60

reasonS.
X 1 2 3 4 b)Write down a formula showing the
relationship between mand b. Write mas
10 20 30 40
the subject of the formula.
X 12 3 4

24 12 6
(

X 4

i 16 4 2