Global Demography
DEMOGRAPHY However, improved contraception, abortion acceptance, and 8. Population Pyramid
weaker traditional beliefs have lessened fertility's impact in many A vertical bar chart showing population distribution by:
The scientific study of the determinants and consequences of places.. Age (bottom = young; top = old)
human population trends. Sex (left = male; right = female)
The statistical study of human populations: their size,
composition, and how they change through the interplay of 1. Fertility Example Types:
fertility, mortality, and migration. The ability to have children through natural sexual activity.
Shape Meaning
Women: fertile from early teens to mid-40s.
Men: fertile much longer, but sperm count may decrease with
Wide base, narrow High birth rate, low life expectancy
THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION age. top (developing country)
Rectangle Stable population (developed country)
Thomas Robert Malthus 2. Baby Boom Narrow base Low birth rate (aging population)
The current idea on the population question started with him. A dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number
An English cleric, scholar, and influential economist in political of births.
economy and demography. 9. Zero Population Growth
In the United States and even the Philippines, this occurred
A population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved
Authored the 1798 book An Essay on the Principle of Population. during the period following World War II (1946 to 1964).
when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration.
An Essay on the Principle of Population 3. Birth Rate
First published anonymously in 1798, the author was soon The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year.
identified as Thomas Robert Malthus. Number of individuals born in a population in a given amount of
Malthus broadly affirmed that population in a given nation time.
develops at a geometric rate while food flexibly grows just Not to be confused with the growth rate.
numerically.
The outcome would be unavoidably deficiencies, hunger, 4. Death Rate
starvation, and epidemics. The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.
5. Growth Rate
INTRODUCTION TO THE GROWTH OF HUMAN POPULATION The number of persons added to or subtracted from a
population in a year due to natural increase and net migration.
The human population grew rapidly during the Industrial
Revolution, not only because the birth rate increased, but 6. Life Expectancy
because the death rate began to fall. The average number of additional years a person of a given
age could expect to live if current mortality trends were to
continue for the rest of that person’s life.
MORTALITY AND FERTILITY: COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
7. Age-Sex Structure
Key Concepts to Understand: The composition of a population as determined by the number
Fertility, mortality, and migration mainly determine population or proportion of males and females in each age category.
growth.
Migration
WHAT IS MIGRATION? 2. Life Cycle
The movement of people across a specified boundary to establish a new or semi-permanent Life stages like retirement, parental duties, or schooling influence migration
residence. (Bogue, 1969) Example: Parents may migrate for children's education
Movement of people from one place to another in the world. (National Geographic Society) Haour-Knipe and Davies (2008): Life events affect why people stay or leave a country
Key Point: Migration is a major factor in how a population changes in size and structure, just like birth 3. Household
(fertility) and death (mortality). Households help decide who migrates
Economic reasons are usually the main factor
They may send the most “fit” or skilled member to work abroad
2 TYPES OF MIGRATION
4. Networks
Refers to social connections (family, friends, communities)
Type Description Example
Networks help migrants adjust and reduce risks
Immigration Inflow – moving into a country A Filipino moves to the US to work Provide support like:
Emigration Outflow – leaving a country A Filipino leaves for Canada to live Housing
Job info
Emotional comfort
Remember:
Immigrant = one who comes in
Emigrant = one who goes out
FACTORS THAT AFFECT IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
Push and Pull Factors
Push factors = reasons to leave a place (e.g., war, poverty)
Pull factors = reasons to go to a new place (e.g., jobs, safety)
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Differences in age and sex affect and are affected by migration.
Example: Young adults are more likely to migrate than elderly people.
MOTIVATIONS FOR MIGRATION
1. Marital Status
Getting married = common reason to move
Couples often migrate for a new start or better life
Being single = more freedom to explore opportunities elsewhere
Global Cities
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY? GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL CITIES
An urban center that holds significant competitive advantages and acts as a hub in the global
economic system. Characteristics Explanation
The term comes from research in the 1980s about the common traits of the world’s most influential
cities. (Britannica) International fame Known worldwide by name (e.g., “New York,” “Tokyo”)
Active in global affairs Participates in major events (e.g., hosts UN offices)
According to Saskia Sassen (2005): Large population Densely populated and diverse
A central site for:
Advanced services (finance, management, legal, advertising, etc.)
Major international airport Example: London Heathrow, a hub for global travel
Telecommunications Advanced transportation Highways, railways, subways, public transit
Key location for:
Financial institutions Home to international banks, law firms, stock exchanges
Global economic activities
High concentration of people and cultures
Modern communication systems Reliable internet, media, corporate networks
Global population flow (tourism, migration, work, etc.) Cultural institutions World-class museums, universities, theaters, etc.
Influential media outlets Like The New York Times, BBC, CNN
A Global City is not just a big city—it’s a place where business, culture, communication, and power
meet globally. Sports and events facilities Can host Olympics, World Cups; has famous sports teams
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY (SASSEN, 2005) EXAMPLES OF GLOBAL CITIES
Cultural diversity – People from different cultures live and work together.
Center of economy – The city is home to headquarters of large businesses and banks.
City Why It’s a Global City
Geographic dispersal – Economic activities are spread across the globe but managed or influenced
New York UN Headquarters, Wall Street, Broadway
from the global city.
Global reach performance – The city influences or interacts with other countries globally. London Financial hub, Heathrow Airport, media
Tokyo High-tech industries, large economy
Paris Fashion, culture, political influence
Singapore Trade hub, finance, modern infrastructure
Dubai Global tourism and business hub in the Middle East
