Forensic Toxicology
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Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 2. Methods
Introduction
Capillary Electrophoresis: Basic Principles
Glossary
Introduction
Fundamentals of Capillary Electrophoresis
Background Electrolytes
Modes of Separation in Electrophoresis
Instrumentation and Sample Handling
Future Directions
See also
Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Chemistry
Introduction
Applications
See also
Chromatography: Basic Principles
6
Glossary
Introduction
Classification of Chromatographic Techniques
Chromatographic Distribution Equilibria
Band Broadening in Chromatography
Additional Comments on Band Broadening
Optimization of Chromatographic Performance
See also
Liquid and Thin-Layer Chromatography
Introduction
Column (or Liquid–Solid) Chromatography
HPLC and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography
See also
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Introduction
Ionization Techniques
Sample Preparation and Injection Techniques
Matrix Effects
Overview of State-of-the-Art LC–MS Instrumentation
Application of LC–MS to Forensic Sciences
See also
7
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Glossary
Introduction
Multiplied Powers
Different Ways of Looking at Data
Requirements
Instrumentation
Forensic Applications
See also
Nonchromatographic Separation Techniques
Glossary
Introduction
Physical Separations
Volatile Materials
Chemical Separations
See also
Spectroscopic Techniques
Glossary
Introduction
Identification of Substances
Quantification of Substances
Related Techniques
8
See also
Spectroscopy: Basic Principles
Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
Matter
Interaction Between Radiation and Matter
Instrumentation and Techniques
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 3. Pharmacology and Drugs
Introduction
Analysis of Controlled Substances
Introduction
Analytical Strategy
Physical Examination
Presumptive Tests
9
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Quantitative Chromatographic Analysis
Mass Spectrometry
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Conclusions
See also
Classification
Introduction
Natural Drugs
Semisynthetic Drugs
Synthetic Drugs
See also
Designer Drugs
Introduction
Designer Drugs of Various Structural Types
Forensic Relevance
Conclusions
10
See also
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Drugs
Introduction
Affinity, Efficacy, and Potency
Antagonism and Potentiation
Signal Transduction
Tolerance and Dependence
Conclusions
See also
Volatile Substances and Inhalants
Diagnosis of VSA
See also
Alcohol Congeners and the Source of Ethanol
Introduction
Congener Content of Beverages
Methods
Disposition
Hip Flask Defense
See also
Herbal Psychoactive Substances
Introduction
11
Traditional Drugs of Abuse of Herbal Origin
Emerging and Popular Herbal Drugs of Abuse
Analytical Methods
Summary and Conclusion
See also
Herbal Medicines and Phytopharmaceuticals—Contaminations
Introduction
Common Forms of Contamination/Adulterants
Analytical Strategy
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 4. Matrices
Introduction
Blood
Introduction
Types of Blood Specimens
12
Drug Monographs
See also
Urine and Other Body Fluids
Introduction
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids for Alcohol
Urine
Saliva/Oral Fluid
Vitreous Humor
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Synovial Fluid
Bile
Liver and Other Tissues
Sequestered Hematomas
Stomach Contents
Putrefactive Blisters
Sweat
Tears
See also
Blood
13
Introduction
Blood Collection
Analysis
See also
Breath Alcohol
Glossary
Introduction
Historical Aspects
Alcohol in the Blood and Breath
Analytical Methods
Types of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments
Forensic Issues
Conclusion
See also
Metabolites of Ethanol
Introduction
EtG
EtS
EtP
FAEEs
PEth
Summary and Conclusion
14
See also
Oral Fluid
Introduction
What Is Oral Fluid?
Collection of Oral Fluid
Factors Affecting Drug Presence in Oral Fluids
Applications of Oral Fluid Drug Testing
Analytical Testing Methods
See also
Drugs in Hair
Introduction
Biology of Hair
Hair Analysis
Applications
Conclusion
See also
Postmortem Blood
Introduction
Sample Collection and Chain of Custody
Toxicology Testing
Postmortem Changes in Drug Concentration
15
See also
Urine
Introduction
Urine Specimen Characteristics and Specimen Integrity
Application of Immunoassays to Urine Drug Testing
Application of GC-MS in Urine Drug Testing
Correlation of Immunoassay and GC-MS Test Results
Issues in the Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing Results
See also
Postmortem Specimens
Introduction
Blood, Serum, and Plasma
Urine
Vitreous Humor
Bile
The Liver
The Brain
Lungs
The Kidney
Skeletal Muscle
Other Tissues and Fluids
Special Considerations
16
See also
Behavioral Toxicology
What Is Behavioral Toxicity?
Mechanisms of Action
Alcohol
Stimulants (Amphetamines and Cocaine)
Anabolic Steroids
Hallucinogens
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Psychoses
Tolerance and Withdrawal
See also
Stomach Contents Analysis
Procedures for the Examination of Gastric Contents and Vomit Stains
Microscopic Examinations
Gastric Enzyme Screening Test
Case Studies
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
17
Discussion Questions
Section 5. Interpretation
Introduction
Measurement Uncertainty
Glossary
Measurement
Measurement to Meaning
Measurement Uncertainty
Meaning Requires Uncertainty
See also
Postmortem Toxicology: Artifacts
Introduction
The Prefinal Phase
The Corpse
The Sample
The Compound
The Analytical Assay
Conclusions
See also
18
Interpretation of Results
Glossary
Introduction
Forensic Urine Drug Testing
Human Performance Toxicology
Postmortem Toxicology
See also
Methods of Analysis—Initial Testing
Glossary
Introduction
Sample Selection
Immunoassays
Sample Extraction
Screening by Liquid Chromatography
See also
Methods of Analysis—Confirmatory Testing
Glossary
Principles of Confirmatory Testing
Certified Reference Standards
MS in Confirmatory Testing
Internal Standardization
Minimum Required Identification Criteria
19
