Management

- Art
- Common problems – learning to trust others, learning how to
work through offers, how to take satisfaction in the work of
others
-
Engineering
- science
Become Good Managers
- effective career planning
- develop new talents, acquire new values, broaden your point
of view
- essential attribute of a project manager is LEADERSHIP
- if appointed division manager your first task is to SET GOALS
- for a project manager to achieve his given set of goals through
other people, he must have a good INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
- type of conflict that managers encounter when there is
disagreement on issues of territorial power or hidden agenda
is POLITICS
- EFFECTIVENESS – description of whether the objectives are
accomplished – meets the deadline
- EFFICIENT – less input but same output
- INTUITION AND SUBJECT JUDGEMENT – a technique manager
uses when evaluating alternative using QUALITATIVE
evaluation
- RATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES – a technique
manager uses when evaluating alternative using
QUANTITATIVE evaluation
-

Planning
- anticipating problems, analyzing them, estimating their impact
Top Management
- Strategic Planning
Middle Management
- Intermediate Planning
Lower Management
- Operational Planning
Strategic Planning
- process of determining the major goals of the organization and
the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to
achieve those goals
Intermediate Planning
- process of determining the contributions that subunits can
make with allocated resources
Operational Planning
- process of determining how specific tasks can best be
accomplished on time with available resources
-
Organizing
 - interrelationships with people and things in such a way that
human and resources are focused towards achieving the goal
of the company
Staffing
- involves selecting candidates and training personnel
Directing
- involves orienting personnel and channeling resources
Controlling
- actual performance = original plan; it is necessary to check for
deviation and corrective action
Leading
- management function is to encourage others to follow the
example set for them
Free-rein Style Leadership
- advantages: little managerial control and high degree of risk
Motivation
- principal function of lower management is to instill in the
workforce a commitment and enthusiasm for pursuing the
goals of the organization
Project Management
- refers to the collection of tolls and techniques that are used on
a predefined set of inputs to produce a predefined set of
outputs
- elements: Data and information, decision making,
implementation and action
- must have the following skills: Communication, Human
Relationship, and Leadership skills
- R&D – Research and Development
- O&M – Operation and Maintenance
Operations Management
- Defined as the process of planning, organizing, and controlling
operations to reach objective efficiently and effectively
Life Cycle Model
- simple yet effective means of monitoring and controlling a
project at each stage of its development
- WATERFALL MODEL – the most relevant for information
technology project
Moris Life Cycle
- Divided into 4 stages to be performed in sequence
- Stage 1: Feasibility
Project Quality Management
Quality Planning
- Project integration management
Quality Assurance

Quality Control
Management Information System
- Organized method in providing past, present, and projected
information on internal operations and external intelligence for
use in decision-making
Departmentalization/Departmentation
- Partitioning an organization into subunits to improve efficiency
- Decentralizes authority, responsibility, and accountability
Division of Labor
- Engineer manager must be concerned with the determining
the scope of words and how it is combined in a job
Ad hoc Committee
- Type of committee companies or corporations created for a
short-term purpose only
Standing Committee
- Deals with issues on an on-going basis
PERFORMANCE TEST
- test that is used to measure a person’s current knowledge of a
subject
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM
- Combination of on-the-job training and experience with
classroom instruction in particular subject
Functional Authority
- Refers to a specialist’s right to oversee lower-level personnel
involved in the project regardless of the personnel assignment
in the organization
Staff Authority
- Consultant or specialist gives advice to his superior
Line Authority
- Refers to manager’s right to tell subordinates what to do and
then see that they do it
Corporate Mission
- Identifies why an organization exists, its philosophy of
management, and its purpose as distinguished from other
similar organizations in terms of products, services and
markets

Decision Theory
- Explores how individuals and organizations make choices,
particularly in uncertain or complex situations
Sampling Theory
- Quantitative technique where samples of populations are
statistically determined to be used for a number of processes,
such as quality control and marketing research

Physiological Need
- The need of employees for food, drinks, and rest
Benchmark Method
- Best suited for projects that contain many repetitions of some
standard activities
Functional Organization
- Each unit should specialize in a specific area and perform all
the tasks that require its expertise?
- Everyone engaged in one functional activity, such as
engineering or marketing into one unit
 - Effective in similar firms especially “single business firms”
where key activities resolve around well-defined skills areas of
specialization
- Advantage: Rapid reaction time possible
- Disadvantage: Inefficient use of specialists
Product Organization
- Each project is assigned to a single organizational unit, and
the various functions are performed by personnel within the
unit
Matrix Organization
- Provides a sound basis for balancing the use of human
resources and skills
- Can lead to a DUAL BOSS PHENOMENON
- Project manager is held responsible for completion of the
project and is often assigned a budget
- Advantage: Rapid reaction organization
- Disadvantage: Inefficient use of specialists
Projectized Organization
- Advantage: Efficient use of technical personnel
- Disadvantage: Slower workflow
Linear Responsibility Chart
- Important tool for design and implementation of the project’s
work content
Critical Path Method (CPM) (1957)
- Network model enables engineer managers to schedule,
monitor, and control large and complex projects by using only
one time factor per activity
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)(1958)
- Enables engineer managers to schedule, monitor, and control
large and complex projects by employing three time estimate
for each activity

Risk Management
- Controlling risk
- Insurance is a form of RISK SHARING
- Any technique used either to minimize the probability of an
accident or to mitigate its consequences
Risk – Benefit Analysis
- Techniques that encompass risk assignment and the inclusive
evaluation of risks, costs, and benefits of alternative projects
or policies
-
Staffing
- Management function that determines human resources
needs, recruits, selects, trains, and develops human resources
for jobs created by an organization
Forecasting
- Assessment of future human resource needs in relation to the
current capabilities of the organization
Programming
 - Refers to translation of the forecasted human resources needs
to personal objectives and goals
Evaluation and Control
- Monitoring human resources action plans and evaluating their
success
Recruitment
- Refers to attracting qualified persons to apply for vacant
positions in the company so that those who are best suited to
serve the company may be selected
Selection
- Act of choosing from those that are available then individuals
most likely to succeed on the job
Function of communication
Information Function
- Can be used for decision-making at various work levels in the
organization
Motivation Function
- Used as a means to motivate employees to commit
themselves to the organization objectives
Emotive Function
- Deals when feelings are repressed in the organization,
employees are affected by anxiety, which in turn affects
performance

Legitimate Power
- A person of higher position has power over persons of low
position
Reward power
- Has ability to give rewards to anybody who follows orders or
requests
Coercive Power
- A person who compels with orders through treats or
punishment
Referent Power
- When a person get compliance from another because the
latter would want to be identified with the former
Feed Forward Control
- When the management anticipates problems and prevents
their occurrence
Concurrent Control
- When the operations are already ongoing and activities to
detect variances are made
Feedback Control
- When information is gathered about a completed activity, and
in order that evaluation and steps for improvement are
derived