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Indian Economic Development Chapterwise Notes Class12

The document provides chapter-wise notes on Indian Economic Development for Class 12, covering key topics from the pre-independence economy to contemporary issues like poverty, employment, and sustainable development. It discusses the impact of historical policies, economic reforms since 1991, and various government initiatives aimed at improving human capital and rural development. Additionally, it compares India's development with that of its neighbors, highlighting lessons learned in economic growth and human capital investment.

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1K views2 pages

Indian Economic Development Chapterwise Notes Class12

The document provides chapter-wise notes on Indian Economic Development for Class 12, covering key topics from the pre-independence economy to contemporary issues like poverty, employment, and sustainable development. It discusses the impact of historical policies, economic reforms since 1991, and various government initiatives aimed at improving human capital and rural development. Additionally, it compares India's development with that of its neighbors, highlighting lessons learned in economic growth and human capital investment.

Uploaded by

arshavg2807
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 12 Economics – Indian Economic Development

Chapterwise Notes (Based on Sandeep Garg)

Chapter 1: Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence


- Stagnant economy, low per capita income
- British policies: deindustrialization, commercialization of agriculture
- Poor infrastructure, high dependency on agriculture
- Low literacy, poor health facilities

Chapter 2: Indian Economy (1950-1990)


- Planned development (Five-Year Plans)
- Public sector role, import substitution, industrial licensing
- Agriculture: Land reforms, Green Revolution
- Issues: Inefficiency, low productivity, unemployment

Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – An Appraisal


- LPG reforms introduced in 1991
- Liberalisation: Deregulation of industries
- Privatisation: Disinvestment
- Globalisation: Integration with world economy
- Impact: Mixed results – growth with inequality

Chapter 4: Poverty
- Concept: Absolute and Relative poverty
- Poverty Line: Minimum consumption expenditure
- Causes: Unemployment, low income, inequality
- Govt programs: MNREGA, PMAY, etc.

Chapter 5: Human Capital Formation in India


- Investment in education, health, on-the-job training
- Role in economic growth
- Govt initiatives: SSA, Skill India, Ayushman Bharat

Chapter 6: Rural Development


- Focus on agriculture, irrigation, credit, marketing
- Self Help Groups (SHGs), rural infrastructure
- Govt schemes: PMGSY, NABARD, NRLM
Chapter 7: Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues
- Types: Formal vs Informal, Self vs Wage employment
- Unemployment: Types (disguised, seasonal, etc.)
- Employment generation: Govt initiatives

Chapter 8: Infrastructure
- Physical (roads, electricity) and Social (education, health)
- Role in economic development
- Challenges: Low access, urban-rural divide

Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development


- Environmental degradation and its causes
- Sustainable development: Concept and need
- Policies: Use of renewable resources, pollution control

Chapter 10: Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours


- Comparison: India, China & Pakistan
- Indicators: GDP, sectoral contribution, literacy, health
- Lessons: Focus on human capital, reforms, balance in growth

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