7.

Using soil geochemistry to

investigate gold and base metal
distribution and dispersal in
the glaciated north of Ireland

Michael Dempster,1 Mark Cooper,2 Paul Dunlop1 and

Andreas Scheib3

How to cite this chapter: Soil geochemistry is routinely and effectively used for mineral prospecting in areas of glaci-
Dempster, M., Cooper, M.R., ated terrain, notably in Canada and Finland. This study uses the Tellus and Tellus Border
Dunlop, P. and Scheib, A.J.,
soil geochemical data to investigate possible glacial dispersal of gold and base metals in the
2016 ‘Using soil geochemistry
to investigate gold and Down–Longford terrane of Ireland. Results from multivariate statistical analysis of the
base metal distribution and
data correlate well with known mineralisation and prove effective in identifying further
dispersal in the glaciated north
of Ireland’ in M.E. Young areas of potentially high prospectivity. Dispersal of gold and base metals is identified,
(ed.), Unearthed: impacts of reflecting single and multiple ice flow directions over relatively short distances (≤20 km).
the Tellus surveys of the north
of Ireland. Dublin. Royal Irish
Academy. Introduction
DOI:10.3318/ Gold and base metals have been found in various geological environments in the north
978-1-908996-88-6.ch7
of Ireland (Arthurs and Earls, 2004). An important host region is the Southern Uplands
– Down–Longford (SUDL) terrane, which is composed of greywacke sandstone and mud-
stone turbidite sequences arranged in fault-bound tracts (Anderson, 2004) (Fig. 7.1). In
the past, base metal deposits have been worked most notably in the South Armagh–Mon-
aghan mining district and at the Conlig–Whitespots lead mine in north County Down.
Gold also occurs in various geological settings in the SUDL terrane in Scotland and the
Republic of Ireland.
A prospectivity analysis using Tellus soil geochemistry for the Northern Ireland outcrop
of the SUDL terrane (Lusty et al., 2012) identified areas that warrant further prospecting
in strata to the south of the Orlock Bridge Fault (Fig. 7.1). The extension of the Tellus
project into the border counties of Ireland provides the opportunity to complement and

1
Ulster University, Coleraine.
2
Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Belfast.
3
AJS Geoscience Consulting, Edinburgh.

89
Dempster et al.

Gold Igneous Bodies and Mining Areas

Donegal
A. – Conlig-Whitespots mines
Londonderry
Base metals B. – Armagh-Monaghan Mining District
Current study sample area R – Rhyolite Antrim
NIC – Newry Igenous Centre A.
Igneous bodies SG – Slieve Gullion Ar
M – Mournes Ignous Centre
Lough Neagh clay

ds
C – Carlingford Igneous Centre
Tyrone

Pe
Basalt CD – Crossdoney Igneous Centre

ninsula
Triassic sandstone and mudstone
R
Carboniferous limestone (main lithology)
R
Carboniferous siliclastic (main lithology)
Down
Greywacke, shale (SUDL terrane)
Fermanagh
Leitrim Orlock Bridge Fault
NIC
Armagh

B.

Monaghan M
SG

Leitrim
Cavan
CD Dundalk Bay
Louth

Meath
Longford

0 10 20 30 km

expand on this work by using soil geochemistry to investigate the distribution of gold and Figure 7.1. Geology, sites of
historic and current gold and
base metals across almost the whole outcrop of the SUDL terrane in Ireland.
base metal extraction and
counties in the study area.
Bedrock boundaries based
Glacial history and drift prospecting on 1:250,000 bedrock map
Prospecting in glaciated areas by chemical analysis of glacial deposits has been applied of Northern Ireland (GSNI,
with success in Canada and Finland for many years. The principal glacial material sampled 1997) and 1:100,000 bedrock
map of Ireland (GSI, 2003).
is till, which forms at the base of ice sheets from rock entrained, crushed and transported Mineral occurrences extracted
by the ice. It is this process that disperses target minerals away from their bedrock source, from GSNI and GSI databases.

perhaps for considerable distances in the direction of ice flow (Miller, 1984). These disper-
sal patterns (or ‘plumes’) can be simple linear features formed from single ice flow direc-
tions, or be fan or less distinctly shaped if they are a composite of more than one ice flow
direction. Plumes can be detected and mapped by geochemical sampling and analysis of
glacial sediments over areas much larger than the bedrock source. Combining geochemi-
cal surveys with knowledge of glacial history has allowed mineralisation to be located in
regions with little or no surface rock outcrop.
Ireland was entirely covered by ice during the Last Glacial Maximum, when the ice
sheets were most widely extended. The ice flowed in many different directions, evidence
of which is recorded in the modern landscape. The flow patterns have been categorised
into specific ice flow events (referred to as ‘flow sets’) by recent research based on the

90
 Gold and base metal dispersal by glaciation

Glacial lineation (drumlin) flow directions

Donegal

Time trangressive (fluctuating flow)

Antrim
Isochronous (sustained flow)

Tyrone
Ribbed moraine flow direction

Down
Fermanagh

Armagh

Monaghan

Leitrim
Cavan
Dundalk Bay
Louth

Meath
Longford

0 5 10 20 30 km

Figure 7.2. Ice flow directions morphology of glacial landforms, specifically drumlins that formed parallel to ice flow
over the study area. Blue
direction (e.g. Greenwood and Clark, 2009). Flow sets based on drumlins are described
represents time-transgressive
and red represents isochronous as either ‘time-transgressive’, indicating a change in the flow direction over time, or ‘iso-
drumlin flow sets with
chronous’, where the ice flowed in a single sustained direction. There are three time-trans-
associated arrows showing
ice flow directions. There are gressive and one isochronous drumlin flow sets in the study area (Fig. 7.2). Also, the pres-
three time-transgressive flow ence of ribbed moraines, which form perpendicular to ice flow, provides further evidence
sets represented by 1. solid,
2. dashed and 3. dotted blue of ice flow directions that predate drumlin formation. The dominant glacial sediment
lines and arrows. Large green deposited in north Ireland is till, which over the SUDL terrane can be up to 30 m thick
arrows denote flow directions
from ribbed moraines (after (GSNI, 1991). The main ice flow direction over the SUDL terrane was to the south and
Greenwood and Clark, 2009). south-east (Greenwood and Clark, 2009) (Fig. 7.2). It may be expected therefore that
mineral-rich material in the SUDL terrane would be dispersed in this direction from
bedrock host localities.
The geochemistry of soil developed on till can be effectively used as a proxy for the till
geochemistry (Dempster et al., 2013) and the Tellus surveys provide soil geochemical data
that can be used to study the composition of glacial sediments that are not widely exposed
in the region. This chapter applies a multivariate statistical approach to the geochemistry
of soil samples taken on till to determine if it can provide further information on the
occurrence and potential glacial dispersal of minerals across the region.

91
Dempster et al.

Method
Topsoil samples from areas of till within the flow sets that contain the SUDL terrane were
selected from the Tellus and Tellus Border data. Gold (Au) was not analysed in the topsoil
samples, so the results for the metals, semi-metals and gold pathfinder elements in the
topsoil were used in the statistical analysis. These were: silver (Ag), arsenic (As), bismuth
(Bi), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), lead (Pb), tin (Sn),
antimony (Sb) and zinc (Zn). Pathfinder elements are those that are relatively mobile and
have a close relationship with the exploration target mineral (in this case gold) and may be
present in greater quantities so are more readily detected in the soil samples.
Principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical technique commonly
used to study variability in large geochemical data sets, was used to aid interpretation.
From large data sets PCA produces a smaller number of artificial variables, called principal
components (PCs), that contain information on how elements are related within the whole
data set.
PCA produces principal component loadings that describe the relative significance of
each chemical element in the data set. The element loading values determine a score that
can be assigned to the soil sample’s location, so that groupings of high loading elements
at a sample point give high scores. The scores therefore reflect the element groupings most
closely associated with the sample point. For example, if the common gold pathfinder ele-
ments Ag, As and Bi were the three highest loadings in a given PC, the sample points with
the highest scores would have a strong association with these elements, and thus poten-
tially also with gold. The PC scores produced from the data at each sample point were
subjected to natural neighbour interpolation to produce maps that show the distribution
of the groups of linked elements.
The following section presents the results of PCA of metals, semi-metals and path-
finder elements from the combined Tellus and Tellus Border data set for almost the entire
Irish outcrop of the SUDL terrane. This examines whether or not a multivariate statistical
approach using soil geochemical data can inform gold prospecting in the north of Ireland.
It also acts as an independent means to investigate the mineral prospectivity of the study
area and, as the region is covered by thick (>30 m) till deposits, it serves to determine if the
element groups identified exhibit glacially influenced dispersal patterns.

Results
In the study area, 2089 samples are from soils developed on till. The first three PCs were
the most significant for the selected data, accounting for 63.9% of variance, and these PCs
are discussed here. On the maps, the areas that represent the high loading element associa-
tions are dark orange.
Data for Au in topsoil are not yet available for the Tellus Border survey areas (counties
Monaghan and Cavan in this study), so a direct comparison of the PCA results with Au
quantities in shallow soils is not possible. However, data are available for Au in stream

92
 Gold and base metal dispersal by glaciation

Gold stream sediment data (mg kg-1)

0–4
5 – 13
Antrim
14 – 39
40 – 111
112 – 385
386 – 1443

Gold (bedrock occurrence)

Orlock Bridge Fault
Down

Armagh
Clay Lake

Clontibret
Glengesh
Monaghan

Leitrim Cavan
Dundalk Bay
Louth
Dunany Point
Lough Lough Ramor
Oughter Clogher Head
Meath
Longford

0 5 10 20 30 km

Figure 7.3. Gold distribution sediments and are presented in Fig. 7.3. These data were subjected to natural neighbour
(interpolated) in stream
interpolation and are presented with the same gradational colour scheme as the PCA
sediments on the SUDL
terrane outcrop. results. However, this is a different sample medium from soil developed on till and streams
developed in post-glacial times do not represent primary dispersal, though it provides a
useful comparison with the PCA results.

Principal component 1
The high loading element group Pb, Ag, As and Bi (Fig. 7.4) support the presence of Au
as these elements are commonly associated with Au in a variety of geological settings
(e.g. Stone et al., 1993). Figure 7.5 shows high scores in north Down, located over the
Conlig–Whitespots lead mining area (Fig. 7.1) and extending further east, west and south.
However, Pb and Ag can show a strong association in certain geological settings without
there being significant Au enrichment, and indeed there is no evidence of such enrich-
ment in the Conlig–Whitespots mineralisation. An extension of high scores is observed
to the south of Slieve Gullion aligned north-west to south-east, parallel to the dominant
ice flow direction. A Pb, Zn and Cu prospect has been previously identified in the Ball-
infuil townland at the north-western end of this feature. This feature may be interpreted
here as a linear dispersal plume of metallic minerals, potentially including gold, and may
reflect transport associated with the Armagh Ice Stream (McCabe and Dunlop, 2006). It

93
Dempster et al.

PC1
0.45
0.4
Loading value 0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Pb Ag As Bi Sb Cd Mo Zn Sn Cu Nb

Element

PC Scores - PC1
-7.34 – -1.88
-1.87 – -0.89
Antrim
-0.88 – -0.15
-0.14 – 0.69
0.70 – 1.84
1.85 – 9.18

Gold (bedrock occurrence)

Base metals
Orlock Bridge Fault Down
Dundalk Bay ice lobe
Direction of glacial dispersion
Clay Lake
Clontibret Armagh

Glengesh

Monaghan

Leitrim Cavan

Dundalk Bay
Louth
Dunany Point
Lough Lough Ramor
Oughter Clogher Head
Meath
Longford

0 5 10 20 30 km

shows a close association with the Carboniferous limestone outcrop in this region also and Figure 7.4. Element loadings
for principal component 1,
is truncated at the coast, suggesting it continues offshore. Further south-west, a second
SUDL terrane metals and
plume extends south-east before trending east toward Dunany Point/Clogher Head. This pathfinder elements.
suggests composite mineral dispersal from and parallel to two different ice flow directions
from the north-west and west (Fig. 7.5). Figure 7.5. Principal
component 1 score
These two distribution patterns are parallel and occur at either side of Dundalk Bay.
distribution (interpolated)
An ice lobe readvanced into Dundalk Bay during the Killard Point Stadial and its margins for SUDL terrane metals and
pathfinder elements.
were in a similar position on either side of the bay (Fig. 7.5) (McCabe and Dunlop, 2006),

94
 Gold and base metal dispersal by glaciation

PC2
0.6

0.4
Loading value
0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Nb Sn Bi Sb Ag Pb Mo As Cu Cd Zn

Element

PC Scores - PC2
-6.22 – -1.04
-1.03 – -0.49
Antrim
-0.48 – -0.07
-0.06 – 0.32
0.33 – 0.92
0.93 – 6.68

Gold (bedrock occurrence)

Base metals
Orlock Bridge Fault Down
Direction of glacial dispersion 1.
2.
Clay Lake
Clontibret Armagh

Glengesh

Monaghan

Leitrim
Cavan Dundalk Bay
Louth
Dunany Point
Lough
Oughter Lough Ramor Clogher Head
Meath
Longford

0 5 10 20 30 km

Figure 7.6. Element loadings so the pattern may also be interpreted as having formed from removal of mineral-rich till
for principal component 2,
in the central area where the ice flowed at greater velocity.
SUDL terrane metals and
pathfinder elements.
Principal component 2
Figure 7.7. Principal The element loadings for this PC are shown in Fig. 7.6. Nb, Sn and Bi are typically enriched
component 2 score
in felsic igneous rocks and shales and Bi is also associated with Sn and Au mineralisation.
distribution (interpolated)
for SUDL terrane metals and Enrichment in felsic rocks explains the close association seen in the PC score distribution
pathfinder elements.
with the granodiorites of the Late Caledonian Newry Igneous Complex and granites of

95
Dempster et al.

Palaeogene Mourne Mountains Complex (Cooper and Johnston, 2004a, 2004b; Moore et
al., Chapter 9, this volume) (Fig. 7.7). The high scores associated with these igneous centres
extend south-eastwards from their outcrop, indicating transport parallel to the dominant
ice flow direction. Many of the higher scoring areas exhibit a subtle north-west/south-east
alignment in the north and central regions of the sample area, for example at the Conlig–
Whitespots mine and east of the Newry and Mournes igneous centres. However, in the
central-north region, the score distribution pattern may be influenced by glacial transport
of Triassic-derived sediment from the Lagan Valley south-west of Belfast (Fig. 7.1).
In the south-west there is an area of high scores to the south and south-east of the
Crossdoney intrusion. This could represent composite dispersal of mineral-rich material
first of all to the south, then the south-east. To the south-west is a north-west/south-east
aligned attenuated zone of high scores around Lough Oughter that strongly suggests a
glacial influence. Also at Lough Ramor the high scores show a triangular pattern parallel
to ice flow direction in the area.

Principal component 3
Figure 7.8 shows As, Sb, Mo and Bi as the highest loading elements. The association of
As, Sb and Mo is indicative of Au mineralisation and the concentrations in north County
Down and counties Armagh and Monaghan correlate well with known deposits of Au and
base metal mineralisation (Lusty et al., 2012) (Fig. 7.9). The Clay Lake to Glenish anomaly
(outlined in red) is linear (south-west to north-east) and perpendicular to known ice flow
across the area. This suggests one of two scenarios: (1) it is associated with a bedrock source
of similar width with little or no dispersal, suggesting that the pathfinders are penetrat-
ing through up to 30 m of glacial cover from the mineralised bedrock; or (2) the bedrock
source is even narrower and there is some north-west to south-east dispersal. To the south-
east of this anomaly is another similarly aligned area of high scores that hints at Au min-
eralisation (outlined in red). This is part of a north-east to south-west trending band of
high scoring patches that extend across the sample area, parallel to the tract boundaries of
the SUDL terrane. High scores are also found in very close association with the Mournes
igneous centre, which correlates with elevated As shown by the Tellus survey in the north-
ern Mournes and the recent findings of As-rich mineralisation in this area reported by
Moore et al. (Chapter 9, this volume). Alluvial gold and bedrock Bi (with tungsten) is also
known in the western side of the Mournes (Chapman et al., 2000; Moles et al., 2013). It
is worth noting that the base metal and gold occurrences in this PC appear to be almost
totally mutually exclusive. At Crossdoney there again appears to be a southward extending
plume with its origin in the igneous body.

Discussion
For the SUDL terrane, the sample area for the current study was selected based on outcrop
extent and sample availability and it includes the area investigated by Lusty et al. (2012).

96
 Gold and base metal dispersal by glaciation

PC3
0.6

Loading value 0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
As Sb Mo Bi Ag Pb Cd Zn Sn Nb Cu

Element

PC Scores - PC3
-3.79 – -1.00
-0.99 – -0.42
Antrim
-0.41 – 0.02
0.03 – 0.44
0.45 – 0.97
0.98 – 3.90

Gold (bedrock occurrence)

Base metals
Armagh
Orlock Bridge Fault Down

Direction of glacial dispersion

Clay Lake
Clontibret

Glengesh

Monaghan

Leitrim
Cavan
Dundalk Bay
Louth
Dunany Point
Lough Lough Ramor
Oughter Clogher Head
Meath
Longford

0 5 10 20 30 km

Figure 7.8. Element loadings There is evidence in the results for glacial dispersal patterns of base metals and gold path-
for principal component 3,
finder elements from known sources and the results also highlight areas of potential gold
SUDL terrane metals and
pathfinder elements. mineralisation not yet exploited in the study area.
The spatial distribution of element groups and areas of potential mineral exploitation
Figure 7.9. Principal do in places exhibit spatial patterns strongly or subtly influenced by glacial flow events,
component 3 score
as either simple ribbon or composite dispersal plumes. The flow directions identified are
distribution (interpolated)
for SUDL terrane metals and parallel to the ice flow directions derived from geomorphology (the flow sets) so the results
pathfinder elements.
also complement the ice sheet model of Greenwood and Clark (2009). Transport distances

97
Dempster et al.

are relatively short (≤20 km), in contrast to the long mineral-rich plumes (≥70 km) identi-
fied in Canada, for example. Au distribution in the SUDL terrane is therefore determined
in the first instance by bedrock and the results show distribution consistent with ice flow
direction in the till. This finding supports that of predominantly locally derived till with
short transport distances for this sector of the Irish Ice Sheet as presented in Dempster et
al. (2013) and discussed in Breward et al. (2011). It also correlates with a local source and
short transport distance for Au in the Mournes area, as proposed by Moles et al. (2013).
It is clear that the areas of potentially high prospectivity derived from PCA include the
known deposits in the Armagh–Monaghan mining district and the Conlig–Whitespots
mine area. These areas are also identified as prospective by Lusty et al. (2012), so there is
good correlation between the studies for these localities, which confirms that PCA of soil
geochemistry can be used to identify gold prospective areas in the region. The potentially
high prospectivity areas also correlate well with the Au content of stream sediments pre-
sented in Fig. 7.3, particularly with PC3.

Conclusion
The spatial distribution patterns for the metals, semi-metals and gold pathfinder elements
in the outcrop of the SUDL terrane show different areas with potential gold mineralisation.
The results demonstrate that PCA of soil geochemistry is able independently to identify
areas of potential metallic mineralisation that correlate well with known occurrences in
the SUDL terrane, so it is also able to identify favoured areas for exploration. Both simple
ribbon and composite glacial dispersal patterns are identified and transport paths indicate
that dispersal is parallel to ice flow directions interpreted from geomorphology. Transport
distances in all cases are relatively low (≤20 km).
The results demonstrate that PCA of regional soil geochemical data can make a valid
contribution to base metal and gold prospecting. The successful identification of known
deposits and further potential source areas indicates that PCA of shallow soil geochem-
istry could usefully be integrated with other prospectivity investigations to define target
areas in the north of Ireland and other areas of glaciated terrain.

Acknowledgements
MRC publishes with the permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological
Survey (NERC).

References
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Ireland.

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99
Unearthed: impacts of the Tellus surveys of the north of Ireland
First published in 2016 by the
Royal Irish Academy
19 Dawson Street
Dublin 2
[Link]

Copyright © 2016 Royal Irish Academy

ISBN: 978-1-908996-88-6

The articles in this book are open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and repro-
duction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. To view a
copy of this licence, visit [Link]

Except where noted:

Geological mapping for Northern Ireland / Tellus data are provided by the Geological
Survey of Northern Ireland.
Geological mapping for Ireland / Tellus Border data are provided by the Geological
Survey of Ireland.
Topographic mapping for Northern Ireland is derived from Land and Propery Services
Open Data and contains public sector information licensed under the Open Gov-
ernment Licence v3.0. ([Link]
licence/version/3/).
Topographic mapping for Ireland is derived from Ordnance Survey of Ireland Open
Data ([Link]

While every effort has been made to contact and obtain permission from holders of copy-
right, if any involuntary infringement of copyright has occurred, sincere apologies are
offered, and the owner of such copyright is requested to contact the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record is available from the

British Library.

Design: Alex Donald, Geological Survey of Northern Ireland.

Index: Brendan O’Brien.
Printed in Poland by L&C Printing Group.
Table of Contents:

Prelim Chapter 9
DOI: [Link] A natural laboratory for critical metals investigations in
the Mourne Mountains granites
Chapter 1 DOI: [Link]
The Tellus geosciences surveys of the north of Ireland:
context, delivery and impacts Chapter 10
DOI: [Link] Geothermal potential of granitic rocks of the Mourne
Mountains
Chapter 2 DOI: [Link]
The Tellus airborne geophysical surveys and results
DOI: [Link] Chapter 11
Shape and intrusion history of the Late Caledonian
Chapter 3 Newry Igneous Complex, Northern Ireland
The Tellus geochemical surveys, results and DOI: [Link]
applications
DOI: [Link] Chapter 12
Using Tellus data to enhance targeting of volcanogenic
Chapter 4 massive sulphide mineralisation in the Tyrone Igneous
Stakeholder engagement for regional geoscientific Complex
surveying: the Tellus Border communications DOI: [Link]
campaign
DOI: [Link] Chapter 13
The geological significance of electrical conductivity
Chapter 5 anomalies of the Ordovician- Silurian Moffat Shale
Mineral resources and Tellus: the essential balance Group, Northern Ireland
DOI: [Link] DOI: [Link]

Chapter 6 Chapter 14
Gold exploration in the north of Ireland: new targets Faults, intrusions and flood basalts: the Cenozoic
from the Tellus Projects structure of the north of Ireland
DOI: [Link] DOI: [Link]

Chapter 7 Chapter 15
Using soil geochemistry to investigate gold and base Information for agriculture from regional geochemical
metal distribution and dispersal in the glaciated north surveys: the example of soil pH in the Tellus and Tellus
of Ireland Border data
DOI: [Link] DOI: [Link]

Chapter 8 Chapter 16
Critical metals for hightechnology applications: An ecohydrological investigation of wetlands in the
mineral exploration potential in the north of Ireland border counties of Ireland: a framework for a holistic
DOI: [Link] understanding of wetland systems
DOI: [Link]
Chapter 17 Chapter 25
Assessing nutrient enrichment risk to groundwater- Refining the human health risk assessment process
dependent ecosystems in the border counties of Ireland in Northern Ireland through the use of oral
DOI: [Link] bioaccessibility data
DOI: [Link]
Chapter 18
Mapping the terrestrial gamma radiation dose Chapter 26
DOI: [Link] Combining environmental and medical data sets to
explore potential associations between environmental
Chapter 19 factors and health: policy implications for human
Soils and their radiometric characteristics health risk assessments
DOI: [Link] DOI: [Link]

Chapter 20 Chapter 27
Modelling in-house radon potential using Tellus Mapping a waste disposal site using Tellus airborne
data and geology to supplement inhouse radon geophysical data
measurements DOI: [Link]
DOI: [Link]
Chapter 28
Chapter 21 The use of aero-magnetics to enhance a numerical
Determining geochemical threshold values from the groundwater model of the Lagan Valley aquifer,
Tellus data sets: the examples of zinc and iodine| Northern Ireland
DOI: [Link] DOI: [Link]

Chapter 22 Chapter 29
Identification of the geochemical signatures of diffuse Carbon sequestration in the soils of Northern Ireland:
pollution in the Tellus Border soil data set, using potential based on mineralogical controls
source apportionment DOI: [Link]
DOI: [Link]
Chapter 30
Chapter 23 Spatial distribution of soil geochemistry in geoforensics
Stream sediment background concentrations in DOI: [Link]
mineralised catchments in Northern Ireland:
assessment of ‘pressures’ on water bodies in fulfilment End matter
of Water Framework Directive objectives DOI: [Link]
DOI: [Link]

Chapter 24
Mapping metallic contamination of soils in the Lower
Foyle catchment
DOI: [Link]