....

- 2 -

SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in this section.

MODULEl

1. (a) Substances labelled A and B are solids at room temperature (30°C). A student is asked to
determine the melting point (m.p.) of a sample of A, using apparatus that is available in
the school .laboratory.
Describe FULLY the procedure that the student would follow in order to obtain the
measurement.

[ 4marks]

(b) Based on the m.p. data obtained, the student concludes that A is a covalent compound.
Another student, who has been given a sample of B, decides that B is not a covalent
compound. Further analysis of A and B reveals that A is soluble in tetrachloro-methane
but that B is not, and that neither A nor B dissolves in water.

(i) Suggest the type of forces of attraction that exist between particles of A and describe
how they are formed.

[ 3 marks]

(ii) Name and describe the forces of attraction present in B.

[ 3 marks]
Total 10 marks

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02112020/CAPEJF 2005
 - 8-

5. (a) Explain the meaning of the term 'enthalpy (enthalpy change) of a reaction ' .
[ 2 marks]

(b) With reference to energy profile diagrams and bond energies, explain the difference between
exothermic reactions and endothermic reactions. [ 6 marks]

(c) Hydrazine (N2H4), which is a liquid and is used as a rocket fuel, reacts with chlorine to
produce hydrogen chloride and nitrogen.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Given for the reaction in (i) is - 420 kJ mol- 1, calculate the enthalpy
change when 12.7 g of hydrazine reacts completely with chlorine.
[ 2 marks]

(iii) Hydrazine also reacts with oxygen as illustrated in the equation below:

Use the equation and the information given below to calculate the enthalpy of
reaction if water is produced in the liquid state.

The molar e nthalpy of vaporization is the amount of heat absorbed when 1 mole
of liquid at constant pressure changes to a gas.

H 20( f ) H 2O(g) 6H vap = 40.7 kJ mol- 1

6H condensatiOn
. =- MI vaporization
[ 4 marks]

(d) The enthalpy change for the formation of CO: C(s) + ; 0 /g) CO(g) cannot be
obtained experimentally.

(i) Suggest a reason for this. [ 1 mark]

(ii) Show by means of an energy cycle diagram how knowledge of the standard heat
of combustion of carbon and of carbon dioxide could be used to obtain the standard
enthalpy of formation for carbon monoxide. [ 3 marks]

Total 20 marks

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02112020/CAPFJF 2005
 -2-

SECTIONA
AnswerALL questions in this section.

[Link] 1

1. In an experiment to determine the empirical and molecular formulae of a hydrocarbon, A, the

hydrocarbon is completely burnt in excess oxygen and the products collected. A gave 3.52 g of
carbon dioxide andl-62 g of water, on complete combustion.

lM, CO2 = 44; M,Hp = l8l

(a) Calculate the mass of

(i) carbon in3.52 g of carbon dioxide

Ilmark]
(ii) hydrogen in 1.62 g of water.

[Lmark]

(b) Use the answers obtained in (a) (i) and (a) (ii) to calculate the empirical formula of A.

t
[ 2marks]
L

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02rt2020lcAPE/F 2006
 -3-

(c) The molar mass of A is 114 g mol-r. Calculate its molecular formula.

[2marksl
(d) Describe simple tests that could be used to confirm that the products of the combustion of
A are water and carbon dioxide (You must include in your answer the reagent used and the
observation obtained for EACH test).

(i) Water

[2marks]
(ii) Carbon dioxide

[2marks]

Total l0 marks

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02tt2020tcAPE/F 2006
 9-

(ii) Given that Ku for acid HP is 3.0 x 10-5 mol dm-3, predict the relative size of K for
a stronger acid HQ. Explain your reasoning. [ 2 marks]

Total20 marks

f,. (a) Explain EACH of the terms 'oxidation' and 'reduction', in terms of

(i) loss and or gain of electrons [ 2 marks]

(ii) change in oxidation number. [ 2 marks]

(b) Hydrogen peroxide, HrOr, can act as both an oxidising agent and a reducing agent, and
chloric (I) acid (HOCI) can act as an oxidizing agent.

Or+ 2IJ* + 2e- -+ HrO,

tlzHzoz+ H* + e- -+ Hro

HOCI + H* + e- -+ tlzCl. + H,O

(i) Use the appropriate half equations (from those above) to write a balanced equa-
tion to show the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and chloric (I) (hypochlo-
rous) acid. [ 2 marks]

(ii) By making reference to the change in oxidation numbers of the elements in both
the hydrogen peroxide AND the chloric (I) acid, determine which reactant is re-
duced and which is oxidised. [ 6 marks]

(c) In an experiment to determine whether iron or nickel is a better reducing agent, a strip of
each metal is placed in an aqueous solution of a salt of the other metal. A reaction occurs
in the container in which iron is placed in the aqueous solution of the nickel salt.

(i) State what type of chemical reaction occurs and write an ionic equation for the
reaction. [ 3 marks]

(ii) Which element has the greater reducing ability? Explain your answer, using a
suitable half equation. [ 4 marks]

(iii) Tin shows no reaction with solutions of EITIIER iron or nickel salts. Place the
elements, tin, iron and nickel in order of INCREASING reducing ability.
[1mark]
Total20 marks

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02rt2020tcAPE/F 2006
 -2-

SECTIONA
AnswerALL questions in this section. Write your answer in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODIJLE 1

FI]NDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) Hess's law states that the total energy change in a reaction is independent of the route
from reactants to products if the initial and final conditions of temperature and pressure (
I
are identical. I
(

Given the following data:

Mg(s) + 2H.(aq) + Mg2*(aq) + H2G) AH = -511.1 kJ

MgO(s) + zIJ* (aq) + Mg3. (aq) + uro(e) AfI = -151.1kJ
zHr(9 +Or(e) + ZHrO(g) AIr = -493.6kJ

{Jse Hess's law to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction:

2Me (s) + Or(s) + 2MgO(s)

[ 3 marks]

(b) A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of the reaction
between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. She measures the steady temperature of
100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid in a polystyrene cup. She then places a 10 cm long piece of
magnesium, of mass 0.5971g, in the acid and records the temperature every 30 seconds i
for 4 minutes, while stirring at regular intervals'

(i) Explain the reason for stirring the mixture at regular intervals.

Ilmark]

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02tt2020tcAPEtF 2007
 -J-

(ii) Given that the initial and final temperatures are 28"C and 57oC respectively, sketch
a typical graph for the results of the experiment to illustrate how the student
arrived at the temperature change, AT, for the experiment.

[ 2 marks]
I

(iii) Give the main source of error for the experiment.

[Lmark]

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02tt2020tcAPE/F 2007
 -4-
,

(iv) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol-l of Mg for the reaction at constant
pressure, given I

AT = 29.0"C
t'
C = 4.20 Jg:t"C-t. I

The density of dilute HCI is 1.0g cm-3.

I

t
I
I
t

I
I
I
l

[ 3 marks]

(c) (i) Use the results of your calculation in (b) (iv) above to state whether the reaction is
endothermic or exothermic.

Ilmark]
(iD Draw a clearly labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction between magne-
sium and hydrochloric acid. Include on your diagram the enthalpy change for the
reaction.

[ 4 marks]

Total 15 marks

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[Link] 2007
 -9-

SECTION B

AnswerALL questions in this section. Write your answer in the answer booklet provided.

MODULE 1

FI]NDAMENTALS IN CIIEMISTRY

4. The safety airbags used in many vehicles are inflated on impactby a gas that is produced from the
rapid decomposition of sodium az\de, NaNr.

(a) Assuming that the gas produced behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions:

(i) State T\il/O properties of an ideal gas. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Use the ideal gas equation to calculate the number of moles of gas produced in an
air bag of volume 40.0 dm3 at a pressure of 2.0 x 102 KPa and a temperature of
300c. [ 5 marks]

(iii) Given that the mass of gas produced in the air bag is 90.0 g, use the answer from
(a) (iD to calculate the molar mass of the gas and suggest its identity.
[ 2 marks]

(iv) Write the equation for the decomposition of NaN.. [ 2 marks]

o) (i) State the conditions of temperature and pressure under which gases deviate from
ideality. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Describe the property of the gas molecules that is responsible for the deviation
from ideality. [ 2 marks]

Total lS marks

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02tI2020tcAPE/F 2007
 - 2 -

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section.

W rite your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. The manganate(VII) ion reacts in an acidic medium according to the following half equation:

M n 0 4“ (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e~ —» Mn2+(aq) + 4H^O.

(a) (i) Define reduction and oxidation in terms of oxidation number.

R eduction:_____________________________________________________________

Oxidation: _____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

(ii) Identify the role played by the M n 0 4" ion in the redox reaction above and explain
your answer in terms of oxidation number.

[ 2 marks]

(b) An aqueous solution of potassium iodide, KI, reacts with acidified M n 0 4~ to form a red-
brown solution on completion of the reaction.

(i) Identify the species responsible for the red-brown colour.

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Given that iodide ions react according to the following half equation,
2I“(aq) -> I2(aq) + 2e“
deduce the balanced equation for the redox reaction between M n 0 4~ and I".

[ 3 marks]

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02112020/CAPE/F 2008
 - 3 -

(c) Compounds X and Y are tested for their reducing and/or oxidizing properties with
Mn04 - (aq) and r- (aq) separately. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1: RESULTS OF TESTS ON COMPOUN DS X AN DY

X y

Mn0 4-(aq) (i) Mn04-(aq) (i) Mno4-(aq)

decolourized decolourized

I-(aq) (ii) Red-brown No visible

solution fonned change

Categorise X andY in terms of their oxidizing and reducing properties based on the above
results.

X (i) : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

X (ii): _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __

y (i): -------------------------------------------------
[ 2 marks)

(d) Complete the following table by filling in the missing observations or inferences.

Test Observation Inference

Mn0 4-(aq) is added to (i) . (i) .

a solution containing
Fe2+(aq).
(ii) . . Fe3+ ions produced

Mn04 - (aq) is added to (iii) . . MnO 4- reduced to Mn 2+

a solution containing
so3z- followed by
BaCl/ aq). • White precipitate forms on (iv) •
addition of BaCl/ aq).

[ 5 marks]

TotallS marks

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02112020/CAPE'F 2008
 - 9 -

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the answer booklet provided.

MODULE I

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) The foul odour of dirty socks may be attrjbulcd to caproic acid, an organic acid made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The results of combustion of a 0.450 g sample of caproic
acid indicate that it contains 0.279 g of C, 0.0467 g of H, and 0.124 g of 0.

(i) Distinguish between 'empirical formula' and 'molecular formula,' using suitable
examples. [ 3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the empirical formula and the molecular formula of caproic acid, given
that its molar mass is 116 g mol-1• [ 6 marks]

(b) In the standardization of sulphuric acid with anhydrous sodium carbonate, a 1.49 g
sample of sodium carbonate is dissolved in distiJied water to make 250 cm3 of solution.
Three 25.0 cm3 portions of this solution are pipetted and titrated against a solution of
sulphuric acid of unknown concentration using screened methyl orange as the indicator.
The average volume of sulphuric acid used for the titration is found to be 24.65 crn3 .

(i) Give THREE precautions that should be taken to ensure that the sodium carbonate,
used as a standard in the above titration, is of accw·ate concentration.
[ 3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate used for each titration, if the
concentration of the stock solution is 5.65 x 10-2 mol dm-3 . [ 1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the accurate concentration of the standardized sulphuric acid in

mol dm-3 . [ 2 marks]

TotaJ 15 marks

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02112020/CAPFJF 2008
 -2-
I

a-
SECTION A i

AnswerALL questions in this section. --

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
I

MODIJLE 1 f-
I
I
I

FTJNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY t

1. (a) (i) Define the term 'standard enthalpy of formation', A Hre .

r
I
I
I

r'-
I
I

II
,
[ 2 marks] I
t

(iD The enthalpy of formation of both carbon monoxide and aluminium oxide cannot
be determined directly by experimental means.

Suggest ONE reason in EACH case for the above observation.

CO:

Alror:

[ 2 marks]

(b) Figure I shows the energy level diagram for determining the enthalpy of solution of KBr.

t
AHs

Figure 1. Energy level diagram for determining the enthalpy of solution of KBr

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22l,r2Q20tCAPE/F 2008
 -J-^

(D writetheenthalpy change represenred by AH' Ar! and AHrinFigure l.

AH, :

A4'
AH, :

[ 3 marks]
(iD Calculate the enthalpy of solution for KBr, given the following information.

AH,=+672kJmol I AHr=-656kJmol I

[ 3 marks]

(c) Table I provides data comparing the theoretical and experimental (Born-Haber) lattice
energies of the halides of elements, X and Y.
TABLE 1: THEORETICAL AND DPERIMENTAL LATTICE ENERGIES

Compound Theoretical lattice Experimental lattice

energy/[f mol-r energy / lql mol-l

XCI -766 -776

XBr -731 -742
XI - 686 -699
YCI -768 - 890
YBr -759 -877
YI -736 -867
What kind of bonding is present in

(D halides of X?

(iD halides of Y?

[ 2 marks]
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221r2020tCAPElF 2008
 -4-

(d) A studenr was required to design the method to be followed in determining the enthalpy of
-
neutralisation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
,

Below is a reproduction of the shrdent's method.

t-
I
t

Measure 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid (1M) into a plastic cup using a measuring
cylinder. r
I

Measure the temPerature of the acid. I

Transfer 35 cm3 of sodium hydroxide (lM) into the plastic cup containing the
hydrochloric acid. Stir gently with the thermometer and note the resulting f-
I
temperature of the mixnue. t

r' I
Identify THREE errors in the above method. {

(D

(ii)

(iiD

[ 3 marks]

Total 15 marks

t
I

I
I

f
I

L-

r-

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22rr2020lcAPE/F 2008 i_
 t2-

SECTION B

AnswerALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the answer booklet provided.

MODULE 1

FI]NDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY
t'
4. (a) ListTHREE assumptions made about gas molecules in the kinetic theory.
[ 3 marks]
t
(b) The ideal gas equation is
t
PV = nRT.

(i) TWO conditions under which the ideal gas equation adequately describes
State the l

the behaviour of gases. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Carefully explain the deviations produced by real gases. [ 3 marks]

(c) Sketch a graph of volume (V) against the inverse of pressure (1/P) for a constant number
of moles of an ideal guN at constant temperature. Ilmark]
(d) (i) An organic compound, X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. When
vapourised at 101 kPa and 373 K 1.00 g of Y occupies a volume of 667 cm3.

Calculate the mass in grams of I mole of Y.

(Gas constant, R = 8.314 J K-l mol-l).
[ 4 marks]

(iD On combustion in excess oxygen, 1 mole of Y produces carbon dioxide and water
in the mole ratio 2:3. Deduce the formula of Y. [ 2 marks]

Total 15 marks t

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22tt2020tcAPElF 2008
 I

-2-
:

SECTION A

AnswerALL questions in this section.

i
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
MODT]LE 1 t
l
FUNDAMENTALS IN CIIENIISTRY
r
(a) Each element has a characteristic 'fingerprint'line emission spectrum. Niels Bohr, in t

1913, proposed an explanation for the emission spectrum of the elements.

I
(D State the property of elements which is responsible for the characteristic line spec- t

trum of each element.

r
t

Ilmark]
(ii) Sketch a diagram of the line emission spectrum of hydrogen. on your diagram,
i
t
indicate the direction of increasing frequency and increasing wavelength.

[3 marks]

(iii) Explain, in terms of electronic transitions, the origin of the lines in the Balmer
L

series.
5

t
r

t
L

f
I

[4marks] !

L-
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02tt2020tcAPEt2009 I

L
 -3

(iv) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the lines in the Balmer
series occur.

ILmark]
(v) Calculate the energy @) of a quantum of radiation with a corresponding frequency
(v) of 4.57 x lOra Hz. (h= 4 x l0-r3 kJ s mol-l)

[2marks]
(b) Figure I represents the apparatus assembled by a student for the experimental determina-
tion of the heat of combustion of ethanol.

ethanol in beaker

Figure L. Student's apparatus for determination of heat of combustion of ethanol

Identify FOUR errors in the assembly of the apparatus in Figure 1.

[4marks]
Total L5 marks
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02It2020tCAPE/2009
 -9-

SECTION B

AnswerALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the answer booklet provided.

MODULE 1

FTJNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is normally used to predict the shapes and
bond angles of simple molecules and ions.

(a) State the basic principle behind the VSEPR theory. Ilmark]
(b) When hydrochloric acid reacts with water and ammonia the conesponding hydroxonium
and ammonium ions are formed.

(i) Using the VSEPR theory, state the shapes of the hydroxonium (HrO") and
ammonium (NHo) ions. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Using suitable diagrams, illustrate the shape of EACH ion in (b) (i).
[ 2 marks]

(iii) Account for the shape of EACH of the species, HrO+ and NH4+.
[ 4 marks]

(c) Suggest an explanation for EACH of the following observations:

(i) The experimental determination of the relative molecular mass of ethanoic acid
(CH3CO2H) produces a value of 120 g. Your answer should include a suitable
diagram. t 4 marksl

(ii) The boiling point of propanone (acetone) is greater than the boiling point of
butane. [ 2 marks]

Total 15 marks

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02112020tCAPE/2009
 -2-

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODT]LE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) State the types of bonds (intra-molecular and inter-molecular) that exist in liquid
ammonia.

[ 2 marks]

Ammonia can be produced by heating calcium oxide with ammonium chloride.

(b) The
two other products are calcium chloride and water'

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium oxide and
ammonium chloride-

_i
I

[ 2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride needed to produce 1 dm3 of

ammonia at RTP (room temperature and pressure)'
(Molar volume = 24 dm3 at RTP)

[ 2 marks]

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02tt2020lcAPE 2010
 -3-

(c) (i) Ammonia gas deviates from ideal behaviour. under which of the following
II or III, would the deviation be LEAST?
sets of conditions, I,

Conditions Temperature ('C) Pressure (kPa)

I 40 l0l
il ts0 50
UI 20 s00

l
I tmark]
(ii) State Two assumptions of the kineric theory as it pertains to ideal gases.

[ 2 marks]
(iii) which assumption of the kinetic theory as it pertains to ideal
likely account for your answer to (c) (i) above?
gases would Mosr

I tmark ]
(d) so--" ammonia gas is dissolved in water. The exact concentration
unknown and has to be determined.
of the solution is
Describe an experiment that would determine
concentration of the aqueous ammonia. the

[ 5 marks]

Total 15 marks

02rr2020/cAPE 2010 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

 8-

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions.

write your answers in the separate answer booklet provided.

MODI]LE 1

FIINDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY
I
properties of the simple
I
4. (a) copy and completeTable 3, which provides information on the
subatomic Particles.
I

TABLE3:PRoPERTIESoFSIMPLEStjBAToMICPARTICLES

i [ 4 marks]
-l
(D Radioactive emissions are affected by an electric
field. Name the type of radio-
(b)
actiu" particle that behaves in the same way as the
electron. I I' mark ]

from the decay

(ii) 216
Po decays by emitting B particles. State the product formed
of three particles and calculate the n/p ratio of
BoTH
of 216
Po by the emission B

the reactant and product atoms' [ 6 marks]

stability of the nucleus of

(iii) comment on the effect that the decay has on the
216 po. t l mark l
84

quantum number 2.
(c) (i) Draw the structures of the atomic orbitals of principal
y and z axes in the drawing'
Include x, [ 2 marks]
of ,oCr'
(ii) Using s, P, d notation, write the electronic configuration
I lmarkI
Total 15 marks

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o2rl2020lcAPE 2010
 -2-

SECTION A

AnswerALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODULE 1
r e,q J ..; i.
4.,' i 9l tl i -' {i
-\. ,i - 0 :_ , i.j. FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) 3 In-:1803, John Dalton came up with a series of postulates concerning the atom which
later became known as Dalton's atomic theory.

(D List FOUR postulates of Dalton's atomic theory.

[ 4 marks]
(ii) Identiff TWO of Dalton's postulates which were proven invalid by modern
atomic theory.

[ 2 marks]

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02112020/CAPE 2011
 I

.3-
i

l
(b) A student was asked to investigate the relative reducing abilities of the elements zinc
--l and copper.
I

I (D List TWO chemicals and ONE piece of apparatus that the student may use to
carry out the investigation.
'-t
I

I Chemicals:

-t Apparatus:
I [ 3 marksl
(iD Describe ONE physical change that the student may have observed.
I

I lmark I
.li I
(iiD Identiff the reducing agent in the experiment.
I
t'

Il
I
mark]

(iv) Write relev'ant half equations to illustrate the chemical changes that occur with
EACH element.

[ 2 marks]
(v) From the half equations in (iv), deduce a balanced equation for the redox reaction.

l [ 2 marksl
Total 15 marks
I

i
I
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02rt2020/cAPE 201I
 -8-

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the separate answer booklet provided.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) State the FOUR basic assumptions of the kinetic theory with reference to an ideal gas.
[ 4 marks]
(b) 0.785 g of an organic compound, z, was vapourized at 100 "c and 101.325 kpa.
The vapour occupied a volume of 0.40 dm3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of
:
Z (R 8.314 J mol-r K-rdm3kPa). I 3 marksl
-
(c) (i) State Hess's Law. [ 2 marks]
(ii) Construct a diagram of a well-labelled Born-Haber cycle showing the formation
of magnesium oxide (Mgo) from magnesium metal and oxygen gas. on your
diagram, show clearly ALL the enthalpy changes and species involved in the
process. [ 6 marks]
Total 15 marks

MODULE 2
KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

f,. (a) (i) Why is chemical equilibrium referred to as dynamic? [ I mark I

(iD State THREE characteristics of a chemical system at equilibrium. [ 3 marks]
(b) Define the equilibrium constant, K", and describe its significance to a system in dynamic
equilibrium. In your response make reference to the importance of its magnitude.
[ 3 marksl
(c) At :
a certain temperature, K" 4.66 x 10-3 for the reaction
NzOo (g) 2NOr(g), AHt: *58 kJ mol-'.
-.=
(i) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of EACH gas, at the same temperuture,
if 0.800 moles of NrOo were injected into a closed container of volume I dm3.
[ 6 marks]
(iD Using Le Chatelier's principle, describe the effect, on the equilibrium position,
of decreasing the volume of the container. I lmark]
(iii) Describe the effect on the equilibrium constant, K", of increasing the temperature
of the reaction. I lmarkl
Total 15 marks

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02112020/0APE 2011
 -2-

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) With the aid of an example, define the term 'dative (co-ordinate) covalent bond'.

[2 marks]

(b) Intermolecular forces of attraction influence the physical properties of substances, such
as, their melting points, boiling points, and solubility in polar and non-polar solvents.

Consider the structure of the following substances and answer the questions which
follow.
O HH HHIIH
llllllll
Hsc-c-cH3 Hrc-?-?-" H-c-f-f-c-H
HOH HHHH
(A) propanone (B) l-propanol (C) butane

(D Place substancesA, B and C in order of increasing boiling point (lowest boiling

point first).

-lP [1 mark I
rtf^.oi;
' e 4J + i-
(ii) rdentiff the interrnsiE*".J&t&fi*$".;"rt'E"nd in EACH of the substances
in (b) (i) above.

i.l.e :1.a

marks]
[3 '

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02rt2020/cAPE2012 ;
 -3-

(iii) Describe the origin of TWO of the intermolecular attractive forces named in
(b) (ii).

[4 marks]

(c) Complete Table I by indicating whether EACH of the substances, potassium bromide,
acetone and solid iodine are soluble or insoluble in the two solvents, water (polar solvent)
and toluene (non-polar solvent).

TABLE 1: SOLIIBILITY IN POLARAI\D NON-POLAR SOLVENTS

Substance Water (Potar) Toluene (Non-polar)

Potassium bromide

Acetone Soluble
l

i
Solid iodine

I [5 marksl
- -.1

Total 15 marks

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02t12020/cAPE 20t2
 -8-
SECTION B
AnswerALL questions.
Write your answers in the separate answer booklet provided.
MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) State THREE factors which affect the first ionisation energy of the elements.
[3 marksl
(b) Write the s, p and d electronic configuration of the following species:

(i) Cu
(iD cl2-
(iiD Mn2*
(iv) Fe3*
(v) Ca [5 marks]

(c) Explain how ionization energy data provide evidence for shells and subshells.
[3 marks]

(d) Study Figure I which shows the logarithm to the base ten of the successive ionisation
energies of an element and answer the questions which follow.

| 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10ttt2t314r5t6 171819
Number of the ionisation
Figure 1..Log,o of ionisation energies of an element

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02112020/C.APE2012
 -9-

(D Write the electronic configuration of the element represented in Figure l.

[1 mark ]

(iD Suggest an identity for the element. [1 mark ]

(iii) Write a balanced equation to illustrate the fust ionisation of the element.
[2 marks]

Total 15 marks

MODULE 2

KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

f,. (a) (i) Copy and complete Table 3 to show the type of equilibrium for the selected
equilibrium systems.

TABLE 3: SELECTED EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS

System
Number Equilibrium System Tlpe of Equilibrium
Saturated solution of a salt at
I room temperafure
The vertical balancing of a ruler
2 on a flat surface

J Heating of limestone at 800 "C

[3 marks]

(iD State TWO characteristics of the equilibrium represented by System I in

l Table 3. [2 marksl

A, B, X and Y form an equilibrium mixture represented by the equation

'I
I (b) Substances
J below.

aA+bB ==dK+yY
l
(D Write the expression for the equilibrium constant. [1 mark ]

_l (iD What deduction can be made when the equilibrium constant is much greater
than l? [1 mark I

ii
')
::
t1 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
il
r1 021t2020/cAPE20t2
: ''
 -2-

SECTION A

AnswerALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODULE T

FITI\TDAMENTALS IN CI{EI\{ISTRY

1. (a) Define the terms

(i) oxidation

(ii) reduction .

[2 marksl

(b) When an acidified solution of potassium manganate(Vll) is added to hydrogen peroxide a

redox reaction occurs and the observations include effervescence and a colour change.

(i) State the colour change observed.

[1 markl

(ii) Write the TWO half equations for the reaction, indicating the changes in oxidation
number.

[6 marksl

(iii) State the roles of the two.r€agentq-potassium manganate(VlI) and hydrogen peroxide.

[2 marksl I

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02rr2020/cAPE 20r3
 -3-

(c) Describe an experiment, including obsewations, that can be used to compare the oxidizing
ability of the elements chlorine, bromine and iodine.
I

_l
I

.tI
I

-l
I

I [4 marksl

Total 15 marks
I

CO ON TO THE NEXT PACE

02n2020tcAPE 2013
 -8-

SECTION B

AnswerALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

MODULE I

FI]I{DAMENTALS IN CIIEMISTRY

4. Calcium oxide, quicklime, is produced by roasting limestone. Quicklime is used to neutralize the
acidity of soils.

(a) Define the term 'standard enthalpy of formation'. [2 marksl

(b) Write a balanced equation for formation of CaO(s). [1 markl

(c) Construct a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of CaO(s) showing clearly, using equations,
the steps of the enthalpy changes involved. marksl
[6 i

(d) Distinguish between 'exothermic enthalpy change'and 'endothermic enthalpy change', citing 1

enthalpy changes from your Born-Haber cycle in (c) to support your answer. [4 marks]

(e) Explain, by writing an equation, how the data from the Born-Haber cycle can be used to
calculate the lattice enerry of CaO(s). [2 marksl

Total 15 marks

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

i,

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021r2020/cAPE 2013
 -9-

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

I
I
.J

i
I
.J

l
.l
I

l
i

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02lr2020lcAPE 2013
 -10-

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PACE

021r2020/cAPE 2013 ;
 -2-

SECTION A

AnswerALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

MODULE 1

'i i.,,.
... FUNDAMENTALS IN crrEMIsrRY

1. (a) Define-the'terms
_,
;. I . .'

(i) mole

[2 marks]

(ii) molar mass (include the units).

[2 marks]

(b) A carbonate of a metal, M, has the formula M2CO3. The equation for the reaction of
MrCOt
with hydrochloric acid is given below.

MrCor(ag) + 2HCl(aq) + 2MCl(aq) + cor(e) + Hro(l)

6.125 gof M,CO, was used to prepare I dm3 of solution. 40 cm3 of the solution was
required to neutraiize exactly 23.6 cm3 of 0.150 mol dmr hydrochloric acid.

(i) Calculate

a) the number of moles of MrCOt

[2 marksl

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02tt2020/cAPE2014
 -3-

b) the relative molecular mass of I\4rCOr.

[2 marksl
J

I
(ii) Deduce the identity of M.
I

[2 marksl

(c) Outline the experimental steps required to carry out the reaction described in (b) on
page2.

[5 marks]

Total 15 marks

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02112020/CAPE.20t4
 i
-9-

SECTION B

AnswerALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

MODULE 1

FTJhIDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) Carbon combines with hydrogen covalently to form a gas, ethane.

(i) State the electronic configuration of carbon in its ground state using sp notation.

-t [1 markl

(iD Account for the number and type of orbitals around EACH carbon atom in a
molecule of ethane. [3 marksl

(iiD Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the arrangement of the orbitals and the bond
angles around EACH carbon atom in a molecule of dichloroethane, CHTCICILCL
[3 marks]

(b) (i) State THREE assumptions of the kinetic theory as it pertains to ideal gases.
[3 marks]

(iD Under what conditions of temperature and pressure will a real gas deviate from
ideal gas behaviour? [1 mark]

(c) A gas with a mass of 0.299 g was collected in a 400 cm3 container at a pressure of
4.2 x I04 Pa and a temperature of 25 "C.

Calculate the relative molecular mass (M) of the gas.

[R: 8.31 J K-r mol-t] [4 marksl

Total 15 marks

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

(a) (i)

(iD

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02rr2020/cAPE20t4
 - l0-

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

(a) (iiD

(b) (D

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02rr2020lcAPE2014
 - ll -

Write the answer to Question 4 here.

(b) (iD
I

I
I

II
I

I
I

(c)
"t
I
I

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02tr2020/cAPE 2014
r SECTION A
-2-

AnswerALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

l. (a) (i) Define the term 'bond energY'.

[1 markl

(i i) The bond lengths and bond energies of carbon-carbon single, double and triple
bonds are listed below.

c-c C:C c<

Bond Lengths 1.544 rs4A 1.20A
Bond Energy 348 kJ mol-' 614 kJ mol-' 839 kJ mol-'

State the relationship between the strength of a covalent bond and its length.

[1 markl

(b) Bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpies ofreactions in which bonds are broken
and new bonds are formed. Consider the gas-phase reaction between methane (CH) and
chlorine to produce methyl chloride (CH3CL) and hydrogen chloride.

(i) Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction above.

[2 marks]

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I
02tr2020/cAPE 2015
ililil ililillllllllll lllll lllll lffil lllll llfl lllllll
I
t- 0211202004
 -J-

(ii) Using bond energy values from Table l, calculate the enthalpy change of reaction,
AHon, for the equation required in (b) (i).

TABLE 1: BOND ENERGY VALUES

Bond Energy
(kJ mol-r)

H-H 436

F-F 158

cu-ct 244

H-F 562

H-C[ 431

c-c 3s0

C-H 410

c-cI 340

c-o 360

S-H 347

[3 marksl

(iii) Is the reaction in (b) (i) exothermic or endothermic?

[1 markl

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02112020/CAPE 2015

I
l-
ilililt ililt il] ililt il]t il]fl]il il]t ul
0211202005
ilt ill
I
r (iv)
-4-

On the axes provided below, draw the energy-profile diagram for the reaction in
(b) (D.

Progress of reaction
[2 marksl

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02112020/0APE 2015
ilillll illllllllllllllllllllllll illll llllllllll llllllll
I
t- 0211202006
 -5- -l
(c) A student is asked to determine the enthalpy ofthe neutralization reaction between 75 cm3
of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid and75 cm3 of I .00 M potassium hydroxide solution. Outline
the experimental steps (including calculations) required to obtain an accurate value.

[Assume that the densities of the solutions of acid and base and their heat capacities are
oC-r) of water.l
equal to the density (l g cma) and heat capacity (4.18 J g-r

[5 marksl

Total 15 marks

CO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

021t2020/cAPE 20l s

I
ililtil uil ilu ilil ilil il]ilil ilil ilililill til|
l- 0211202007
 -10- -l
SECTION B

AnswerALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) The atoms of certain elements contain nuclei in which the ratio of neutrons to protons is
greater than [Link] nuclei tend to emit radiation in order to bring the ratio closer to l.

(i) Describe the THREE types of radiation that an unstable atom may emit. Include
in your answer the symbols and penetrating power of EACH type of radiation'

[6 marksl

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02112020/0APE 2015

I
l-
ilililillllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllll
0211202012 J
r (ii)
-il-

Americium-241 (Am-241) decays via alpha particle emission. Write the nuclear
equations to show the new element that forms when an atom of 241- 6^ decays
via the emission of 2 alpha particles.
95

[2 marksl

(b) (i) Draw the diagrams of the atomic orbitals of principalquantum number 2. Include
x, y and z axes in your drawing.

[2 marksl

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021t2020/cAPE 2015
I
t_ ilililililililil ilil ilil tilililililII ilil lilil
0211202013
ilil ilt|
 -12- -l
(ii) Comment on the similarity and difference in the electronic configurations of K,
Sc and Znz* given below.

K: ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4sl

Sc: ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d' 4s2

Znz*: lsz 2sz 2p6 3s2 3p6 3dro

[5 marksl

Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02tr2020/cAPE 2015
|illillllllillllillllllllllllll llllllllllllllllllllllllllll
I
t- 0211202014
r SECTION A
4
-l
AnswerALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) John Dalton proposed the atomic theory in 1803.

(i) State THREE postulates of Dalton's atomic theory.

[2 marks]

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02tt2020lcAPE 2016

L ililililillllllllllillllllllllllllllilllllllillllll
0211202004 J
r (ii)
5

Later developments in science led to the modification of the atomic theory. Explain
-l
the modification of ONE of the postulates.

[2 marks]

(b) The dichromate(Vl) ion reacts in an acidic medium according to the following half-equation:

CrrO,2 (aq) + l4 H* (aq) + 6e- --------------> 2 Ct'.(aq) + 7 H,O(l)

(i) Identify the ion responsible for the green colour.

I mark]

(ii) Given that the sulfate(lV) ion, SO.2-, is converted to the sulfate(Vl) ion, SOo2 , in
the presence of wateg deduce the balanced equation for the redox reaction between
CrrOr2 (aq) and SOr'-.

[4 marksl

(iii) Identify the oxidizing agent in (b) (ii).

[1 mark]

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02r12020tcAPE 20t6

L r ilil illl iltll ilil tllll tilt tffi

0211202005
flilt tilil illt !ililil
J
r (c)
-6-

The results of two tests are to be recorded in Table l.

-l
Complete the table by inserting the
missing observations or inferences.

TABLE 1: RESULTS OFTESTS

Test Observation Inference

(i) Chlorine water is added a . Br- oxidized to Br,

to potassium bromide
solution followed by
aqueous silver nitrate.
. White precipitate formed a

(ii) Bromine water is added o a

to potassium chloride
solution followed by
aqueous silver nitrate.

. White precipitate formed a

on addition of AgNOr(aO)

[5 marks]

Total 15 marks

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02tt2020lcAPE 2016

L ilililillilililililillilllillllillilllllllllilllll
o211202006 J
 .l
r SECTION B
-14-

AnswerALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) (i) Describe how the bonds are formed in EACH of the solids, potassium chloride
and iodine.

[4 marksl

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021t2020lcAPE 2016

L I ilil ffi lllll llll lill

0211202014
lllll lllll llll illl lllll lil llll
J
 r (ii)
- 15 -

Complete Table 3 by comparing the physical properties of potassium chloride

-l
:-:Ig
':-1t[ (KCl) and iodine (I,).
::.

'-.tfi
--'J{l TABLE 3: SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KCI AND 12
.-_ltii
---l!*
:,'Iii
Properties KCI l2

Melting/Boiling point High Low

Electrolyic conductivity a

i:.€
:,:*
its
[Link]

Solubility in water a a

[2 marks]

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02tt2020tcAPE 2016

L I tilil lllll ffi ill] till

0211202015
tilt tilil ilil ilil il!] !il ll]
I
t- -16- -l
(b) Account for EACH of the following statements: .*-.
.rii.
.*i
(i) The boiling point of HrO is higher than that of HrS
it*.
:-ea-'.
.'Jr1--
,:ts:
[Link]
ikr
:\--
..I+-
-hi-
:tiiij
,:*::
rB---
!fui:
j€ii
iE
.si
.a;

[3 marks]

(ii) The molecules of aluminium fluoride in the presence of ammonia forms a white
solid of formula NH3AlF3. (lnclude an appropriate equation in your account.)

it+rl
i'G-i
,R'l
iol
is:

:.t
..Ei-
::,Sf
..H.
:-}t+-
i:le-

..t*i.
-.4-
--\t.
[3 marks] l..a
...9
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
tft

I
02t12020lcAPE 2016

L r tilil illl ilil ilt] lill llll illl

0211202016
lill ilil llill lil lll
r (c)
-17

Explain the difference between the shapes of NH, and NHn*

-
-|

[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

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02112020/CAPE 20r6

L I tilil tilll ililt til iltfl lilt !il ililt ilil

0211202017
lt]t til til
J
 -4-

SECTION A

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Answer ALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

1. (a) Define the term ‘relative atomic mass’.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(b) Dalton’s atomic theory suggests that

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• all atoms of a particular element are identical
• atoms of elements are indivisible.

State TWO pieces of evidence that lead to the rejection of these claims.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(c) Write the equation which represents the capture of a neutron by a fluorine-19 atom with
the resultant expelling of an α-particle.

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[2 marks]

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(d) Figure 1 shows the mass spectrum of the metal zirconium, Zr.
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Figure 1. The mass spectrum for zirconium, Zr

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the metal.

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[2 marks]
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 -6-

(e) L, M and N are examples of three solid compounds which are ionic, polar and covalent

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respectively.

Using the format in Table 1, describe THREE simple laboratory tests, stating the
corresponding observations, to show the differences between L, M and N.

TABLE 1: TESTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Observation for Compound

Test
L M N

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[7 marks]

Total 15 marks

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SECTION B

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Answer ALL questions.

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) Apply the concept of the ‘hybridization of atomic orbitals’ to explain the planarity of the
ethene molecule.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

(b) (i) State TWO principles which form the basis of the valence-shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(ii) Use the VSEPR theory to account for the difference in shape between the ammonia
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molecule (NH3) and the ammonium ion (NH4+).

Ammonia molecule (NH3): .....................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

Ammonium ion (NH4+): ..........................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[4 marks]

(c) A solution of potassium iodide was made by dissolving 20 g in 1 dm3 of water. A mixture
of 25 cm3 of this solution and an equal volume of dilute sulfuric acid on titration with
0.02 mol dm–3 potassium dichromate(VI) solution needed 24.80 cm3 for complete oxidation.
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Calculate the molar ratio of Cr2O72– to I– and hence derive the ionic equation for the reaction
which has occurred.

Molar ratio:
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Ionic equation: .....................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[6 marks]

Total 15 marks

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(i) State the type of enthalpy changes represented by ∆H1, ∆H2, ∆H3 and ∆H4 in Figure
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1.

∆H1 ........................................................................................................................

∆H2 ........................................................................................................................

∆H3 ........................................................................................................................

∆H4 ........................................................................................................................
[4 marks]

(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of potassium fluoride, given the following information:

∆H1 = +89.6 kJ mol–1 ∆H2 = +419.0 kJ mol–1

∆H3 = +79.1 kJ mol–1 ∆H4 = –332.6 kJ mol–1

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[4 marks]

(iii) Comment on the nature of the bonding in potassium fluoride based on the theoretical
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lattice energy value of –801.35 kJ mol–1, compared with the experimental value
obtained in (b) (ii).

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

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(c) A student is asked to write the steps to be followed in determining the enthalpy of

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neutralization of 50 cm3 of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of 1.0 M of potassium
hydroxide. Outline the experimental steps (including calculations) required in the
determination.

[Assume that the densities of the solutions of acid and base, and their heat capacities are
1 g cm–3 and 4.18 J g–1 °C–1 respectively.]

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[4 marks] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Total 15 marks

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SECTION B
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Answer ALL questions.

MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

4. (a) State FOUR basic assumptions of the kinetic theory, with reference to an ideal gas.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[4 marks]

(b) (i) Real gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour under certain conditions of temperature
and pressure. Outline TWO assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases which DO
NOT hold under these conditions of temperature and pressure.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

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(ii) Sketch a graph of PV against P to illustrate the deviation of ONE real gas from

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ideal gas behaviour.

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[3 marks]

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(c) (i) Describe the nature of the liquid state in terms of the motion and arrangement of
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particles.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(ii) A gas syringe contains 18.4 cm3 of air at 57 °C. When 0.187 g of a volatile liquid
is injected into the syringe, the volume of gas in the syringe increases to 54.6 cm3
at 57 °C and 1.01 × 105 Pa. Calculate the molar mass of the liquid.
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[3 marks]
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Total 15 marks

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 -4-

Answer ALL questions.

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MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

1. Figure 1 shows the wavelengths of the most prominent lines in the visible region of the atomic
hydrogen spectrum.

Figure 1. Wavelengths of the most prominent lines in the visible region of the atomic
hydrogen spectrum

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(a) (i) Explain how the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen is produced.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

(ii) Identify the series of lines in Figure 1.

.................................................................................................................................
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[1 mark]

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(iii) Assess how the series of lines in Figure 1 provides evidence for discrete energy
levels in hydrogen.
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.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
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[4 marks]

(iv) In Figure 2, draw the electron transitions occurring between energy levels associated
with the origin of the lines in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum.
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Figure 2. Electron transitions associated with visible region

in the hydrogen spectrum
[4 marks]

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 -6-

(b) Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form the compound water, H2O, and is also present

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in the hydronium ion, H3O+.

(i) Write the electronic configuration of oxygen in its ground state using s, p notation.

.................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Draw the shapes of the s and p orbitals:

• s orbital

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• p orbital

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[2 marks]
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(iii) Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the arrangement of the orbitals and the shape
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or bond angles around each of the following hydronium ion.

• The oxygen atom in a molecule of water (H2O)

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• The hydronium ion (H3O+)

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(iv) Explain why the density of ice is lower than expected.

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(c) Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia.

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N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) ∆Hr

Using the bond energies from Table 1, determine the enthalpy of reaction, ∆Hr .

TABLE 1: BOND ENERGY VALUE

Bond Bond Energy kJ/mol

N–N 163
N≡N 945
H–H 436
N–H 390

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(d) Outline an experiment to determine the heat of solution of ammonium nitrate. In your
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response include

• a labelled diagram of the apparatus

• data to be collected

• how data to be collected can be used to determine the heat of solution.

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[5 marks]

Total 30 marks
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