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Object-oriented Design
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited.
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Explain Object-oriented design (OO Design)
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Describe Responsibility-driven Design (RDD)
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Explain Agents, Classes, and Instances
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Describe Methods, Responsibilities, and Modules
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Explain Generalization, Specialization, and Patterns
Explain Coupling and Cohesion C
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 2
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Technique that focuses on designing the data and
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the interfaces to it.
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Process of creating a system where objects coordinate
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or interact with each other to accomplish a task
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 3
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The input for OO Design is provided by Object-oriented
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analysis in the form of:
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System
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Conceptual
Use cases Sequence
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models
Diagrams (SSD)
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User Interface
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Data models
Documentation
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 4
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The various tasks involved in OO Design are as follows:
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Defining classes and objects from conceptual diagrams
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Identifying the attributes of an object
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Using design patterns to find a solution to a problem
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Defining the application framework
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Define the data model for persistent storage of objects or data
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The end products of OO Design are the system diagrams
such as
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Sequence Diagrams
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Class Diagrams
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 6
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A design technique
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Based on delegation of responsibilities and
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determination of components responsible for
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executing the responsibilities
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To describe each component and its
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responsibility, the design team prepares small
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index cards.
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Each card contains the name of the software component, the
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responsibilities and names of other components to which it interacts.
Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 8
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Based on RDD, several other software concepts have
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been defined that are as follows:
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Communities of Agents
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Classes and Objects
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Messages and Methods
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Responsibilities
Modules C
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Generalization and Specialization
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Patterns
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Coupling and Cohesion
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 9
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An object-oriented program is viewed as a community
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of interacting agents called objects.
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Each object plays a unique role and provides services
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to or performs a task for the other members of the
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community.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 10
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Consider an example where a person named Bob
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wants to send a cake to a friend named Brian.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 11
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A class or a category is a group of people or things
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having common characteristics
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The figure shows various objects arranged according to
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their category or class.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 12
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An object is one copy of the class.
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Object can also be referred to as an instance of a class.
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The figure shows two objects of class Baker namely b1
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and b2 and the value of Name for b1 is William and
that of b2 is Roger. C
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A method is a set of steps or instructions, or a
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procedure to accomplish something
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Message is a set of words, a phrase, or statement to
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convey something
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The figure shows how the objects pass messages to
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each other to fulfill a task.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 14
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Objects communicate with each other by invoking
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methods and passing messages or arguments to the
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methods to complete a task
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The message passing
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and method invocation
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understood from the
figure.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 15
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In OOP, describe the behavior of objects as
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responsibilities
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The figure shows the responsibilities of various agents
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in the cake delivery process.
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To solve complex problems divide the problem into
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smaller units or modules
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The figure shows the approximate time it took to Bob
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to deliver the cake when he does everything himself.
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Total time taken (approx.) 2 hours and 50 minutes
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The figure shows the time it took Bob when the task
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was divided among other agents.
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This shows that by dividing the task between multiple
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people, Bob was able to achieve his goal in almost half
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the time than he would have done it himself
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 18
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The figure shows the concept of generalization and
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specialization.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 19
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A shape, model, or structure appearing again and again
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to create a design
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The figure shows the situation of a client making
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request through a proxy.
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 20
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Coupling is the degree to which the components know
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about each other
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Coupling can be loose or tight
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In tightcoupling
Loose coupling,
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the a group
of components
components arewhich
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can be C
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operate independent
dependent on each other
of each
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other
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Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 21
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Cohesion deals with a single component and how
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focused it is on a specific task
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The figures show a less cohesive component and a
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highly cohesive component.
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Less Cohesive Highly Cohesive
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Responsibility-driven design is a design technique based on
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delegation of responsibilities and determination of components
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responsible for executing the responsibilities.
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An object-oriented program is viewed as a community of
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interacting agents called objects.
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A class is a structure that defines and encloses the data
members and methods pertaining to a particular entity. An
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instance is one copy of the class.
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The commonly used method of solving complex problems is to
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divide the problem into smaller units called modules.
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A pattern is a solution to a problem which has been used
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effectively in a similar problem encountered earlier.
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Coupling is the degree to which the components know about
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each other. Cohesion is the degree to which a particular
component is designed for specific and focused purpose.
Version 1.0 © 2012 Aptech Limited. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts / Session 2 23
