Chemical bonding:
#Electronic Theory of Valency: Postulates:
(a) The capacity of an atom to take part in their chemical combination is
determine by their number of valence electrons.
(b) Atom with 9 electrons in their outermost shell are most stable and therefore
other atom of the element try to get such stable configuration, as a result
chemical combination takes place.
(c) During chemical combination, an atom of the element exists their electronic
configuration to nearest gas element by loss, gain, or shared of electrons.
(d) The number of electronic lost, gain or shared during chemical combination
is called valency of the element.
(e) The attractive force which holds the various element together is called as
chemical bonding.
Depending upon their mode of formation there are 3 types of bonds are present:
(1) Electrovalent or Ionic Bond
(2) Covalent Bond
(3) Co-ordinate covalent Bond
[1] Electrovalent or Ionic Bond:
This type of bond generally present in inorganic
compound where a complete transfer of one or more valence electrons from one
atom to other atom can occur during this, they produce opposite charged ions
i.e., positive & negative ions which can be hold by strong electrostatic force of
attraction called as Ionic bond.
This type of bond can be existed behave metal and non-metal elements, where
metal loss their electrons to from positive species and non-metal gain electrons
to from negative species, to get a stable electrons configuration of nearest noble
gas elements. For Example:
[i] NaCl
Na loss of e
ֿ Na+
(2,8,1) (2,8) NaCl
gain of e +
Cl Cl- (attraction)
(2,8,7) (2,8,8)
During the formation of NaCl, Na-atom lose their valence electron to get the
nearest noble gas element Ne-atom electronic configuration & Cl-atom gain one
electron to get nearest noble gas Ar-atom electronic configuration. During this Na-
atom convert into Na+ ion and Cl-atom into Cl- ion. Such oppositely charged ion
attraction strongly by their ionic bond to form NaCl compound.
[ii] MgCl2
lass
Mg Mg+2
(2,8,2) MgCl2
gain
2Cl 2Cl-
(2,8,7)
Properties of ionic compounds:
Ionic bond containing inorganic compounds are called ionic compounds. They
having following properties,
(a)Physical state:
Ionic compounds are usually exist in crystalline solid in state
which have well-define geometries & shape. This is due to strong electrostatic
force of attraction.
(b)Electrical Conductivity:
Ionic compound do not conduct electric current in solid
state but in molten state or solution state they are good conductor. This is due to
presence of free ions.
(c)Solubility:
To be soluble the substance they should be follow the rule “like
dissolves like”. Ionic compounds are soluble in non-polar solvent like benzene,
ether etc.
(d)Boiling & Melting point:
Due to stronger electrostatic force of attraction between
each compound. Ionic compound has high melting & boiling point.
[2] Covalent Bond:
The chemical bonding which is formed by mutual sharing of electron pair between
two similar or dissimilar atoms are called covalent bond. The atoms involves to
formed a bond can contributes the equal electrons and such electrons which is
responsible to formed chemical bond are called bond pair of electrons.
The covalent bond in a molecules can be represented by a line (-) between each
atoms.
When the atoms share one, two, three electrons pair the bond formed is single, double or triple
covalent bond respectively.
#Properties of covalent bonded compound;
(a)Physical state:
The intermolecular force of attraction for covalent compounds are usually weak.
Therefore, they can exist in liquid or gaseous state. However, few compound are also exist in
solid state like sugar, urea etc.
(b)Electrical Conductivity:
Covalent compounds are do not contain free ion in fused state or
solution state. Therefore, they are bad conductor of electricity.
(c)Solubility:
Covalent compounds are insoluble in water and polar solvent but soluble in unpolar
solvent like, ether, chloroform, benzene etc.
(d)Boiling and melting point:
They attractive force between their molecules are generally weak.
As a result, leaser to breakup their inter molecular association i.e. have low melting and boiling
point.
(e)Directional nature:
Covalent compounds are directional in character which includes a line(-)
and they are rigid in state.
[Q] Write the difference between ionic and covalent compounds?
[3] Co-ordinate covalent bond:
It is a special type of co-valent bond where an electron pair shared
between two atoms from only one atom during the formation of bond is called co-ordinate
covalent bond and formed compound are called co-ordinate compounds.
A co-ordinate covalent bond
formed between two atoms, where one atom contains their unused electrons in octet state and
other atom contain atom which contribute their electron pair called as donor and other atom
which accept an electron called as acceptor. It be represent by an arrow towards donor to
acceptor.
For example:
*Formation of Ammonium ion (NH4):
H H
H N : + H+ H N+ H
Electron deficient
H species (acceptor) H
Electron rich
Species (Donor)
Co-ordinate
Covalent bond
*Formation of Sulphur dioxide SO2:
*Formation of sulphuric acid H2SO4:
*Formation of complex between ammonia (NH3) and Boron trifluoride (BF3):
*Formation of Hydrogen peroxide H2O2:
*Name the types of bonds involved in following compounds:
(a) KCl
(b) Carbon dioxide
Polarity in Covalent Bonds:
o When atoms of different electronegativities form a covalent bond, a polar
covalent bond forms, creating a dipole with partial positive and negative charges.
o Polarity affects solubility and reactivity, as polar molecules often dissolve in polar
solvents.
Hydrogen Bond:
o A weak bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative
atom (like O, N, or F) in another molecule.
o Stronger than van der Waals forces but weaker than covalent and ionic bonds.
Fig: Hydrogen bonding in water.
Consequences of Hydrogen Bonding
Solubility: Compounds with hydrogen bonds tend to dissolve well in water and other
polar solvents. Lower alcohols are soluble in water because of the hydrogen bonding
which can take place between water and alcohol molecules.
Viscosity: The substances which contain hydrogen bonding exist as associated molecules.
So, their flow becomes comparatively difficult. They have higher viscosity and high
surface tension. Substances with extensive hydrogen bonding, like glycerol, show higher
viscosity.
Boiling Point: Hydrogen bonds increase the boiling points of compounds, as seen in
water, which has a high boiling point for a small molecule due to extensive hydrogen
bonding.
