GRADE 11
TERM 1
THE ATMOSPHERE
Teacher’s Guide
1.1
1.1.1 G (parallelism)(1)
1.1.2 A (revolution) (1)
1.1.3 D (insolation) (1)
1.1.4 B (orbit) (1)
1.1.5 E (terrestrial radiation) (1)
1.1.6 I (solstice) (1)
1.1.7 C (equinox) (1)
1.1.8 H (circle of illumination) (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.2
1.2.1 H
1.2.2 D
1.2.3 C
1.2.4 A
1.2.5 J
1.2.6 E
1.2.7 F
1.3.1 revolution
1.3.2 winter
1.1.3 days and nights are equal length
1.3.4 Equinox
1.3.5 rotation
1.3.6 seasons
1.3.7 orbit
1.3.8 south pole
1.3.9 Solstice (1 x 9 ) (9)
2.1 ROLE OF THE OCEANS IN CLIMATE CONTROL
2.1.1 Maritime
2.1.2 continental
2.1.3 Mozambique / Agulhas
2.1.4 Benguela
2.1.5 Small
2.1.6 small
2.1.7 More
2.1.8 Onshore (8 x 1) (8)
2.2
2.2.1 Mozambique
2.2.2 Warm
2.2.3 Equator
2.2.4 Cold Benguela
2.2.5 Latitudinal heat imbalance
2.2.6 Poles
2.2.7 Cold ocean currents are located on the west coast of continents (7 x 1) (7)
3.1 SUBSIDENCE AND CONVERGENCE LINKED TO RAINFALL
3.1.1 Divergence
3.1.2 Convergence
3.1.3 Stable
3.1.4 Unstable
3.1.5 Clear skies
3.1.6 Rain
3.1.7 Anticyclone
3.1.8 Cyclone (8 x 1) (8)
3.2.1 Southern Hemisphere
3.2.2 Pressure gradient force
3.2.3 Anticlockwise
3.2.4 Convergence
3.2.5 Coriolis force
3.2.6 Sinking
3.2.7 Clouds
3.2.8 Anticyclones (8x1)(8)
3.3
3.3.1 A to B
3.3.2 Pressure gradient
3.3.3 Coriolis
3.3.4 right
3.3.5 high
3.3.6 geostrophic
3.3.7 low
3.3.8 gentle (8 x 1) (8
3.4
3.4.1 B
3.4.2 A
3.4.3 B
3.4.4 A
3.4.5 A
3.4.6 A
3.4.7 B.
3.4.8 B (8 x 1) (8)
3.5.1 Westerlies
3.5.2 Equatorial low-pressure belt
3.5.3 Polar winds
3.5.4 Easterlies
3.5.5 Polar high-pressure belt
3.5.6 Sub-Tropical high-pressure belt
3.5.7 Equatorial low-pressure belt (7 x 1) (7)
3.6.
3.6.1. A- Hadley cell (1)
B- Ferrel cell (1)
C- Polar cell (1)
3.6.2. A- Trade winds/Tropical Easterlies (1)
B- Westerlies (Prevailing Westerlies) (1)
3.6.3. Cumulonimbus clouds (1)
Warm air rises rapidly resulting in high levels of condensation (1)
3.6.4. Hadley Cell
At the equator, warm air rises due to high temperatures and diverges upper
atmosphere towards 30⁰N/S (2)
At 30⁰, air sinks and diverges towards the equator and 60⁰N/S (2)
Ferrel Cell
At 60⁰, air rises and diverges upper atmosphere towards 30⁰ and 90⁰N/S (2)
Polar Cell
At 90⁰, air sinks and diverges towards 60⁰N/S, completing the Polar circulation (2)
3.7.1 INTERTROPICAL COVERGENCE ZONE
3.7.2 HIGH TO LOW.
3.7.3 LEFT
3.7.4 POLAR FRONT
3.7.5 D = EQUATORIAL LOW PRESSURE.
3.7.6 TROPICAL EASTERLIES (7 x 1)(7)
3.8.1 A
(1)
3.8.2 Equator receives direct insolation/ surplus heat / warm air is rising at the
Equator (3x1) (3)
3.8.3 Air at B is relatively warmer comparing to the air at 900 / because the air is
colder At 900, it is too dense and heavy to rise / HP/ and will therefore
moves on the surface to 600/ and will force the warmer less stable air to rise
(1x2)(2)
3.8.4 Diag. with captions: (4x2) (8)
• convergence of air (2)
• Rising air (2)
• Divergence of air (2)
• Type of Clouds (2)
Learners must indicate the Trade winds, which
converge at the equator/ rising air with an
arrow/ divergence in the upper atmosphere on a
semi-/circle or the fig on p 59 in Via Afrika
3.9
3.9.1 A: Hadley Cell
B: Ferrel Cell
C: Polar Cell (3 x 1)(3)
3.9.2 B: Westerlies
C: Polar Easterlies (2 x 1)( 2)
3.9.3 Higher temperatures at the equator lead to warm air rising rapidly, cooling
down and forming cumulonimbus clouds (1 x 2)( 2)
3.9.4 At the equator, warm air rises and diverges upper atmosphere. At 30°N/S the
air becomes cooler and sinks to the surface. On the surface, air diverges
towards the equator and 60°N/S, completing the Hadley Cell. Westerlies and
polar easterlies converge at 60°N/S and rise. Upper atmosphere, the air
diverges towards 30°N/S, completing the Fell Cell. The air diverging towards
90°N/S becomes colder and sinks, completing the Polar Cell. (4 x 2)( 8)
[15]
4.1
4.1.1 low
4.1.2 Indian
4.1.3 Tropic of cancer
4.1.4 June to September
4.1.5 southwest
4.1.6 tropical
4.1.7 macro
4.1.8 floods (8 x 1) (8)
4.2.
4.2.1 Seasonal winds that occur in tropical regions OR winds whose (1 x 2) (2)
direction changes with seasons [concept]
4.2.2. Roads caved in (2 x 1) (2)
Homes collapsed
Bridges were swept away
4.2.3. Summer monsoon (1 x 1) (1)
4.2.4. A low pressure develops over the land due to high temperatures (2 x 2) (4)
The pressure over the land is lower than the surrounding sea/ocean
Due to pressure gradient, winds blow from the ocean to the land,
carrying moisture to the land
4.2.5. Provide temporary shelter/blankets (3 x 2) (6)
Provide emergency medical care/counselling
Provide food/water to victims
Relocate people from at risk areas
Provide low cost housing to displaced people
(15)
4.3
4.3.1. Summer (1 x 1)(1)
4.3.2. Low pressure (1 x 1)(1)
4.3.3. (SW) Monsoon (1 x 2)(1)
4.3.4. Warm temperature
Overcast with heavy rainfall (2 x 2)(4)
4.3.3. PARAGRAPH: FORMATION AND IMPACT OF NE MONSOON FARMING
Wind blows from interior low pressure over the Himalayas to the sea
Air becomes dry and heats up adiabatically as it moves towards India.
The lack of rainfall results in crop reduction or failure.
Water and food resources for animals are diminished leading to smaller herds.
(4x2)(8)
5.1
5.1.1 Warm and dry winds that descend on the leeward slope of the mountain
(CONCEPT). (1 x 2 = 2)
5.1.2 Berg Wind (1 x 1 = 1)
5.1.3 Fohn winds are warm winds which leads to ice caps melting resulting in
floods.
Fohn winds are warm and dry, which makes vegetation drier leading to the formation
or ignition of veld fires (2 x 2 = 4)
5.1.4 On the leeward slope, warm air rises over a mountain range and cools down
adiabatically. The air reaches dew point, condenses, and forms clouds which
results in precipitation (2 x 2 = 4)
5.1.5 Positive
Melting of ice caps provides water for irrigation
Deposition of alluvium due to flooding improves soil fertility
Alluvium creates greener pastures for grazing of livestock
Negative
Flooding caused by melting ice caps wash away crops
Veld fires burn crops and reduces agricultural yield
Fohn winds dry up water sources and reduces amount of water available for
irrigation and livestock.
Veld fires may burn and kill livestock.
Flooding may cause mass soil erosion and negatively affect farming. (2 x 2 = 4) [15]
5.2.1 It affects only smaller areas and only blows at certain times of the year (1)
5.2.2 Windward (1)
5.2.3 Moist air rising on the windward side of the mountain (1)
Cooling causes water vapour to condense to form clouds (1)
Clouds are evident at A (1)
5.2.4 Moisture is released at the windward side (2)
Moisture evaporates as air descents (2)
The temperature increases adiabatically as air descents (2) (2 x 2) (4)
5.2.5 There is a possibility of fires that can cause destruction (accept examples) (2)
Vegetation/crops can dry out, affecting agriculture (2)
It can cause dehydration of the vulnerable like children and the aged (2)
It can cause snow to melt in certain countries causing avalanches and floods
Due to floods, avalanches can cause widespread destruction and even death
Crops can get washed away (2) (4 x 2) (8)
6.1.1 A
6.1.2 H
6.1.3 F
6.1.4 D
6.1.5 C
6.1.6 B
6.1.7 E
6.1.8 G (8 x 1) (8)
6.2
6.2.1 B
6.2.2 G
6.2.3 D
6.2.4 A
6.2.5 C
6.2.6 F
6.2.7 E (7 x 1) (7)
7.1
7.1.1 South Atlantic High
7.1 2 10 knots
7.1.3 cold front
7.1 4 4mb
7.1.5 summer
7.1.6 faster
7.1.7 Marion Island
7.1.8 thermal low (8 x 1) (8)
7.2
7.2.1 Isobars (1 x 1) (1)
7.2.2 1020 hPa (1 x 1) (1)
7.2.3 C – Saddle
D – Low pressure (2 x 1) (2)
7.2.4 ITCZ has moved southwards, because the south Atlantic and south
Indian high pressure systems are close to the land
Interior of the country experience high temperatures (2 x 1) (2)
7.2.5 (a) South (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Pressure gradient established, because of the high pressure
over the ocean and low pressure over the land As air starts to move from high to low,
Coriolis force starts to influence the direction. The wind starts to deflect to the left
according to Ferrell’s law and thus causes southerly winds instead of westerly winds
at the weather stations
(Any FOUR – Explanation is important) (4 x 2) (8)
8.1
8.1.1 Economic
8.1.2 Environmental
8.1.3 Environmental
8.1.4 Economic
8.1.5 Social
8.1.6 Social
8.1.7 Environmental
8.1.8 Economic (8 x 1) (8)
8.2
8.2.1 ‘... to curb the Sahara deserts spread’ (1)
8.2.2 The process where once fertile areas become arid. (1)
8.2.3 ‘The change in climate and weather patterns ...’ (1)
8.2.4 Overgrazing
Over cultivation
Deforestation
Subsistence farming
Poor irrigation practices (2 x 1) (2)
8.2.5 Trees promote infiltration and less run off of fertile soil
Trees act as windbreaks around fertile soil
Trees provide shade and create a nutrient sink
Trees increases evapo-transpiration, therefore also rainfall (1 x 2) (2)
8.2.6 Proper soil management that would include the use of organic fertilisers
Land reform programs / laws that encourage the sustainable
management of resources
Land management that encourages the growth of drought resistant crops
Terracing slopes to reduce run off and increase soil moisture
Allowing the land to lie fallow (crop rotation) (2 x 2) (4)
8.2.7 It would restore millions of hectares of fertile lands
This would decrease food insecurity / famine in the SAHEL
There would be a reduction in land degradation
There would be jobs created / multiplier effect
It would reduce mass migration from countries in the SAHEL to other
parts of Africa (
It would reduce carbon dioxide and increase oxygen (2 x 2) (4)
