CS61C – Machine Structures

Lecture 1 – Introduction

1/18/2006
John Wawrzynek
(Warznek)
(www.cs.berkeley.edu/~johnw)

www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/

CS 61C L01 Introduction (1) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

What are “Machine Structures”?

Application (ex: browser)

Compiler
Operating
System
61C
Software Assembler (Windows 2K)
Instruction Set
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture

Datapath & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors

* Coordination of many
levels (layers) of abstraction
CS 61C L01 Introduction (2) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 61C Levels of Representation (abstractions)
temp = v[k];
High Level Language v[k] = v[k+1];
Program (e.g., C) v[k+1] = temp;
Compiler lw $t0, 0($2)
Assembly Language lw $t1, 4($2)
Program (e.g.,MIPS) sw $t1, 0($2)
Assembler sw $t0, 4($2)
Machine Language 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
Program (MIPS) 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Machine
Interpretation
Register File
Hardware Architecture Description
(e.g., block diagrams)
ALU
Architecture
Implementation

Logic Circuit Description

(Circuit Schematic Diagrams)

CS 61C L01 Introduction (3) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer

Personal Computer

Computer Keyboard,
Processor
Mouse
Memory Devices
Disk
Control Input (where
(“brain”) (where
programs, programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(“brawn”) Output not running)
running)
Display,
Printer

CS 61C L01 Introduction (4) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

 Overview of Physical Implementations
The hardware out of which we make systems.
 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 Combinational logic circuits, memory elements,
analog interfaces.
 Printed Circuits (PC) boards
 substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of
CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation.
 Power Supplies
 Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage
levels.
 Chassis (rack, card case, ...)
 holds boards, power supply, provides physical
interface to user or other systems.
 Connectors and Cables.
CS 61C L01 Introduction (5) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Integrated Circuits (2005 state-of-the-art)

 Primarily Crystalline Silicon
Bare Die
 1mm - 25mm on a side
 2005 - feature size ~ 90nm = 90 x 10-9 m
 100 - 1000M transistors
 (25 - 100M “logic gates")
 3 - 10 conductive layers
 “CMOS” (complementary metal oxide
Chip in Package semiconductor) - most common.

 Package provides:
 spreading of chip-level signal paths to
board-level
 heat dissipation.
 Ceramic or plastic with gold wires.
CS 61C L01 Introduction (6) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 Printed Circuit Boards

 fiberglass or ceramic
 1-20 conductive
layers
 1-20in on a side
 IC packages are
soldered down.
 Provides:
 Mechanical support
 Distribution of power
and heat.
CS 61C L01 Introduction (7) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Technology Trends: Memory Capacity

(Single-Chip DRAM) size

1000000000
year size (Mbit)
100000000 1980 0.0625
10000000 1983 0.25
1986 1
Bits

1000000

1989 4
100000
1992 16
10000
1996 64
1000
1998 128
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year 2000 256

• Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years. 2002 512
• 8000X since 1980! 2004 1024
CS 61C L01 Introduction (8) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity

2X transistors/Chip
Every 2 years

Called
“Moore’s Law”

CS 61C L01 Introduction (9) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Processor Performance (SPECint)

10000

20%/year
1000
Performance (vs. VAX-11/780)

52%/year

100

10
25%/year

1
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

• VAX : 25%/year 1978 to 1986

• RISC + x86: 52%/year 1986 to 2002
• RISC + x86: 20%/year 2002 to present
CS 61C L01 Introduction (10) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!
Processor
2X in speed every 1.5 years (since ‘85);
100X performance in last decade.
Memory
DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96);
64x size improvement in last decade.
Disk
Capacity: 2X / 1 year (since ‘97)
250X size in last decade.
Will these trends continue?
CS 61C L01 Introduction (11) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Technology Trends - what’s next?

CS 61C L01 Introduction (12) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

 CS61C: So what's in it for me?
 Learn some of the big ideas in CS & engineering:
 Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as
layers
 5 Classic components of a Computer
 Data can be anything (integers, floating point,
characters): a program determines what it is
 Stored program concept: instructions just data
 Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy
(cache)
 Greater performance by exploiting parallelism
 Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurement

CS 61C L01 Introduction (13) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Others Skills learned in 61C

Learning C
 If you know one, you should be able to learn another
programming language largely on your own.
 Given that you know C++ or Java, should be easy to
pick up their ancestor, C.

Assembly Language Programming

 This is a skill you will pick up, as a side effect of
understanding the Big Ideas.

Hardware design
 We learn just the basics hardware design.
 CS 150, 152 teach this in more detail.

CS 61C L01 Introduction (14) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

 Course Topic Outline
 Number representations
 C-Language (basics + pointers)
 Storage management
 Assembly Programming
 Floating Point
 Compilation, Assembly
 Logic Circuit Design
 CPU organization
 Pipelining
 Caches
 Virtual Memory
 Performance
 I/O Interrupts
 Disks, Networks
 Advanced Topics
CS 61C L01 Introduction (15) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Texts
Required: Computer Organization
and Design: The Hardware/Software
Interface, Third Edition, Patterson
and Hennessy (COD). The second
edition is not suggested.
Required: The C Programming
Language, Kernighan and Ritchie
(K&R), 2nd edition
Reading assignments on web page
Read P&H Chapter 1 and sections 3.1 & 3.2 as soon as
possible this week, and K&R Chapters 1-4 before Monday.
CS 61C L01 Introduction (16) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 Class Meetings

Monday Lecture
Discussion Session (1 hour), Mon.,
Tue., or Wed.
Wednesday Lecture
Lab Session (2 hours), Wed., Thur., or
Fri.
Friday Lecture

There IS lab this week…

CS 61C L01 Introduction (17) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Homework, Labs and Projects

Lab exercises (every week)

Homework exercises (every week)
Due Wednesday at 11:59pm.
Homeworks due Mon. on Exam weeks.
Projects (every 2 to 3 weeks)
All exercises, reading, homeworks,
projects in course reader and on course
web page.
www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c
CS 61C L01 Introduction (18) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 3 Course Exams

Midterm 1: Wed 7pm Feb 22nd, room TBA

 Give 2 hours for 1 hour exam
 Open Book / Notes
 Review sessions TBA
Midterm 2: Wed 7pm Apr 19th, room TBA
Final: Tu May 9th, 6-9pm
 Day after final class.
 You’ll be done with 61C early.

Tentative Dates, Pending Room Availability

CS 61C L01 Introduction (19) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Your final grade

 Grading
15 Homeworks 15 x 2 30pts.
15 Labs 15 x 1 15
5 Projects 5 x 10 50
2 Midterms 2 x 30 60
Final exam 45
TOTAL 200
 Grade distributions. Absolute scale – no curve.
> 180 A+
175 A
170 A-
165 B+
.
.
.
125 D-
CS 61C L01 Introduction (20) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB
 Course Problems…Cheating
 What is cheating?
 Studying together in groups is encouraged.
 Turned in work must be your own.
 Common examples of cheating: running out of time on
a assignment and then pick up output, take homework
from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution
“just to take a look”, copying an exam question, …

 Cheating on homeworks; -4 points for that

assignment
 Cheating on projects / exams; At least, 0 points
for that project / exam. In most cases, F in the
course.
 For serious and repeated instances will refer you
to Office of Student Judicial Affairs.

CS 61C L01 Introduction (21) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Enrollment

 Our goal is to accommodate everyone on

the wait list.
 Three new sections have been added:
016 LAB W 3-5P 017 LAB F 9-11A 018 LAB F 11-1P
116 DIS M 4-5P 117 DIS W 9-10P 118 DIS W 12-1P

 If you want to be in the class, you must

register for sections. Do it ASAP!
 It may be possible to switch to different
sections later. However, if you are going to
switch you must switch both your lab and
discussion section. (At least you need to
end up with the same TA for both.)

CS 61C L01 Introduction (22) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

 Teaching Assistants
Dis Lab
Hayden So (Head TA) M 4-5 W 3-5

Adam Megacz Tu 5-6 Th 4-6

Tu 6-7 Th 6-8

Michael Le W 9-10 F 9-11

Udam Saini Tu 10-11 Th 10-12

W 12-1 F 11-1

David Marquardt Tu 1-2 Th 12-2

Tu 2-3 Th 2-4

CS 61C L01 Introduction (23) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB

Summary
Continued rapid improvement in
Computing
2X every 1.5 years in processor speed;
every 2.0 years in memory size;
every 1.0 year in disk capacity;
Moore’s Law enables processor
(2X transistors/chip 2 yrs)
5 classic components of all computers
Control Datapath Memory Input Output

Processor
CS 61C L01 Introduction (24) Wawrzynek Spring 2006 © UCB