4.6. CHANGE OF VARIABLES Quite often, the evaluation of a double or triple integral is greatly simplified by a suitable change of variables. Let the variables 2, y in the double integral She flee, y) dx dy be changed to u, » by means of the relations x = 6, v), y = wlu, »), then the double integral is transformed into ae ae JJ, fom: ylu.0)} Ld [dudvwhere s= 2&2 = au 00 | is the Jacobian of transformation eee au.) | ay ay ou dv from (x, 9) to (u, v) co-ordinates and R’ is the region in the uv-plane which corresponds to the region R in the xy-plane. j, (i) To change cartesian co-ordinates (x, y) to polar co-ordinates (r, 8). Here we have x =r cos 0, y =r sin 0 so that x? + & & cosé —rsin@ J = » sin6 reos@ |=" (cos?@+sin? 6) =r or 08 Jf roasaeay= [Jp fercos0, rsin rar | ie, replace x by r cos 0, y by r sin ® and dx dy by Zz rdrdé. t Py?)EEE Example 1. Evaluate the following by changing into polar coordinates: rc ya? dey vA oto Sol. Changing to polar coordinates by puttinge=r ‘0s and y=r sin @ so that x” + y? = 1, we get = [fe sin? @.r.rdrd0 r 5\e =| |4] sin? odo i, 5),Example 2. Change into polar coordinates and evaluate I jl el! dydx, | Hence show that Se (A.K-T.U. 2015, 2019) A Sol. For the region of integration in cartesian co-ordinates, y varies from 0 to = and x also varies from 0 to . Thus the region of integration is the plane XOY. Changing to polar co. ordinates by putting x =r cos @, y = r sin @ so that x” + y? = r?; for the region of integration . r r varies from 0 to ~ and @ varies from 0 to >. a [fee aas= [fee rarao is ae e-'dt do, where t = r2 n/2 1 pre 1 © wade we =-|0 =— ah (0-1) do ale, 7 Now, let I je dx Between the same limits, we have =e" d T=[ve% ay r=[[" = fie vn = IT dx dy = whee +9) de dy =1 | Proved already 272 pfx — x Example 3. Evaluate J ; xdy d_ 5) hanging to polar coordinates. Sol. In the given integral, y varies from 0 to 2x - x? and x varies from 0 to 2 Qx-x® => x+y? = 2x.yuuTIPLE INTEGRATION 353 Inpolar co-ordinates, we have r? = 2r cos 0 or r= 2.cos 6. For the region of integration, r varies from 0 to 2 cos @ and 6 varies from 0 to = In the given integral, replacing x by r cos 8, y by r sin @, dy dx by r dr d0, we have _ pr2 p2e88 [email protected]@ _ pr? prease i= ff f renee n=l [reser ao 2 m2 Pens m2 24 = ES =f” 3 =9.fs= i enol F. de 5 2cos* @d0 =2 373 Example 4. Evaluate J J qa? —x? — y? dx dy over the semi-circle x? + y? = ax in the positive quadrant. Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates, x° + y’ = ax transforms into r = a cos 6. For the . t . ir region of integration R, r varies from 0 to a cos @ and @ varies from 0 to 2 Sha la? — x" —y? de dy = [Ope rar ao < Pp se —72)¥? (2n) dr dO 0 Jo 2 cas 8 =f" @- | aa o 2 | 3/2 |, 3 fe sin? 0-a*) do = Dae 3402 Example 10. Evaluate {f+ y)® dx dy, where R is the parallelogram in the xy-plane with vertices (1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (0, 1), using the transformation u =x +y and v =x 2y (AK-T.U, 2020) Sol. The vertices A(1, 0), BG, 1), C2, 2), D(, 1) of the parallelogram ABCD in the xy-plane become A’(1, 1), BG, 1), C’(4, ~ 2) and D‘(1, — 2) in the uv-plane under the given transforma- tion. g ‘The region R in the xy-plane becomes the region R’ in the uv-plane which is a rectangle bounded by the line uw = 1, u=4 and v =—2, v= 1. Solving the given equations for x andy, we have x= j (Qu +0), y= $(u—v) jax ax| [2 2 ax,» _|au a\_[3 3\--1 J= tw,v) © | oy oy. J -4 a au av| 13 38 Pix" aedy = [fat sidnae= [fl ot gan sy} 4 seit Bi = fag] w= [rents 21 . oJ(ii) Using the transformations Sy = uy ile show that [ i ete dy d= (e-D ai) Since =u(l—v), y=uv ox ax 22) Ju w T= u,v | ay oy |= du dv dxdy=|J | dudv=ududuv 0 = u(l-v) > uv xtys => us Hence the limits of u are 0 to 1 and the limits of v are 0 to 1. “ fre ity) dy de=f f° et’ |S] du dv Also,Example 18. Evaluate by changing the variables, ff, (x+y)? dx dy where R is the region bounded by the parallelogram x + y =0, x+y = 2, 8x— 2y =O and 3x— 2y= (AK.T.U 014, 2021) Sol. Let x+y=uand 3x—2y=v so that z= Ouse) and y=7(u-0) ole n = 9%») = Ou, 0) Now, er] oon] to Te u 1 I a f 1 1 dxdy=|J | dudv=zdudv The limits then become u=Otou=2 and v=Otov=3. , oe ya Given Integral 1= ff, ¢+99? deay = ft geen nla4.7. AREA BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION (a) Cartesian Co-ordinates. The area A of the region bounded by the curves y = fi. efile) f,(2) and the lines x= a, x= b is given by A= j j, dy de. ‘The area A of the region bounded by the curves x= f,(), «= f,) and the lines y=, d pfzty) is given by A= J 5, ” de dy. Je Sr () Polar Co-ordinates. The area A of the region bounded by the curves r = (6 7 B pfs) f,(@) and the lines @ = 0, @ = is given by A = j i i ara. 4.7.1. Area of Curves Given by Parametric Equations We know that the area between the curve y = f(x), the axis of x and the ordinates at x=a » » and x = b is equal to J ydx or [fe de. Also, the area between the curve x= /(#), the y-axis and the abscissae y=a and y=bis 3 ‘6 given by [x dy or Jf ay. In case of parametric equations, the above formulae will be replaced by Bde B dy a ae dy Sica ae or ar at where o: and B are values of ¢ corresponding to the values a and b of xr y.| 3 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Example 1. Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4x x? and above the line ™ i (A.K.T.U, 2020) Sol. Let two curves intersect at points whose abscissae are given by 4x — x! = x or -8r=0 fe, x= 0,3. Using vertical strips, the required area lies between x= 0, x=3 and y= x,y = 4x2 7" Required area = J cc “de ax x” t 3 { = f [>] dx (A (3, 3) =f) Gr-x? ode =P x24 dx * 0 o 2 3p -[F-4] = 2) _go4s, . 3), 2 a . Example 2. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4x° + 9y straight line 2x + 3y = 6. 36 and the (1) 2 Sol. The equation of the ellipse is _ | ‘nd the line is 2) Both meet x-axis at A(3, 0) and y-axis at Ye “2. Using horizontal strips, the required area “* between 3 Speen 3 ar and y=0,y=2 3 2 Required area = j fr , 2 = [aay ~(-yldy Pe | A/ 368 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MaTHEN og 2 2 oe »¥ 2 2%] lo Teen! AT. = 3(2.Z-2) =3 -2) = plasin" a)—4+2)= 9 (2.5 gm Example 8. Determine the area of region bounded by the curves xy = 2, 4y =22, 5.4 UPTV. 2014, 2015) Sol. Required area of shaded region =f aw ‘ “1 (6-8 9 4 2 (3 log ») 3 1 (fe 2 = 3 stog2 Example 4. Find the area bounded by the parabola 9? = 4ax and its latus rectum. Sol. Required area = 2(area ASL) =2 Cf ay ax =2 [we ax 3? -us( 84.9. VOLUME AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL The volume V of a three-dimensional region is given by V= fff, dx dy dz If the region is bounded by z = f(x, 9), 2 = f,(x, 9); y = 0, (%), ¥ = $.(x) and x=a, x=b ve freee dz dy ds lex) Mx»)| ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES | | ini Example 1. Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the surface x = 0, y = 0, xty+e=landz=0. (A.K.T.U. 2021, 2019) Sol. Required volume = [Kop dy dx = [fas nae =f {a-s? 1 1 =- gla =3 . an 2. A triangular prism is formed by planes whose equations are ay = bx, y =0 and x =a. Find the volume of the prism between the planes z = 0 and surface z = c+ xy. (G.B.T.U. 2010) Sol. Required volume = i ee? dz dy dx = in (c+ 2y) dy dx = f [o+3 ) dx a el 2 2\% =f oe YT alae fe) 4 OE (xt oO a 2a’ a 2), 2 2a? = te Oa (40 4 ab) 2 8 8 Example 3. Find the volume of the cylindrical column standing on the area common {0 the parabolas x = y2, y = x’ as base and cut-off by the surface z= 12+y-x°. (U.P.T.U. 2014 Sol. Required volume = [" asf af?” - ye ),INTEGRATION uc TiPlt 375 Ys st (aceg- ene sy ) 5 td -1t Est) / ‘os % 0 xX peal alles 5g aos alt eicaiteceias4.10. CALCULATION OF MASS (a) For a plane lamina of area A, if the density at a point P(e, y) be p = f(x,y), then its total mass Misgivenby M=[f, pdedy=ff fix) dxdy In polar co-ordinates, if p = f(r, @) at a point P(r, 6), then M= Jfjprarao= ff fee rdr ao. avity then, J py dx dy ‘ff paray Also, if (¥, ¥) is the required centre ff px dx ay [Ppa In polar coordinates, J p.rcos).rdr do fj [email protected] de fil prarde ‘fff p-rarae x= where p is the density.= 380 {A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATicg () For a solid of volume V, ifthe density at a point PG 9,2) be p= fbx 9, 2), then its tora mass M is given by J M= She de dy de = fffre y, 2) dx dy dz. | wLusTRaTive EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the mass of a plate in the shape Pe rays of the curve (2) + (2) = I, the density being given by p= yay. "Sol. Let the required mass be M which is four times the mass in the first quadrant. From the equation of the curve By 2/9 8/2 7 vol-(2) a) a For the region OAB, x varies from 0 to a and y varies from 0 to y,. M=4[[edrdena f Pusvdyde = Loe] am font ol [ey] Put —-x=asin* 9, then dx = 8a sin? @ cos @ d0 When x=0,0=0; when M= ous "2 2ub* [7a sin® @ (1 sin? @)° 3a sin? @ cos 6 dO _ 2 , = bua? j sin’ @ cos’ 0 d0 = Gua’? 42-642 __ ae : 12-10°8-6-4-2 20 densit ample 2, Md the mass of a lamina in the form of the cardioid r = af + cos 8) whose pak any pel varie ae the square of its distance from the initial line. Let the required mass be M which is twice the mass above the initial line Since the distance of i nass : given by ince of any point (r, 8) from the initial line is r sin 0, the density at ("> ® * P=H(rsin 6)? =p 7? sin? 9,nee INTEGRATION 381 mi ‘ e region above the initial line, 0 varies from r=a(1 +008 6) ch Re from 0 to a(1 + cos @) andr varies M oto ge dr do =2 Ker r sin? @ dr d0 poe - Eps? 6.0‘ (140080)! do _ dat (5 8 coe 8) fs “2 (25m) (200 0 = 32a" f* sin? $ cos cos? ® pao Put $ =1, then do = 2d" When 0=0,t=0;whenO=m,t= 7 1:9-7-5-3-1 214 oS rat 12°10°8-6-4-2 a = Spat aid cost ake imatiad M=52ua' ["" 2sin? ¢ cos”? ¢ dt = G4ua a wll 4.41. CENTRE OF GRAVITY (C.G.) (a) The C.G. (&,¥) of a plane lamina occupying an area A in the xy plane and having density p = f(x, y) is given by de d3 ff, soda ff, vee JJ, pasay "ff pated In polar co-ordinates, if p = f(r, @) at a point P(r, 0), then the C.G.(¥, ¥) is given by Sf 0088.pr dr do Sh, 7? cos pdr d0 Sf prdrdo Sh prdrd@ y= JJ, rsinoprar ao 7 sin Op dr de Sf prdrd® SI, pr dr do (6) The C.G.Cz, ¥, 2) of a solid occupying @ volume V and having density p = Ax, ¥ fiven by Sffxoaeay de Sh ypdxdy dz ~MNe zpdxdydz Jf paedyae *” , ff pdeinds hh pax dy dz Be 2)is382 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMay, es B peat E . A plate in the form of a quadrant of the elli (2) (z =i Example 8. A plate in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse (*) (2) = 1 isoFsmay but varying thickness, the thickness at any point being proportional to the product of the dista of that point from the major and the minor axes. Find the co-ordinates of the centre of gravityey 9 the plane. Sol. Let OAB be the quadrant of the ellipse “> +25 = 1 with OA =a and OB =p a If P(x. y) be any point on the plate, then density from 0 to aand y varies ¥) be its C.G., then cee Let Gi oF ay de co a pib/adfa® x ge pay dx 15 Hence G+ (2.2 15°15 >Example 6. A triangular thin plate with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0) and (2, 4) has density p=1+x+y. Then find: (A.K.T.U. 2021) (i) the mass of the plate (ii) the position of its centre of gravity G. Sol. (i) B2, 4) Mass = jj pdx dy u if [asxtndvae , ee flarns-2] dx lo 2 M= fl ax+4x*) deMULTIPLE INTEGRATION 385 “i Jforavdy 9 Af fa xty)xdyde 3 2 32 ? =— + 4x? ah aa ede = 5 (20° +04) = 0 _ 3 pape of -ahe (4x49) ydyde aq 3 dx =F 2,8 , ah [arn Stee