pwd → path name of the current directory

cd desktop/ → change directory to desktop

mkdir → create directory/ folder

cd customer
touch [Link] → create a text file inside customer folder called index

ls → shows all the files and directories inside a particular folder

ls -a→ shows only the files inside a particular directory

ls -d → displays only the directories inside a given path
ls -l → displays the long format listing
cd .. → will take us back to the parent folder
cd / → will take us back to one of the main(root) directories

1. vi [Link] → opens vi editor in the command mode with a text file named seller
2. i → changes the mode from command mode to insertion mode
3. insert the content (text → seller is selling vegetables)
4. esc → change the insertion mode back to the command mode
5. :wq → save the content inside the [Link] file and exit the vi editor
:q! → when the entered content is not needed to be saved

cat [Link] → shows the content inside the seller file

more [Link] → can be used to read what’s inside the seller file just like the cat command
wc [Link] → shows the number of lines, words and the characters in the seller text file respectively

mv [Link] [Link] → move all the contents of the seller folder to products folder and
automatically delete the seller folder and the content that was previously in the products folder

cp [Link] [Link] → copy the content what’s inside the products folder to the copy folder

rm [Link] → remove/ delete the goods text file

rmdir salary → removes/ deletes the salary directory
rm -R employee → deletes a directory which has files in it

history → show all the commands

ifconfig → check machine ip addresses
who → shows the username current time and date
whoami → shows the username
ps → the process ids of the processes that are currently running

chmod ug+x [Link] → for the user and the group execution permissions are also given

uname -a → shows a summary about the system

echo → works as the printf in c
echo myName → output will be myName
echo $myName → output will be the value stored in myName
echo `date` → back quotes works as a command and prints out the date

echo $BASH → displays the shell name

echo $USER → displays the username
echo $((5+10)) → output will be 15
expr 1 + 4 → output will be 5 (the spaces between are mandatory)
nano [Link] → opens a shell names test01
“ctrl + x” then press “y” then press “enter” to save the content written in the shell

1. chmod +x [Link]
2. ./[Link]
This order of commands execute what’s written in the shell

read -p “Enter two numbers”x y → enter values for x and y on the same line (-p)

read -a names
echo “Names: ${names[0]}, ${names[1]}, ${names[2]}“

-eq → is equal to
-ne → is not equal to
-lt → is less than
-le → is less than or equal to
-gt → is greater than
-ge → is greater than or equal to

Value=20
If [ $value -eq 20 ]
Then
echo “condition is true.”
Fi
Ps: there should be a space in between every element after the if word.

#!/bin/bash
count=5
while [ $count -le 15 ]
do echo $count
((count++))
Done
#!/bin/bash
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo “Welcome $i times”
done

#!/bin/bash
vehicle=”van”
case $vehicle in
“car”) echo “rent for $vehicle is 5000 rupees”;;
“van”) echo “rent for $vehicle is 10000 rupees”;;
“bicycle”) echo “rent for $vehicle is 1000 rupees”;;
*)
echo “unknown vehicle”;;
esac

1. cat > animals

2. dog
lion
deer
snake
tiger
eagle
cat
3. “ctrl + d” → to save the above list
4. sort animals → to sort the animals in the alphabetical order
5. cat
deer
dog
eagle
lion
snake
tiger
 1. sort – animals
2. rat
fish
bird
adding new animals to the list
3. “ctrl + d”
4. bird
cat
deer
dog
eagle
fish
lion
eagle
snake
tiger

sort -r animals → this will sort the list of animals from tiger to cat without including the animals we
added later. (without including rat, fish and bird)

sort -n animals → sorting the animals according to the number in the ascending order
sort -nr animals → sorting the animals according to the number in the descending order
sort -oabc animals → create a new file called abc with the same contents as in animals by sorting them
according to the number

1. cat > employee

2. manager 4000
teacher 300
clerk 20
3. “ctrl + c”
4. sort -k 2 [Link]
5. clerk 20
teacher 300
manager 4000

sort -t “|” -k 2 animals

4| cat
5| deer
123| dog
2| eagle
3| lion
1| snake
9| tiger
echo I like cricket | cut -b 2 → I
echo I like cricket | cut -b 5 → k

for i in $(seq 10); do echo $(seq -s ‘ ‘ 1 9) >> [Link]; done

output → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
-s represents a space in between the numbers.

cut -d ‘ ‘ -f 2 [Link] → cut the 2nd field from the above number text
output → 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

cut -d ‘ ‘ -f 4-9 [Link] → from 4 to 9 rows will be printed

cut -d ‘ ‘ -f -2,4- [Link] → 3rd row will be hidden

cut -d ‘ ‘ -f -1,3- [Link] → 2nd row will be hidden
cut -d ‘ ‘ -f 3 –complement [Link] → 3rd row will be hidden

echo 123456789 >> [Link] → 123456789 will be added after the above sequence of numbers

cut -s -d ‘ ‘ -f 3 [Link] → care only the numbers with a delimiter

tab or : → field seperators

cut -f 2,3 -d”:” [Link] → extract 2 and 3 rows

cut -c 1-4 [Link] →from saman the first 4 bytes “sama” will be displayed
grep love [Link] → extract the word “love” with the statements itself
grep -i love [Link] → extract the word love including the “Love” as well
grep -i -n -v love [Link] → extract the sentences without the word love in it
grep -I -n -v -c love [Link] → count the number of sentences without the word love in it

awk ‘{print “welcome to awk lab session”}’

cat /etc/passwd

awk -F ‘:’ ‘{total += NF}; END {print total}’ /etc/passwd → prints the number of fields in the passwd file

date |awk ‘OFS=”/” {print $2,$3,$6}’

awk ‘BEGIN{print “this is my first lesson”}{print $1,$2,$6}END{print “this is end”}’ [Link]

awk ‘$4 ~/Tech/’ [Link] → display the information of the employees under the tech department

echo "Hello John|awk '{$2=”Andrew”; print $0}’ → Hello John will be changed into Hello Andrew

awk ‘length($2)>5’ [Link] → displays the details of the employees whos name has more than 5
characters (the 2nd column is the employee’s name)

echo -e “One Two\nOne Two Three\nOne Two Three Four” | awk ‘NF > 2’ → displays the texts which
has more than 2 fields
-e eliminates special characters like \n

echo -e “cat\nbat\nfin\fan\nfun” | awk ‘/f.n/’ → displays the words that starts from f and ends from n

echo -e “call\ntall\nball” | awk ‘/[^ct]all/’ → output will be ball

echo -e “Colour/Color” | awk ‘/Colou?r/’ → r will be optional in this case so both Colour and Color will
be printed

echo -e “ca\ncat\ncatt” | awk ‘/cat*/’ → from the * it shows the that zero or more than that amount of
“t” s can appear so all three ca, cat and catt will be printed

echo -e “Apple Juice\nApple Pie\nApple Tart\nApple Cake” | awk ‘/Apple (Cake|Juice)/’

output → Apple Juice
Apple Cake

awk ‘BEGIN{print index(“peanut”, “an”)}’ → 3 will be the output

for item in *
do
if [ -f $item ]
then
echo $item
fi
done

count=5
while [ $count -le 15 ]
do
echo $count
((count++))
done