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Tutorial5 PYL558

The document outlines a tutorial for a statistical mechanics course, detailing various problems related to entropy, ideal gases, harmonic oscillators, and diatomic molecules in electric fields. It includes tasks such as proving the equivalence of entropy formulas, calculating thermodynamic quantities, and analyzing systems with impurity atoms. The tutorial emphasizes the application of Hamiltonian mechanics and partition functions in deriving key thermodynamic properties.

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univere7676
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27 views2 pages

Tutorial5 PYL558

The document outlines a tutorial for a statistical mechanics course, detailing various problems related to entropy, ideal gases, harmonic oscillators, and diatomic molecules in electric fields. It includes tasks such as proving the equivalence of entropy formulas, calculating thermodynamic quantities, and analyzing systems with impurity atoms. The tutorial emphasizes the application of Hamiltonian mechanics and partition functions in deriving key thermodynamic properties.

Uploaded by

univere7676
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 5, PYL558 Statistical Mechanics (R. Marathe, IITD)

1. In the class we claimed that the three formulas for the entropy S for a system viz:

S = kB ln Σ(E)

S = kB ln Ω(E)

S = kB ln ω(E)

∂Σ(E)
where Σ(E) = d3N p d3N q, Ω(E) = Σ(E + ∆E) − Σ(E) and ω(E) =
R
H≤E ∂E
are equivalent. Prove
this claim.

2. Repeate the calculation for an ideal gas done in the class.

3. Consider the problem of a single harmonic oscillator where the Hamiltonian is given by H =
p2
2m
+ 1
2
mω2 x2 , where ω is the natural frequency of oscillations. Find the number of states up to
the energy surface of energy E that is Σ(E). Now generalize this to N non-interacting harmonic
oscillators in 3-dimensions with the Hamiltonian.

3N
p2i
!
X 1
H= + mω xi .
2 2

i=1
2m 2

For this system find the thermodynamic quantities like S , E, T , P, Cv and the equation of state.
(Hint: How can you use calculation done in ideal gas case here? Try to transform the pi ’s and qi ’s
such that you get the Hamiltonian in the form (P2i + Q2i ).)
P

4. Consider the problem of an ideal gas with N particles in three dimensions confined in a volume V.
The Hamiltonian of the system is given by H = l=1 pl /2m. For this system find the Canonical
PN 2

partition function Z, Helmholtz Free energy F, pressure, entropy, energy, and the chemical poten-
q
2 i−hEi2
tial. Also find the RMS fluctuations in the energy namely hE hEi 2 . How do these fluctuations
behave as N → ∞ ?

5. Consider N impurity atoms trapped in a solid. Each impurity atom can be in one of two states
with energies 0 and . The solid now can be considered as the heat reservoir at temperature T
and the impurities as the system in contact with this heat reservoir. Microstates of this system are
described by occupation number ni where ni = 0 or 1 if ith impurity is in ground state or excited
2

state respectively. Write the Hamiltonian of the system. Find the Canonical partition function.
What is probability P(ni ) ? Obtain the Helmholtz Free energy of the system. Find the entropy S ,
and the internal energy E. Also the RMS fluctuations in E.

6. Consider a gas of N non-interacting, diatomic molecules, each having an electric dipole moment
µ, moment of inertia I, placed in an electric field of strength E. The energy of the molecule will be
given by the kinetic energy of rotation, translation plus the potential energy due to applied electric
field.
p2
 
p2 1  pθ + φ
E= +  − µE cos θ,
 2 
2m 2I sin2 θ
where, θ, φ are polar and azimuthal angles respectively. Find the different thermodynamic quan-
tities including net dipole moment, electric polarization P. Find the rotational energy per particle
and discuss its high and low temperature limits.

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