LCR
CIRCUITS
JANVI SHARMA
XII A
ROLL NO: 06
[Link]’S
SCHOOL, BEHROR
PHYSICS PROJECT
INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. LCR Circuits: Introduction
4. Components of LCR circuit
5. Types of LCR circuits
6. LCR circuit diagram(series)
7. Impedance in LCR circuit
8. LCR circuit formula
9. Resonance and Power Factor of
LCR circuits
10. Phase Differences and LCR Phasor
Diagram
11. Overview and Importance of LCR
circuits
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
CERTIFICATE
ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOL, BEHROR
This is to certify that JANVI SHARMA, a student of class XII-A
has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of Mr. Hitesh Verma (Subject
Teacher) during the academic year 2023-24 in partial fulfilment
of physics practical examination conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I’m extremely grateful to all the people who have helped me
in completing this project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my
school principal Fr. Packiam M.,SJ and my physics teacher
Mr. Hitesh Verma for giving me the opportunity to work on
this project. I am very grateful to them for their support and
guidance I needed in completing this project.
I am thankful to my parents as well. I was able to successfully
complete this project with the help of their guidance and
support. Finally, I want to thank all my dear friends and my
sister for helping me abundantly in completion of this project.
I help all of my classmates for helping me find the content for
this project, without their help I would not have been able to
successfully complete this project.
All of the people I have mentioned above have been extremely
helpful in various stages of completion of this project.
What are LCR circuits?
An electronic LCR circuit contains a resistor of R ohms, a
capacitor of C farad, and an inductor of L Henry, all connected in a
series combination with each other. Since all the three elements
of the LCR circuit are connected in series, the current passing
through each of them is the same and is equivalent to the total
current I passing through the circuit. A circuit that contains L, R,
and C components at some particular frequencies can make the L
and C (or some of their electrical effects) disappear completely.
A Brief Explanation of LCR Circuit
The LCR circuit can act as just a capacitor, just a resistor, or just an
inductor individually. The LCR circuit is also used to enhance the
voltage to increase the voltage passing through the individual
components of the circuit.
This voltage can be much larger than the external voltage applied
to the circuit. LCR circuits are also useful to change the impedance
of the circuit, to increase or decrease the resistance to the current
of different frequencies. All these effects can either be used
separately or can be used all together to get the desired results in
electronic devices.
COMPONENTS OF AN LCR CIRCUIT
The three Components of an LCR circuit work together to
Produce different Effects.
Resistor:
The resistor limits the current flow. It helps in controlling the
power or voltage that is applied to the LCR circuit. The resistor is a
component in an electronic device that limits the flow of electric
current. The resistor helps control the amount of power or voltage
that is applied to the LCR circuit. This is important because it
prevents too much current from flowing through the other
components in the circuit. Resistor and its symbol are shown
below.
Capacitor:
A capacitor stores energy and releases it in a controlled manner- It
helps in controlling the voltage or power that is applied to the LCR
circuit. The capacitor stores energy and releases it in a controlled
manner, which prevents too much current from flowing through
the L resistor. Capacitor and its symbol are shown below.
Inductor:
An inductor resists change in current flow- It helps in controlling
the fluctuations in current flow. The inductor resists change in
current flow, which helps to stabilize the LCR circuit. The LCR
circuit is used as a part of electronic devices such as cell phones,
televisions, and computers to regulate the intensity of light emitted
from these devices. Inductor and its symbol are shown below.
TYPES OF LCR CIRCUITS
There are two types of LCR circuits, which are the LCR Series
circuit and the LCR Parallel circuit, both of them are explained
below:
LCR Series Circuit
As an LCR circuit can only work when it is connected in a series
pattern, therefore, the LCR series circuit is almost similar to a
series electrical circuit. The only difference between both these
is that a series electric circuit current stays the same
throughout the circuit but in an LCR set-up, we can regulate the
flow of current and can also restrict it from flowing to other
components. It is used in radio and communication engineering
and it can also be used to select a certain narrow range of
frequencies from the total spectrum of ambient radio waves. At
resonance frequency, the impedance in LCR series circuit is
minimum.
The image below shows a Series LCR circuit diagram.
Parallel LCR Circuit
In the parallel LCR circuit, the resistor, inductor, and capacitor
all are connected in parallel across a voltage supply and it is the
exact opposite of the series LCR circuit as in it the voltage
remains the same across all its components and the supply
of current gets divided. It is also used for tuning purposes as
well as in induction heating systems. It is also used as a current
amplifier and as a filter circuit.
Both series LCR circuit and parallel LCR circuit have their uses
and applications in today’s world. As both have their
characteristics from which one can benefit in electrical devices
and applications. The image below shows a typical Parallel LCR
circuit setup.
LCR Circuit Diagram(SERIES)
This diagram consists of all the components of the module, such as
inductance, capacitance, and resistance. It fulfils along with its
properties like Reactance, Impedance, and Phase.
This module discusses the overall effect of L, C, and R when
connected in series and supplied by an alternating voltage. In such
arrangements, the current provided passes through all the
elements of the circuit equally. VR, VC, and VL symbolize the
amount of individual voltage across the register, capacitor, and
inductor, respectively.
There is some internal resistance on the applied voltage, which is
measured across the inductor. In the LCR circuits, the internal and
external resistance is usually there in the circuit. Therefore, it is
easy to know that the voltage across VR is the total voltage across
the circuit which inhibits the internal resistance L accompanied by
a fixed resistor. Here Vs is the applied supplied voltage.
The phase relationship between the current of the circuit IS, and
the supplied voltage VS depends on both, the relative values of the
capacitance, inductance, and frequency of the applied voltage.
Various conditions arise depending upon whether the inductive
reactance XL is smaller or higher than the capacitive reactance XC.
Diagrams can illustrate this.
As per the above diagram, one can infer that:
V2=VR2+(VL−VC)2 −−−(1)
Since it is an LCR circuit, the equal current will pass through all
components. Therefore,
VR=IR −−− (2)
VL=IXL −−− (3)
VC=IXC −−− (4)
Using equation (1), (2), (3) and (4)
The angle between I and V is known as phase shift,
In terms of impedance, it is represented as,
Three Possibilities Arise Depending upon the Values of XC and XL.
1. If XL>XC, then tanϕ>0, in this case, the voltage leads the
current, and the LCR circuit is said to be an inductive circuit.
2. If XL<XC, then tanϕ<0, in this case, the current leads the
voltage, and the LCR circuit is said to be a capacitive circuit.
3. If XL=XC, then tanϕ=0, and the current is in phase with the
voltage, and the circuit is known as a resonant circuit.
Impedance in LCR Circuit
Impedance, represented by Z, is the combined resistance and
reactance in an AC circuit. It cannot be determined simply by
adding the resistance and reactance values. In an LCR circuit, the
resistance (R), capacitance (C), and inductance (L) all play a role
and reach their maximum values simultaneously.
When the reactance is greater than the resistance, the phase
difference tends to be larger, reaching approximately 90°.
Conversely, when the resistance is larger, the phase difference
tends to be closer to 0°.
The resistance and reactance can be visualized using a right-angle
triangle.
In this triangle, if the inductive reactance (XL) is greater than the
capacitive reactance (XC), the circuit exhibits a lagging phase
angle. If XC is greater than XL, the circuit is capacitive and exhibits
a leading phase angle. When XC is equal to XL, the circuit reaches
its resonant frequency.
The magnitude of the current in an LCR circuit depends on the
frequency. When the impedance (Z) is at its maximum, the
current (I) is at its minimum.
The formula for calculating impedance is Z=√R2+(XL−XC)2 .
LCR Circuit Formula
The formula of the LCR Circuit has been explained below:
Since VR = I×R and VL = I×XL as well as VC = I×XC
Therefore, VS = √(I×R)2+(I×XL−I×XC)2
So, VS = I. √(R)2+(XL−XC)2
Or we can also write as, VS = I×Z
where, Z = √R2+(XL−XC)2
where,
VR = Voltage of resistor
VC = Voltage of capacitor
VL = Voltage of inductor
I = Electric Current
R = Resistance
VS = Total Voltage
Z = Impedance, which is the slope of the triangle.
Resonance in LCR Circuit
Resonance happens when the magnitudes of inductive and
capacitive reactances are equal (XL = XC) but with a phase
difference of 180°. At this point, they counteract each other,
resulting in the cancellation of their effects. This specific
frequency is called the resonance frequency of a LCR series
circuit. Therefore, the circuit can be referred to as a resonance
LCR circuit.
Inductive Reactance: XL=2 πfL=ωL
Capacitive Reactance: XC=1/(2 πfC)=1/(ωC)
XC=XL, for series resonance circuit
POWER FACTOR OF LCR CIRCUIT
The power factor of an AC circuit represents the ratio of the actual
power consumed to the apparent power supplied. It indicates how
effectively the circuit utilizes power. In an LCR circuit, the power
factor reflects the degree to which the circuit dissipates
For an LCR circuit, the power factor is the ratio of resistance to
impedance, representing the circuit's resistance to the total
impedance. The total impedance of the circuit is the magnitude of
the combined effect of resistance, capacitive reactance, and
inductive reactance.
Power dissipated in a LCR circuit can be shown, as follows;
P=I2rmsR
=ε2rmsR⋅|Z|2
=ε2R⋅R2+(ωL–1⋅ωC)2
Since, Irms=Vrms⋅Z
Phase Differences:
LCR Circuit Phasor Diagram:
Overview
This module gives a brief introduction to some of the most
beneficial and most creative circuits of the electronic world. The
circuits are elementary, containing two or three components that
are connected in series with each other. They perform various
complex functions and have a broad range of circuit applications.
Electronic circuits are used to connect an indicator, a resistor, or a
capacitor either in parallel or in series. Some previous modules of
this series talk about the capacitors and inductors, and their
connection with the resistors exclusively. This creates some useful
circuits like filters, integrators, and differentiators.
Capacitors and Inductors have different purposes in an AC circuit.
This module talks about the cumulative properties of reactance,
the impedance of the capacitors, and the inductors with various
frequencies to generate amazing effects.
Importance of LCR Circuit
LCR circuits are important in various applications. LCR circuits
help reduce power consumption by controlling too much current
flow through a device or component, causing it to overheat. LCR
circuits also help reduce voltage fluctuations that can damage
electronic devices.
Stores energy and releases it in a controlled manner which
prevents too much current from flowing throughout the L resistor.
It consists of three components L resistor, capacitor, and L inductor
helps in controlling the fluctuations of current flow, which
stabilizes the LCR circuit.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of our study on LCR circuits, we can conclude the
following points:
1. The voltage across the capacitor is VC=IXC.
2. The voltage across the inductor is VL=IXL.
3. The voltage across the resistor is V R=IR.
4. Total applied voltage V2=VR2+(VL−VC)2.
5. Total impedance Z = √R2+(XL−XC)2.
6. Power Dissipated P=I2rmsR.
7. Power Factor (p.f.)=R/Z
8. Resonant Frequency,
We have successfully studied LCR circuits.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The project has been completed with the help of
research from the internet, from textbooks and with
the help of class lectures.
1. NCERT Physics Book Class XII
2. NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class XII
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
6. Internet websites like
[Link]
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[Link]
