GENERAL SAFETY

OBJECTIVE
At the end of the session, participants will be able to:
Summarize OSH legislation requirements at the
workplace

Describe the incident prevention concept

Identify company’s OSH requirements and in-

house rules

Explain basic safety at workplace

2 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 CONTENTS
Definition

OSH and Environmental legislations

Accident statistic

Incident prevention concept

General duties of employee

Pre-entry requirement

Basic safety

3 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH DEFINITION
Determine the requirements of the Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH) management system and provide guidance for
its use, to enable organizations to provide safe and healthy
workplaces by preventing work-related injuries and illness, as
well as by proactively improving OSH performance.

Source:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems : ISO 45001: 2018

4 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 DEFINITION
Hazard:
A source or a situation with a potential for:
❖ Harm in terms of human injury or ill health.
❖ Damage to property.
❖ Damage to the environment.
❖ A combination of these.

Source: Malaysian Standard of Occupational Safety Health and

Management System MS 1722 : 2005

5 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 DEFINITION
Risk:
❖ A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence
of hazardous event AND
❖ The severity of injury or damage to the health of
people, property or environment caused by this
event.

Source: Malaysian Standard of Occupational Safety

Health and Management System MS 1722 : 2005

6 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH RELATED AGENCIES
Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH)

National Institute of Occupational Safety

and Health (NIOSH)

Social Security Organisation (SOCSO)

7 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 OSH LEGISLATIONS
OSHA 1994 (AMENDMENT) 2022
SCOPE All industries except armed forces,
workers on merchant ships & Domestic
employment in relation to a person
who employs another, or is employed,
as a domestic servants

APPROACH ◼ Self regulation

◼ Everybody’s responsibility
◼ Co-operation and involvement of
workers
◼ Consultation between employer and
employee
OBJECTIVE To protect safety, health and welfare
of employees and other persons at
work (e.g. Visitor, contractor, etc.)

8 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 OSHA 1994 (AMENDMENT) 2022 –
Interpretation (Section3)
Any person who in the course of or for the purposes of his
trade, business, profession or undertaking contracts with a
PRINCIPAL contractor for the execution by or under the contractor of
the whole or any part of any work undertaken by the
principal

Any person who contracts with a principal to carry

out in whole or in part any work undertaken by the CONTRACTOR
principal in the course of or for the purposes of the
principal’s trade, business, profession or undertaking

any person who has entered into a contract of service

EMPLOYER to employ any other person as an employee.

Any machinery, equipment, appliance, implement or

tool, any component thereof and PLANT
anything fitted, connected or appurtenant thereto

© NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

❖ To ensure, so far as is practicable, safety, health and

welfare of all employees at work.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
❖ Provisions and maintenance of plant and safe
system of work.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

❖ Safety in the use or operation, handling, storage

and transport of plant and substances.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
❖ Provisions of information, instruction, training and
supervision.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
❖ Maintenance of work place condition including
means of access to and egress from it.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
❖ Provisions and maintenance of a working
environment and welfare facilities.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
❖ The development and implementation of
procedures for dealing with emergencies that may
arise while his employees are at work

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 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH POLICY STATEMENT
❖ For company with more than five (5) employees:
– Establish OSH policy statement.
– Establish OSH organization.
– Arrangement to implement OSH policy.

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 PENALTY TO THE EMPLOYER
❖ Not more than RM500,000.00 OR 2 years
imprisonment OR both.

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 PAPER CUTS

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
❖ Take reasonable care of himself and other persons.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
❖ Co-operate with employer or any other designated
persons.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
❖ Wear or use any protective equipment or
clothing provided by the employer.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
❖ Comply with OSH instruction or measure instituted
by the employer.

23 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PENALTY TO EMPLOYEE
❖ Not more than RM2,000.00 OR 3 months
imprisonment OR both.

24 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
❖ Environmental Quality Act 1974.
❖ Enforced by the Department of Environment (DOE).
❖ Control towards pollution of air, noise, soil, water
and scheduled waste.

25 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PENALTY TO EMPLOYER
❖ Not more than RM500,000.00 OR 5 years
imprisonment OR both.

26 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT
1974 - REGULATIONS 2005
(SCHEDULED WASTE)
❖ Scheduled waste definition:
– Any waste listed in Schedule 1
– e.g : Paint waste, used solvent, used oil, etc.
❖ Scheduled waste management shall adhere to specific
regulations and guidelines. (e.g. : Recycle / disposal)

27 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 LESSON LEARNT FROM ACCIDENT

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 REPORTED ACCIDENT UP TO 2014
90000
81,810
80000
73,858
69,132
70000
63,423 63,557 63,331
61,182 61,552
59,897
60000 58,321 57,639
56,249 56,339 55,186
54,133
50,803
50000
43,885
40,617 38,657
40000 34,376 35,603 35,088 35,898
35,294
35,092 35,296

30000 27,659 28,037

26,256
24,809
20,810 22,036
18,387 18,329 17,704 17,682 19,041
20000 17,609 17,297

10000

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Total Accidents Reported Industrial Accidents Commuting Accidents

Source : SOCSO Annual Report

29 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 INCIDENT PREVENTION CONCEPT
ITEM DEFINITION
INCIDENT • Unplanned / unexpected / unwanted event;
• A result of a combination of causes;
• Incident = Accident + Near Misses
ACCIDENT An incident related to work activity which result in
fatality, injury, damage to property or damage to
environment.

30 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 INCIDENT PREVENTION CONCEPT

Hazard identification

Risk assessment

Risk control implementation

Risk communication

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 INCIDENT PYRAMID

Source: Tye Pearson 1975

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 INCIDENT CAUSES
Unsafe Unsafe
Act Condition

• Horseplay • Substandard work

• Not wearing Incident procedure
Personal Protective • Slippery floor
Equipment (PPE) • Scattered tools on
• Short cut the walkway

33 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 BEHAVIORAL BASED SAFETY
Define behaviors : Unsafe acts

Observe behaviors

Intervene

Test the intervention

We have the obligation to ensure safe behavior at
workplace.
Safety is everyone responsibility and safety is
starting from you.

34 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 COST OF INCIDENT
❖ Related to Iceberg Theory.
RM1 Visible Cost

Visible Cost

Hidden Cost

RM5 – RM50
Hidden Cost

35 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 VISIBLE COST
❖ Cost directly related to the accident.
❖ Example:
– Medical expenses
– Compensation
– Fines

36 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HIDDEN COST
❖ Additional cost to the company.
(5–50 times more than visible cost)
❖ Example:
– Damage of product or raw material.
– Damage of plant or building.
– Damage of working tools and machine.
– Emergency expenses.

37 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SAFETY
CULTURE
❖ Responsible parties:

PRINCIPAL&
ENFORCER EMPLOYER EMPLOYEE

DESIGNER SUPPLIER MANUFACTURER

38 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 RISK CONTROL HIRARCHY

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 PRE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
❖ Contractor Safety Passport System (CSPS)
– Is a guideline for contractors to work safely according
to their task.
❖ New Comer Orientation (NCO) / Induction
– Train contractors on company’s background, in-house
rules and safe work procedures.

CSPS Card

41 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PRE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
❖ Contractor’s dress code

42 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PRE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
Before entering plant
❖ Declare equipment, tools and work material brought in
at the security point.
❖ Example:
– Quantity and type of tools. (e.g. Spanner, grinder)
– Quantity and type of chemicals. (e.g. Paint, thinner)
– Number of workers.
– Machinery. (e.g. Crane, sky lift, lorry)

43 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS BEFORE
WORKING
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Wear or use PPE to protect against one or more risk
to safety and health
• Type of protection:
– Head
– Eye and face
– Hearing
– Respiratory
– Full body

44 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HEAD PROTECTION
❖ Protects against:
– Falling objects
– Bumps

45 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HEAD PROTECTION

Tahun Bulan

46 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 EYE PROTECTION
❖ Protects against:
– Airborne dust
– Chemical splash - Liquid
– Gas / vapor/ fume
– UV ray / glare - Welding

47 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HEARING PROTECTION
Earmuffs
❖ When it’s not feasible to reduce the noise or
it’s duration – Use ear protective devices.

❖ Ear protective devices must be fitted

properly. Earplugs

❖ Protects against excessive noise. (>85 dBA)

Canal
Caps

48 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
– Particulate mask protect from airborne
contaminants. (e.g. Dust, fog, fume)
– Respirator with cartridges protect from toxic
vapor and gas.
– Both are not suitable for oxygen deficiency.

49 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

❖ Breathing apparatus protects against:

– Oxygen deficiency
– Poison gasses (>IDLH)
(Only if worn correctly)

50 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HAND PROTECTION
❖ Protects against:
– Absorption of hazardous chemicals.
– Cuts, scalds or lacerations.
– Burns. (e.g. : Chemical, heat)
– Puncturing.

51 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 FOOT PROTECTION

❖ Protects against:
– Foot injury due to:
• Falling objects, rolling objects, protruding
objects, electric hazard, slip & fall, corrosive
chemical and heat.

52 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 FOOT PROTECTION

53 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 FALL PROTECTION
❖ Safety harness and lanyard.

54 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 BASIC RULE OF PPE
❖ Use the right equipment for the hazard.
❖ Inspect the equipment for damage.
(e.g. Crack, corrode, cut, broken, brittle,
scratches, missing part and expired
date)
❖ Wear the equipment properly as per
advised.
❖ Ensure the equipment appropriately
fitted to your size to ensure the
effectiveness.
❖ Maintain the equipment after use.
❖ Keep the equipment in proper storage.

55 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS BEFORE WORKING
Before Work Commencement
• Obtain permission from Permit to Work(PTW)
approval by plant authority before commence the
high risk activities.

56 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PTW AT PLANT

Work at Height Hot Work Electrical Work

57 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PTW AT PLANT

Confined Hazardous Machine

Space Entry Pipe line Intervention

58 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PTW AT PLANT

Critical Lifting
Excavation Work
Operation

59 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Tool Box Talk
Tool box talk is a briefing session before commence the
work. The supervisor shall communicate the information
and instruction in regard to safety and health at the
workplace.

• Scope of work
• Hazards and control measures
• PPE
• Safety at work (Do’s & Don’ts)
• Work Permit – Precaution
• Current Issues at work
• Emergency plan

60 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
❖ DICIPLINE – Prohibited activities in the workplace.
Smoking Alcohol Influence Horseplay Gambling

Drug Influence Sleeping While of

Criminal Act Not Following Zero
Duty
Tolerance Policy

61 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Safe Work Practices
❖ Barricade work area using barricade tape and
display safety signage.
❖ Use right tools for the right job.
❖ Pay attention and comply with safety signage and
instructions.
❖ Report any unsafe act and unsafe condition.
❖ Do not start the work if you are in doubt.

62 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
TYPE OF SAFETY SIGNS BACKGROUND COLOUR

Mandatory

Prohibition

Warning / Danger / Caution

Safe Condition

Safety Signage – Obligation To

Fire emergency equipment
Observe And Comply

63 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Pedestrian Walkway
❖ Observe and comply with pedestrian walkway
signage.

64 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Traffic Regulations
❖ Comply with traffic rule set by the plant
management such as speed limit.
❖ Park vehicles at designated area.
❖ Stop and give way to pedestrian.
❖ Practice reverse parking.

65 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Emergency Procedure
❖ Know the location of the emergency phone and
contact numbers.
❖ If alarm is activated:
– Stop work.
– Evacuate the workplace immediately.
– Walk fast but do not run.
– Gather at the assigned assembly area.

66 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Emergency Procedure
❖ Please get assist from first aider and responsible
person.
❖ Basic act in managing emergency:
– Fire emergency – Extinguish the small fire if you
are being trained to use fire extinguisher.
– Electrical emergency – Switch off the power as
soon as possible.
– Chemical emergency – Go to nearest
emergency shower or eye wash and flush within
15 minutes .

67 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING

Emergency Shower Eye Wash

68 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Incident Reporting
❖ All incidents shall be reported immediately to the
responsible person:
– Coordinator
– Project manager
– Supervisor
– Safety and Health Officer (SHO)

69 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS WHILST WORKING
Incident Reporting
Purpose:
• Know the root cause of the accident.
• Establish proper control measures,
so that future accidents can be prevented.
• Record all facts about the accident for various
reason. (e.g. Compensation, claims, etc.)
• Analyze trend and cost for long term planning.

Your full cooperation with the investigation team

will prevent future accident / incident

70 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS AFTER WORKING
Safe Work Practices
❖ Ensure housekeeping at the workplace.
❖ Complete and close the Permit to Work.
❖ Re-declare equipment, tools, work materials,
number of workers and machinery at the security
point.

71 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 REQUIREMENTS AFTER WORKING
Safe Work Practices
❖ Ensure all wastes especially scheduled wastes are
disposed into dedicated containers.
❖ Do not throw scheduled waste (e.g. paint waste)
into the drain.
[Link]

72 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

BASIC SAFETY
 CHEMICAL HAZARD
❖ Chemical enters human body through:

Dermal
Inhalation Ingestion Injection
contact

Examples of chemical :
Solvent, Ammonia, Carbon Monoxide, Benzene, Asbestos

74 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 CHEMICAL HAZARD

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75 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24). 75 of 101
 CHEMICAL LABELLING

Source : United Nation Globally Harmonised System

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76 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24). 76 of 101
 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)

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 HANDLING OF CHEMICAL
TYPE OF
SAFE PRACTICES
CHEMICAL
1. Eliminate ignition sources such as:
- Open burning
- Hot surfaces
- Sparks from welding /cutting
- Electrical appliances / electro-static

2. Means of storage:
FLAMMABLE/ - Approved container
EXPLOSIVE - Storage cabinet
- Isolated area from sources of ignition
- Special room designed for flammable substances
3. Material transfer control:
- Proper bonding and grounding when transferring
liquid to other container
4. Safety control:
- Provide fire extinguisher
- Water sprinkler system

78 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 HANDLING OF CHEMICAL
TYPE OF
SAFE PRACTICES
CHEMICAL
1. Proper handling of chemicals:
- Read and understand the chemical hazard(Refer to SDS)
- Handle chemical with care
- Do not eat and drink when handling
- Wear proper PPE such as goggles, gloves, respirator

TOXIC/IRRITA 2. Means of storage:

NT/HARMFUL/ - Approved container
CORROSIVE - Storage cabinet

3. Housekeeping:
- Close the container after use.
- Clean the chemical spillage
4. Emergency control:
- Eyewash/emergency shower
- Get assisstance from first aider

79 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Please take immediate action if expose or observe
chemical such as Solvent, Ammonia, Carbon
Monoxide, Benzene, Asbestos at workplace;

• Stop work immediately

• Avoid inhaling contaminated air
• Warn worker surrounding
• Inform supervisor at workplace
• Contact authority and external services for
emergency response and cleaning
(decontamination)

80 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 PORTABLE POWER TOOLS
HAZARD AND EFFECT SAFE PRACTICES
Electrical current - •Inspect and ensure all tools are in
Electric shock good condition before usage.
hand arm vibration
•Regular maintenance of tools.
syndrome
Rotating part •Install machine guarding before
use.
Flying object •Proper usage of PPE such as face
shield.

81 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 NOISE
HAZARD AND
SAFE PRACTICES
EFFECT [Link]

Excessive noise •Isolate source of noise.

can cause •Modify the equipment. (e.g.
permanent Damper)
hearing loss
•Apply administration control.
(e.g. Work rotation, hearing [Link]

tests, awareness training and

display signage)
•Provide hearing protection
equipment.

82 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 VIBRATION
HAZARD AND
[Link]

SAFE PRACTICES
EFFECT

•Wear anti-vibration gloves.

Excessive
vibration can •Hold the tools in a proper
manner.
[Link]

cause injury to
Neurovascular •Regular maintenance of
system tools.
•Practice job rotation. [Link]

83 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

 CONCLUSION
❖ Compliance with relevant legislations and
company’s in-house rules and safe practice can
prevent incidents at the workplace.

84 © NIOSH Malaysia (D00-R15-U24).

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION